Oral Pathology-bone Diseases Exercises

Blue sclera is a condition characterized by the bluish tint in the white part of the eye. It is commonly associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, also known as brittle bone disease. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder that affects the production of collagen, a protein essential for bone strength. The abnormal collagen production leads to fragile bones, causing frequent fractures and deformities. Blue sclera is a result of the thinness and transparency of the sclera, allowing the underlying dark choroid to show through. Therefore, the presence of blue sclera in conjunction with heart valve defects suggests osteogenesis imperfecta.

Cherubism is a hereditary bone disease characterized by excessive growth of the jawbones. The basic defect in cherubism is not in collagen type II, but rather in the SH3BP2 gene. This gene mutation leads to abnormal bone remodeling and the formation of cystic lesions in the jawbones. Increased alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels are commonly observed in individuals with cherubism due to the increased bone turnover. Surgical removal and radiation are contraindicated in cherubism as they can exacerbate the condition.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta is the correct answer for the oral cavity findings in brittle bone diseases. This condition affects the formation of dentin, causing the teeth to be discolored, weak, and prone to breakage. It can affect both primary and permanent dentitions. The other options mentioned, such as hypoplastic maxilla with high palatal arch and open bite, and lion-like facial deformity, are not specific to brittle bone diseases and may be associated with other conditions.

Scorbutic gingivitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the gums, and it is commonly associated with vitamin C deficiency, also known as scurvy. Vitamin C plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for maintaining healthy gums and connective tissues. Without an adequate intake of vitamin C, the gums become weak and prone to infection, leading to the development of gingivitis. Therefore, the correct answer is vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) because it is directly linked to the oral manifestations described.

Fibro-osseous lesions, including fibrous dysplasia, can be seen radiographically as a ground glass appearance in their mature stage. This refers to a hazy or cloudy appearance of the affected bone on an X-ray or CT scan. This finding is characteristic of fibro-osseous lesions and can help in their diagnosis and differentiation from other conditions. It is important to note that other radiographic features may also be present, such as cortical thickening or expansion of the affected bone.

Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood. One of the manifestations of hypercalcemia is poor muscle tone, which refers to decreased muscle strength and control. This can result in muscle weakness and fatigue. Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, it is true to say that hypercalcemia is manifested by poor muscle tone in a patient with hyperparathyroidism.

Cleidocranial dysplasia is a genetic disorder that affects the development of bones and teeth. It is characterized by the delayed eruption of permanent teeth and prolonged retention of deciduous teeth. Additionally, the roots of the teeth in individuals with cleidocranial dysplasia are typically short, hooked, curved, and thinner than normal. However, enlarged pulp chambers of primary dentition are not typically associated with this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is "Enlarged pulp chambers of primary dentition."

Achondroplasia is a bone disease that causes abnormal growth and development of the bones, particularly the long bones in the arms and legs. One of the clinical features of achondroplasia is a curved lower spine, which is known as lordosis. This abnormal curvature of the spine can lead to kyphosis, a condition characterized by a rounded upper back. Therefore, achondroplasia is the correct answer for the given question.

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is a benign bone tumor that primarily affects the craniofacial region. It is not associated with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, which is a separate condition. Juvenile ossifying fibroma can have two histological patterns, trabecular and psammomatoid. Paresthesia, a sensation of tingling or numbness, may be noted in individuals with this condition. Although the tumor is well circumscribed, it is not encapsulated histologically, meaning it does not have a distinct capsule separating it from the surrounding tissue.

Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased bone density due to defective osteoclast function. It is not caused by a lack of estrogens. The other statements are true about osteopetrosis, including the presence of transverse bands on radiographs, facial deformities such as hypertelorism, and compression of cranial nerves leading to blindness and deafness.