Socl Final Exam Review

Low-income, high-minority school districts are more likely to have students who are taught by substitute teachers because these districts often struggle to attract and retain qualified teachers. The lack of resources and funding in these districts makes it difficult to hire and retain experienced teachers, leading to a higher reliance on substitute teachers. Additionally, these districts may also assign teachers to areas outside their specialty due to limited staffing and resources. Finally, they are more likely to employ beginning teachers with less than 3 years of experience, as these teachers may be more willing to work in these challenging districts. Therefore, all of these choices are more likely to be true for low-income, high-minority school districts.

Opium was legally available in the United States in the 1800s and early 1900s. During this time, opium was commonly used for medicinal purposes and was even available over the counter without a prescription. It was used as a painkiller, sedative, and to treat various ailments. However, its widespread use eventually led to addiction and abuse, prompting the government to regulate and eventually prohibit its use.

Individuals who believe that homosexuality is a choice are more likely to believe that LGB (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual) people can and should change. This belief stems from the idea that if homosexuality is a choice, then individuals can also choose to change their sexual orientation. This perspective is often associated with the belief in conversion therapy or other practices aimed at altering a person's sexual orientation. It is important to note that this belief is not supported by scientific evidence, and the majority of mental health organizations reject conversion therapy as harmful and ineffective.

Fracking involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into drilled wells to release natural gas. This process is used to fracture underground rocks and release trapped natural gas or oil. It is a controversial method due to concerns about its environmental impact, such as water contamination and earthquakes.

The self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a phenomenon where individuals behave in a way that aligns with the expectations others have of them. This means that people tend to act in a manner consistent with the beliefs and predictions others have about their behavior or abilities. When others hold certain expectations, individuals may internalize them and unconsciously adjust their behavior to fulfill those expectations, ultimately validating the initial beliefs. This can have a significant impact on various aspects of life, such as relationships, work, and personal development.

According to differential association theory, individuals learn the techniques and motivations for criminal behavior from others. This theory suggests that criminal behavior is not inherent, but rather acquired through social interactions and exposure to deviant norms and values. It posits that individuals become more likely to engage in criminal activities if they associate with others who engage in such behaviors, as they learn from these associations. This explanation aligns with the concept of social learning, where behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement from others.

The conflict perspective argues that the division of society into the "haves" and "have-nots" will create social problems. This perspective emphasizes the unequal distribution of power, resources, and opportunities in society, and sees conflict and competition between different social groups as the driving force behind social change. According to the conflict perspective, the unequal distribution of wealth and resources leads to social inequality, exploitation, and tension between different social classes, which in turn creates social problems and unrest.

The correct answer is "socially created" because race is not determined by objective, reliable, and meaningful physical criteria. It is a concept that is constructed by society and varies across different cultures and time periods. Race is not based on scientifically valid reasons for selecting certain biological traits over others, and it does hold meaning and significance in social and cultural contexts.

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The official name of the program commonly referred to as Obamacare is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act was signed into law in 2010 and aimed to provide affordable health insurance options for Americans, expand Medicaid, and implement various healthcare reforms. It is often referred to as Obamacare because it was a major healthcare initiative introduced during the Obama administration.

Absolute poverty refers to the lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation. It is a condition where individuals or households do not have enough income or resources to meet their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing. Unlike relative poverty, which is a measure of poverty in relation to the average income or standard of living in a society, absolute poverty focuses on the absolute level of deprivation and the inability to meet basic human needs.

Prejudice refers to negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people. It involves preconceived notions, stereotypes, and generalizations about a particular group, leading to biased judgments and discriminatory behavior. Prejudice is often based on limited knowledge or experiences and can be deeply ingrained in society, influencing individual beliefs and actions. It can manifest in various forms, such as racial prejudice, gender prejudice, or religious prejudice, and can have harmful effects on individuals and communities, perpetuating inequality and social divisions.

The educational institution serves multiple functions, including socializing children into the dominant culture, teaching them to obey authority, and sorting individuals into various statuses. Socialization into the dominant culture helps children learn the norms, values, and customs of their society. Teaching obedience to authority prepares children to follow rules and regulations in various social contexts. Lastly, the educational institution plays a role in sorting individuals into different social statuses based on their academic achievements and abilities. These functions collectively contribute to the overall purpose and impact of educational institutions.

C. Wright Mills defines sociological imagination as the ability to understand and analyze the connections between our personal experiences and the broader social and historical context in which we live. It allows individuals to see beyond their own personal troubles and recognize the larger social issues and structures that shape their lives. By using sociological imagination, individuals can critically examine the impact of social forces on their personal lives and understand how their individual actions are influenced by societal factors.

The public educational system is an example of a social structure in a society because it represents an organized and formalized institution that plays a crucial role in shaping and transmitting knowledge, values, and norms to individuals. It is a system that is designed to educate and socialize individuals, providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge to participate in society. This system is supported and funded by the government, and its structure and organization reflect the values, priorities, and goals of the society in which it exists.

Intergenerational poverty refers to poverty that is passed down from one generation to the next. This means that individuals who are born into poverty are more likely to remain in poverty throughout their lives and pass it on to their children. It is a cycle that is difficult to break, as limited access to resources and opportunities can hinder upward mobility. This term highlights the long-term impact of poverty on families and communities, emphasizing the need for interventions and policies that address the root causes of poverty.

Structural-functionalism is most likely to argue that physicians should be paid higher than most occupations because their job is more important than most and requires so much education and training. This perspective focuses on the interdependence and harmony of different parts of society, and views the role of physicians as crucial for the functioning and well-being of society as a whole. Therefore, structural-functionalism would support the idea that higher pay for physicians is necessary to attract and retain highly skilled individuals in this important role.

Biological theories propose that some individuals are predisposed to drug abuse due to factors such as genetics, brain chemistry, and physiological differences. These theories suggest that certain individuals may have a biological vulnerability or susceptibility to developing substance abuse disorders. This can include factors such as inherited traits, imbalances in neurotransmitters, or differences in brain structure and function. Biological theories emphasize the importance of understanding the biological underpinnings of drug abuse and addiction in order to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people who use drugs do so because they have learned to label the drug-using experience in positive terms. This perspective emphasizes the role of social interactions and the meanings that individuals attach to their actions. Symbolic interactionists argue that individuals learn behaviors and attitudes through socialization processes, including the labeling of certain experiences as positive or negative. In the case of drug use, individuals may learn to view drug use in positive terms through their interactions with peers, media, or other influential factors. This perspective suggests that societal attitudes and labeling play a significant role in shaping individuals' drug-use behaviors.

The term "sexual orientation" encompasses all of these aspects - emotional and sexual attractions, relationships, and self-identity. It refers to how individuals classify themselves based on their emotional and sexual attractions towards others, the types of relationships they form, and their own self-identification as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual.

Under NAFTA's provisions, any country that decides to ban the use of carcinogenic pesticides can be charged by the WTO (World Trade Organization) for obstructing the free flow of trade and investment. This means that if a country chooses to ban these pesticides, they may face legal consequences from the WTO for hindering international trade and investment. This suggests that the agreement prioritizes the free flow of trade and investment over individual countries' decisions to ban harmful pesticides.

The correct answer is military. The Internet was initially developed as a military project called ARPANET, with the purpose of creating a decentralized network that could withstand a nuclear attack. It was designed to enable communication and information sharing among military personnel and research institutions. Over time, the Internet evolved and expanded to serve various purposes beyond its original military function.

The sociological imagination allows us to see the connections between private troubles and public issues. It enables individuals to understand how personal problems are influenced by larger social forces and structures. By examining the intersection of personal experiences with societal issues, individuals can gain a broader understanding of the social context in which they live and the impact of social institutions on their lives. This perspective helps to highlight the interconnectedness of individual experiences and larger social problems.

This answer is correct because it accurately defines a social problem as a condition that is viewed by a particular segment of society as harmful to its members and requiring a solution. It acknowledges that different segments of society may have different perspectives on what constitutes a social problem, highlighting the subjective nature of the concept. Additionally, it recognizes the need for remedy or intervention to address the issue.

Physical and mental health problems can limit one's ability to pursue education and vocational training and/or employment. This is because individuals with health problems may face difficulties in attending school, completing their studies, or participating in vocational training programs. Additionally, their health conditions may affect their ability to perform certain job tasks or maintain regular employment. As a result, these individuals may struggle to earn a stable income and escape poverty, thereby highlighting the impact of health problems on poverty.

A symbolic interactionist is likely to study the varying definitions of diseases and conditions across cultures because they focus on how individuals interpret and give meaning to their experiences. They are interested in understanding how cultural factors shape people's understanding and response to illness. By studying the different definitions of diseases and conditions across cultures, a symbolic interactionist can gain insights into how social interactions, language, and cultural norms influence the perception and management of health and illness.

The official name of the program commonly referred to as Obamacare is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act was signed into law in 2010 and aims to provide Americans with more affordable healthcare options and protect them from insurance company abuses. It includes provisions such as the expansion of Medicaid, the creation of health insurance marketplaces, and the requirement for individuals to have health insurance or pay a penalty.

The correct answer is lack of stress. This is because low income is often associated with high levels of stress due to financial challenges and limited resources. Lack of stress is not typically associated with low income as individuals with low income often face additional stressors related to their financial situation.

The correct answer is "who makes the wager." Conflict theorists argue that the distinction between gambling and investing in the stock market lies in the identity of the person making the wager. In gambling, individuals are typically risking their own money, while in the stock market, investors are using other people's money. This difference in who bears the financial risk is seen as a key factor in determining the legality and social acceptability of these activities.

Sociologists use the term "status" to refer to the position or rank that an individual holds within a group. It is a social position that comes with certain expectations, rights, and responsibilities. Status can be achieved through individual efforts or ascribed based on factors such as age, gender, or social background. It plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's behavior, interactions, and social identity within the group.

Official crime statistics may be a better indicator of what police are doing than what criminals are doing due to the limitations of the data. Official crime statistics are based on reported crimes that have been processed by the police and entered into the criminal justice system. However, these statistics may not accurately reflect the actual crime rates as they are influenced by factors such as underreporting, police practices, and the prioritization of certain types of crimes. Therefore, official crime statistics may provide insights into police activity and response rather than an accurate representation of criminal behavior.

Medicaid is a government-funded healthcare program in the United States that provides medical assistance to low-income individuals and families. The correct answer is "jointly by federal and state governments" because Medicaid is funded through a partnership between the federal government and individual state governments. The federal government sets certain guidelines and regulations for the program and provides a significant portion of the funding, while the state governments contribute their own funds as well. This joint funding arrangement allows for the program to be implemented and sustained across the country, ensuring that eligible individuals have access to healthcare services.

According to conflict theory, the more inequality there is in a society, the greater the crime rate in that society. This is because conflict theorists argue that inequality creates social tensions and divisions, leading to frustration, anger, and a sense of injustice among those who are disadvantaged. This can result in higher rates of crime as individuals may resort to illegal means to address their grievances or to attain resources and opportunities that are denied to them due to the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

Early research conducted by Kinsey and his colleagues in 1948 and 1953 revealed that 37 percent of men had engaged in a same-sex sexual experience since their adolescence. This implies that a significant proportion of men have had sexual encounters with individuals of the same sex during their developmental years. The research did not focus on women's experiences or their sexual identities, hence the other options are not supported by the given information.

Larceny refers to the unlawful taking and carrying away of someone else's personal property with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of it. Bicycle theft, purse-snatching, and shoplifting all involve the unauthorized taking of someone's property and would be classified as larceny. However, gambling does not involve the physical taking of someone's property. It is a form of entertainment or activity where individuals voluntarily participate by placing bets or wagering money, but it does not involve the unlawful taking of someone else's property.

According to the conflict perspective, the "haves" (the wealthy and powerful elite) perpetuate racial and ethnic tensions among the "have-nots" to deflect attention away from their own greed and exploitation of workers. This explanation aligns with the conflict perspective, which views society as a struggle for power and resources between different social groups. In this view, the elite use racial and ethnic tensions as a tool to maintain their position of power and divert attention from their own actions, such as exploiting workers and accumulating wealth. This explanation highlights the role of the elite in perpetuating social inequalities and maintaining their dominance.

Strain theory suggests that crime is more likely to occur when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means. This theory argues that when there is a disconnect between culturally defined goals and the means available to achieve them, individuals may resort to criminal behavior as a way to attain their goals. This can happen when the structure of society limits the opportunities for individuals to achieve success through legal means, leading to frustration and strain, which in turn increases the likelihood of criminal behavior.

The correct answer suggests that critics of the U.S. poverty line argue that low-income families today spend far less than one-third of their income on food. This implies that the current poverty line, which includes food expenses as a significant factor, may not accurately reflect the financial struggles faced by low-income families. Critics believe that other factors such as housing, healthcare, and transportation should be taken into account to provide a more comprehensive measure of poverty.

The correct answer is "Millions of Americans purchase products or treatments to make them look younger." This answer suggests that modern societies place a high value on youth and beauty, which implies that they may downplay the value of their elders. By purchasing products or treatments to look younger, individuals are indicating that they prioritize youthfulness and may not fully appreciate the wisdom and experience that comes with age.

Symbolic Interactionism is most likely to study how definitions of the poor as lazy and irresponsible are related to support for assistance programs. Symbolic Interactionism focuses on the meanings and symbols that individuals use to interpret and interact with the social world. It emphasizes how individuals construct their social reality through interactions and the meanings they attach to symbols. In this case, Symbolic Interactionism would examine how societal definitions and stereotypes of the poor as lazy and irresponsible shape people's attitudes and behaviors towards assistance programs. It would explore how these definitions influence public opinion, policy decisions, and the experiences of those in poverty.

Affirming negative stereotypes about the elderly aligns with ageism, which refers to discrimination or prejudice based on a person's age, particularly against older individuals. Ageism perpetuates stereotypes and biases against older adults, reinforcing negative perceptions about their abilities and characteristics. The other options, such as youth bulge, functionalism, and youth culture, do not directly relate to the act of affirming negative stereotypes about the elderly.

This answer is correct because it accurately identifies the components that make up society's structure. Institutions refer to the established systems and organizations that govern society, social groups are the collections of individuals who interact and share common interests, statuses refer to the positions individuals hold within society, and roles are the expected behaviors and responsibilities associated with those statuses. These elements collectively contribute to the functioning and organization of society.

The correct answer is individuals about their experiences as crime victims. This is because victimization surveys are designed to gather information from individuals who have been victims of crimes. These surveys aim to understand the nature and extent of crime victimization, including the types of crimes experienced, the characteristics of the victims, and the impact of the crimes on the victims' lives. By asking individuals about their experiences as crime victims, these surveys provide valuable insights into the prevalence and consequences of crime in society.

The United States poverty line is calculated as 3 times the minimum cost of an adequate diet. This means that the poverty line is determined by multiplying the minimum cost of a diet that provides enough nutrition by three. This calculation takes into account the basic needs of an individual or a family to meet their dietary requirements. By setting the poverty line at three times the minimum cost of an adequate diet, it ensures that individuals or families who cannot afford to meet their basic nutritional needs are classified as living in poverty.

The conflict perspective views the elderly as a special interest group that competes with younger people for scarce resources. This perspective focuses on the social inequalities and power struggles that exist within society, and sees the elderly as a group that must fight for their share of resources, such as healthcare, social security, and employment opportunities, which are often limited and in high demand. This perspective emphasizes the conflicts and tensions that arise between different age groups in society.

The correct answer is overt. Overt discrimination refers to the intentional and explicit act of discriminating against a particular group based on their race, ethnicity, or other protected characteristics. In this scenario, the landlord is openly displaying prejudice against Latinos by refusing to rent the apartment to a Mexican-American family. This is a clear example of overt discrimination.

The correct answer is "all of these." In some countries, violating laws that prohibit homosexual acts can result in imprisonment, corporal punishment such as whipping or lashing, or even the death penalty. These penalties are enforced in order to punish and deter individuals from engaging in same-sex relationships or activities, reflecting the discriminatory and oppressive nature of these laws in those countries.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another and how they assign meanings to symbols and social interactions. This perspective suggests that human behavior is influenced by the meanings that individuals create through their social interactions. In other words, people's actions and behaviors are not solely determined by external factors or societal institutions, but rather by the subjective meanings they attach to these interactions. This perspective highlights the importance of understanding the social construction of reality and how individuals interpret and respond to their social environment.

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War has the ability to create new nations, as it can lead to the formation of new countries or the restructuring of existing ones. It can also defend nations, as countries may engage in war to protect their territories, resources, or citizens. Additionally, war has the power to destroy nations, as it can cause significant damage to infrastructure, economy, and population. Therefore, all of these options accurately describe the impact of war on nations.

The correct answer is "unconstitutional because it was inherently unequal." This ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 declared that segregated education was unconstitutional because it violated the principle of equal protection under the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The court recognized that separating students based on race inherently created unequal educational opportunities and denied minority students the same rights and benefits as their white counterparts. This landmark decision marked a significant step towards desegregating schools and promoting equal access to education for all.

The evidence regarding the quality of America's teachers suggests that students in poor school districts are taught by inferior instructors. This conclusion can be drawn from the given information because it states that the quality of teachers in poor school districts is inferior, implying that these students are not receiving the same level of education as students in wealthier districts.

The experts mentioned in the text predict that the main resource issue in the Middle East, which will potentially lead to future wars, is water. This implies that there is a scarcity or competition for water resources in the region, which could potentially escalate into conflicts. The other options, such as oil, gold, and land, are not mentioned as the dominant resource issues in the Middle East in the given text.

A social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards based on their individual efforts and abilities is known as a meritocracy. In this system, success and advancement are determined by one's merit and competence rather than factors such as wealth, social status, or family background. Individuals who work hard and demonstrate their skills and abilities are rewarded and given opportunities for growth and advancement. This system promotes fairness and equality by ensuring that everyone has an equal chance to succeed based on their own merits.

Relative poverty refers to a deficiency of material and economic resources compared with some other population. This means that individuals or groups are considered to be in relative poverty if their income or resources are significantly lower in comparison to the average income or resources of the larger population. It is a measure of poverty that takes into account the economic disparities within a society, highlighting the inequality between different social groups. Relative poverty is often used to assess the level of inequality and social exclusion within a society.

The given correct answer for this question is "role" because it refers to the responsibilities and expectations that a college student has in terms of attending classes, completing assignments, taking exams, and writing papers. These tasks are an integral part of a student's role in a college setting, highlighting their active participation and engagement in the educational process.

Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or misappropriating funds entrusted to one's care, typically by an employee. It is a form of white-collar crime committed within an organization. On the other hand, security fraud, antitrust violations, and price fixing are all examples of corporate crimes. Security fraud involves deceptive practices in the financial markets, antitrust violations refer to anti-competitive practices that harm consumers or other businesses, and price fixing is an agreement between competitors to set prices artificially. Therefore, embezzlement stands out as the answer as it does not involve corporate wrongdoing.

The correct answer is domestic because the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City was carried out by individuals who were citizens of the same country where the attack occurred. Domestic terrorism refers to acts of violence committed by individuals or groups within their own country, with the intention of promoting a political, ideological, or social agenda. In this case, the perpetrators were American citizens and their motivations were rooted in domestic issues and grievances.

A single-payer health care system would save money because it eliminates the need for multiple private insurance companies, which often have high administrative costs. By streamlining the system and reducing administrative expenses, more resources can be directed towards providing healthcare services. Additionally, a single-payer system allows for negotiating lower prices for medications and medical procedures, further reducing costs. Overall, the cost savings achieved through a single-payer system can help make healthcare more affordable and accessible to a larger population.

The passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act after Chinese workers displaced whites in mining and railroad jobs best illustrates the "racial threat" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that when a racial or ethnic group is perceived as a threat to the dominant group's economic or social status, discriminatory policies and actions are more likely to be implemented. In this case, the Chinese workers were seen as a threat to white workers, leading to the exclusion act being passed to restrict Chinese immigration and protect the interests of the white population.

The statement that "The vast majority of variation in people is within-group variation" is true about race. This means that most of the genetic diversity and differences between individuals can be found within racial groups rather than between them. This suggests that race is not a reliable or accurate indicator of genetic differences between populations. Instead, it highlights the importance of recognizing the shared genetic heritage of all human beings and the limited significance of race as a biological concept.

A 401k plan is different from a pension because a pension provides a guaranteed income. Unlike a 401k plan, which relies on the employee's contributions and investment returns, a pension is typically funded by the employer and guarantees a specific amount of income during retirement. This ensures that retirees receive a steady stream of income, regardless of market fluctuations or investment performance.

Transnational corporations refer to large companies that operate in multiple countries, having a significant influence on the global economy. These corporations have extensive resources, reach, and power, allowing them to dominate various industries and markets worldwide. They often possess substantial financial, technological, and managerial capabilities, enabling them to compete and thrive on a global scale. As a result, transnational corporations play a crucial role in shaping the world economy and exerting considerable control over it.

Alcohol is considered the most widely used and abused drug in America due to its legal status and widespread availability. It is socially accepted and easily accessible, leading to high rates of consumption and misuse. Alcohol abuse can have severe health and social consequences, including addiction, liver damage, impaired judgment, and increased risk of accidents and violence. While tobacco, heroin, and marijuana are also commonly used and abused, alcohol surpasses them in terms of overall usage and negative impact on individuals and society.

The concept of race refers to the belief that certain groups of people share distinct physical characteristics that are considered important in society. This belief is based on the idea that these physical characteristics, such as skin color or facial features, are socially significant and can be used to categorize and differentiate people. This understanding of race has been used to justify discrimination and unequal treatment based on these physical characteristics.

The correct answer is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being." This definition aligns with the World Health Organization's definition of health, which emphasizes not only the absence of illness but also the presence of overall well-being. It recognizes that health encompasses not just physical health, but also mental and social aspects, highlighting the importance of holistic well-being for individuals.

Parasitic and infectious diseases are much more common in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. This is due to various factors such as poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, inadequate healthcare facilities, and limited resources for disease prevention and control. In low-income countries, the prevalence of diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal diseases is significantly higher, leading to higher mortality rates. In contrast, high-income countries have better healthcare systems, advanced medical technologies, and higher living standards, which contribute to lower rates of parasitic and infectious diseases.

Vice crimes are considered victimless because they do not involve a complaining party. This means that the individuals engaging in these activities are consenting adults and there is no direct harm caused to others. While some may argue that these activities are morally wrong, the fact that there is no unwilling participant or victim involved makes them victimless in nature.

Culture is a complex system that encompasses various elements such as values, symbols, and beliefs. These elements shape the behavior, attitudes, and norms of a particular group or society. However, statuses are not considered an inherent part of culture. Statuses refer to the positions or ranks that individuals hold within a social structure, such as being a parent, teacher, or manager. While statuses can be influenced by cultural factors, they are not considered a fundamental element of culture itself.

The correct answer is that a minority group is a category of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth and tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination. This explanation aligns with the sociological understanding of minority groups, which emphasizes the social disadvantages and discrimination faced by these groups due to their smaller numbers and lack of access to resources and opportunities.

The correct answer is "has been revoked." This means that the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy in the military is no longer in effect. It used to prohibit all gays and lesbians from serving in the military, but now it has been revoked, allowing individuals of any sexual orientation to serve openly.

The given answer, "distribution of resources," is the correct answer because the text identifies the control of territory, maintenance of internal order, and use of force as important functions of the state. However, it does not mention the distribution of resources as one of the crucial functions.

The correct answer is that the shame associated with mental problems discourages people from acknowledging them. This explanation suggests that mental illness is considered a "hidden epidemic" because individuals who are suffering from mental health issues may feel ashamed or stigmatized, leading them to hide their symptoms or avoid seeking help. This can result in underreporting and a lack of awareness about the true extent of mental illness in society.

The criminalization of opium use in the United States can be traced to the use of opium among Chinese immigrant laborers, who threatened white jobs. The fear of Chinese immigrants taking away jobs from white Americans led to the demonization of opium use, as it was associated with the Chinese population. This fear and prejudice against Chinese immigrants ultimately resulted in the criminalization of opium use in the United States.

The correct answer is "requires insurance plans to cover mental health and substance abuse." The Affordable Care Act mandates that insurance plans must provide coverage for mental health and substance abuse services. This ensures that individuals with mental illnesses have access to necessary treatments and support. This provision helps to address the longstanding issue of limited access to mental health services and aims to improve overall mental healthcare in the United States.

In the Netherlands, the use of drugs like marijuana and hashish is not considered a criminal act but rather a health issue. This means that individuals caught using or possessing these drugs are not prosecuted as criminals, but are instead provided with support and resources to address any potential addiction or health-related problems associated with drug use. This approach focuses on harm reduction and treating drug addiction as a public health concern rather than a criminal offense.

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) published annually by the FBI collect crime data from sheriff and police departments. This means that the data included in the UCR comes from law enforcement agencies at the local, state, tribal, and federal levels. These agencies report crime statistics to the FBI, which compiles and analyzes the data to provide a comprehensive overview of crime trends in the United States. The UCR is an important tool for understanding and addressing crime at a national level.

Biofuels are derived from agricultural crops because they are produced from organic matter, such as corn, sugarcane, soybeans, or vegetable oils. These crops are processed to extract oils or convert them into ethanol, which can be used as a fuel source. Biofuels are considered a renewable energy source as they can be grown and harvested again, unlike fossil fuels. This makes them a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option for energy production.

According to modern conflict theorists, the power to influence economic outcomes in a society comes from ownership of the means of production, control of media, and interlocking board memberships. Advertising, however, is not considered a source of power in influencing economic outcomes. While advertising can be a tool used by those with power, it is not a direct source of power itself.

The correct answer is traditional pensions with “defined benefits” and “defined contribution” plans. Traditional pensions are retirement plans where the employer provides a fixed monthly income to the retiree based on factors such as salary and years of service. Defined contribution plans, on the other hand, are retirement plans where the employee contributes a portion of their salary, and the employer may also contribute, to an individual account. The final retirement income depends on the contributions made and the investment returns. Both types of plans provide retirement benefits, but they differ in terms of how the benefits are determined and distributed.

Symbolic interactionists are more likely to emphasize the relationship between teacher approval/disapproval and class differences in the social and verbal skills students bring to the classroom. This perspective focuses on the interactions and meanings that individuals attach to their social environment. Symbolic interactionists would argue that teacher approval or disapproval can shape students' self-perception and behavior, which in turn can contribute to class differences in social and verbal skills. They would examine how teachers' expectations and feedback influence students' sense of self and their interactions with others in the classroom.

The given answer, "Same-sex marriages would subvert the integrity of the family institution," is incorrect because proponents of same-sex marriage do not argue that it would harm or undermine the integrity of the family institution. Instead, they argue that marriage is a social construction that can take different forms across societies and throughout history, that banning same-sex marriage is a violation of civil rights, and that children in same-sex families would benefit from same-sex marriage.

The correct answer is age discrimination. This is because John was laid off from his job solely based on his age, as management believed he was too expensive. This is a clear example of discrimination based on age, as he was treated unfairly and unjustly due to his age.

In adaptive discrimination, the individual discriminates because they adapt to the prejudice of others. This means that they may not necessarily hold their own prejudiced beliefs, but they conform to the discriminatory behavior of those around them. They may discriminate in order to fit in or avoid social consequences, even if they personally do not hold any prejudice.

The correct answer is that the program did not significantly prevent drug use among school-age children. This means that the meta-analysis found that the DARE program did not have a significant impact in preventing drug use among children of school age. The program may have had some effect, but it was not enough to be considered statistically significant.

Wealth refers to the total assets of an individual or household minus liabilities. It represents the net worth of a person or family, taking into account all their possessions, properties, investments, and savings, while subtracting any debts or obligations they may have. Wealth is a measure of financial stability and can be used to determine one's economic status and ability to accumulate and maintain assets over time.

The correct answer is the state. Centuries of warfare between chiefdoms led to the emergence of a centralized authority that could maintain control and enforce laws over a larger territory. This centralized authority eventually developed into the state, which is characterized by its monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a defined territory. The state plays a crucial role in maintaining social order, providing public services, and regulating economic activities.

Deinstitutionalization in mental health care refers to the process of reducing costly and often neglectful institutional care and providing more humane services in the community. This means shifting away from the traditional model of keeping individuals with mental illnesses in large, centralized mental health hospitals and instead providing care and support in community-based settings. This approach aims to improve the quality of care, promote independence and recovery, and reduce the stigma associated with institutionalization. It also recognizes the importance of integrating individuals with mental illnesses into society and providing them with the necessary support to lead fulfilling lives in their communities.

The correct answer is "stigmatizing mental illness." The other options, such as improving access to mental health care and providing mental health support for college students, were mentioned in the textbook as strategies to improve mental health care. Additionally, eliminating the negative label of mental illness was also mentioned as a strategy. However, stigmatizing mental illness was not cited as a strategy in the textbook.

The structural-functional perspective focuses on how society functions as a whole and how different parts of society work together to maintain stability. From this perspective, drug abuse can be seen as a result of the weakening of norms in society. Norms are the shared expectations and rules that guide behavior, and when they weaken or break down, individuals may turn to drug abuse as a way to cope or rebel against societal expectations. This perspective suggests that addressing the weakening of norms and promoting social cohesion can help prevent drug abuse.

The given answer suggests that in the survey, there was a nearly equal split among Americans regarding their belief in whether torture was ever justified. This means that roughly half of the respondents believed that torture could be justified in certain circumstances, while the other half believed it was never justified.