Socl Final Exam Review

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1. A social problem is a social condition that

Explanation

The correct answer is "a segment of society views as harmful to members of society and in need of remedy." This explanation aligns with the definition of a social problem, which is a social condition that is perceived as harmful by a specific group within society and requires a solution or remedy. It acknowledges that not everyone in society may agree on what constitutes a social problem, but it emphasizes the subjective perception of harm and the need for intervention.

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Socl Final Exam Review - Quiz

The 'SOCL Final Exam Review' assesses understanding of societal structures, social problems, traditional social institutions, and sociological theories. It emphasizes the sociological imagination, linking personal experiences with broader social contexts.

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2.
A woman who prefers same-sex partners is a  

Explanation

The term "lesbian" refers to a woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to other women. It is not related to cross-dressing or transgender identity, which are represented by the terms "cross-dresser" and "transvestite." The term "queer" is a broader umbrella term that encompasses various sexual orientations and gender identities, but it does not specifically refer to a woman preferring same-sex partners. Therefore, the correct answer is "lesbian."

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3.
The predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to individuals of the other sex is referred to as  

Explanation

Heterosexuality refers to the predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to individuals of the other sex. This means that individuals who identify as heterosexual are primarily attracted to people of the opposite sex.

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4. The most widely used illegal drug worldwide is

Explanation

Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug worldwide due to its availability and popularity. It is commonly used for recreational purposes and has gained acceptance in some countries for medicinal use as well. The drug is derived from the Cannabis plant and contains psychoactive compounds that produce a range of effects, including relaxation, euphoria, and altered perception. Its widespread use can be attributed to factors such as cultural practices, ease of cultivation, and the perception of it being a relatively safe drug compared to others.

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5. Which of the following is a Twelve-Step program?​

Explanation

Narcotics Anonymous is a Twelve-Step program for individuals struggling with drug addiction. It follows a spiritual approach and provides support, guidance, and a sense of community to help individuals recover from their addiction. The program involves attending meetings, working through the twelve steps, and having a sponsor for support. It is a widely recognized and respected program that has helped countless individuals overcome their addiction and maintain long-term sobriety.

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6. The 2010 Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ​

Explanation

The 2010 Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission allows corporations to spend unlimited amounts of money to support or oppose political candidates. This ruling overturned previous campaign finance laws and opened the door for corporations to have a significant influence on elections by using their financial resources to support candidates who align with their interests. This decision has been controversial, with critics arguing that it allows for the undue influence of money in politics and undermines the democratic process.

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7. The term __________ refers to a form of oppression that gives power and privilege to heterosexuals.

Explanation

Heterosexism refers to a form of oppression that gives power and privilege to heterosexuals. It is a system that promotes and favors heterosexuality, while marginalizing and discriminating against individuals who identify as LGBTQ+. Heterosexism can manifest in various ways, such as assuming everyone is heterosexual, denying rights and benefits to same-sex couples, or stigmatizing and invalidating non-heterosexual orientations. This term highlights the social and structural advantages that heterosexual individuals have in society, perpetuating inequality and discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals.

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8.
In 2000, which country became the first to offer full legal marriage to same-sex couples?  

Explanation

In 2000, the Netherlands became the first country to offer full legal marriage to same-sex couples. This means that same-sex couples in the Netherlands were granted the same rights, benefits, and responsibilities as opposite-sex couples in terms of marriage. This landmark decision marked a significant step forward in the recognition and acceptance of same-sex relationships and paved the way for other countries to follow suit in legalizing same-sex marriage.

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9. If an individual internalizes the label of a drug user, she is likely to

Explanation

If an individual internalizes the label of a drug user, it means they have accepted and identified themselves as a drug user. This acceptance can lead to a sense of resignation and normalization of drug use, causing them to continue and potentially increase their drug use. Internalizing the label may also contribute to a loss of motivation to seek treatment or quit using drugs altogether.

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10. Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with the effects of labels like "crackhead"?

Explanation

The symbolic interactionist perspective is most concerned with the effects of labels like "crackhead." This perspective focuses on how individuals interpret and assign meaning to symbols and labels in their interactions with others. Symbolic interactionists would be interested in studying how being labeled as a "crackhead" affects a person's self-perception, social interactions, and opportunities in society. They would also examine how these labels are constructed and reinforced through social interactions and how they shape individuals' behaviors and identities.

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11. Which of the following best describes the consequences of the U.S. system of decentralized funding?

Explanation

The U.S. system of decentralized funding means that education funding is primarily determined at the local level. This means that the quality and amount of education can vary greatly depending on the socioeconomic conditions of the local area. Areas with higher levels of wealth and resources are able to provide better education opportunities, while areas with lower levels of socioeconomic status may struggle to provide adequate funding for education. This system leads to disparities in educational resources and opportunities, as well as perpetuating socioeconomic inequalities.

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12. Every status is associated with many _________, or the set of rights, obligations, and expectations associated with a status.

Explanation

Roles are the set of rights, obligations, and expectations associated with a status. They define the behaviors and responsibilities expected from individuals occupying a particular status in society. While institutions, norms, and values also play a role in shaping social behavior, roles specifically refer to the expectations and behaviors associated with a particular status.

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13.
Ethnicity is based on  

Explanation

Ethnicity is based on shared cultural heritage or nationality. Ethnicity refers to a group of people who share common customs, traditions, language, and cultural practices. It is not solely determined by physical characteristics, national citizenship, or religious affiliation. While physical characteristics may be associated with certain ethnic groups, they do not define ethnicity as a whole. National citizenship and religious affiliation are separate identities that may overlap with ethnicity but are not the sole determinants. The most accurate explanation is that ethnicity is primarily based on shared cultural heritage or nationality.

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14.
Between 2013 and 2050 the percentage of older people in the world population is expected to _________  

Explanation

Between 2013 and 2050, the percentage of older people in the world population is expected to nearly double. This means that the proportion of older individuals in the global population will increase significantly, almost reaching twice the current percentage. This could be due to factors such as advancements in healthcare, increased life expectancy, and declining birth rates in many countries.

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15. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the health environment of Americans?

Explanation

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16. In which region of the United States are poverty rates the highest?​

Explanation

The poverty rates are the highest in the South and West regions of the United States. This can be attributed to various factors such as lower wages, higher unemployment rates, and limited access to education and healthcare. These regions often have a higher concentration of rural areas and minority populations, which can contribute to higher poverty rates. Additionally, the South and West regions have historically faced economic challenges and disparities compared to other regions in the country.

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17. According to the conflict perspective, alcohol is legal because it

Explanation

According to the conflict perspective, alcohol is legal because it is often consumed by those who have the power to define its acceptability. This perspective suggests that the laws and regulations surrounding alcohol are influenced by those in positions of power, such as politicians and business owners, who benefit from its consumption. These individuals have the ability to shape societal norms and determine what is considered acceptable behavior, including the use of alcohol. Therefore, the legality of alcohol is a result of the influence and consumption patterns of those who hold power in society.

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18. Between 2011 and 2012, the average cost of a college education

Explanation

The correct answer is "increased for both in-state and out-of-state students." This can be inferred from the given statement that the average cost of a college education increased between 2011 and 2012 for both in-state and out-of-state students.

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19. From the teachers' point of view, middle-class children _________ compared to children from economically disadvantaged homes.

Explanation

From the teachers' point of view, middle-class children are easy and fun to teach, grasp the material quickly, and do their homework. This means that middle-class children are generally more engaged, motivated, and attentive in the classroom, making the teaching process easier and more enjoyable for the teachers. Additionally, their ability to grasp the material quickly suggests that they have access to resources and support outside of school that helps them excel academically. Lastly, their consistent completion of homework indicates a strong work ethic and discipline, which further contributes to their overall positive learning experience.

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20.
The "one drop of blood" rule specified that even one drop of  

Explanation

The "one drop of blood" rule was a racial classification system that defined a person's race based on the presence of even a small amount of certain racial blood. In this case, "Negroid" blood, or African ancestry, was considered enough to classify a person as black. This rule was used to enforce racial segregation and discrimination, particularly in the United States during the era of Jim Crow laws. It perpetuated the idea that any amount of non-white blood made a person inferior and subject to racial discrimination.

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21. The most common crime in all countries is

Explanation

The correct answer is theft because it is a crime that occurs frequently in all countries. Theft refers to the act of taking someone else's property without their permission, and it can happen in various forms such as burglary, pickpocketing, or shoplifting. This crime is prevalent worldwide due to various factors like economic disparities, lack of security measures, and opportunistic behavior. Additionally, theft is often considered a non-violent crime compared to other options like arson, homicide, or rape, which makes it more common across different countries.

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22. In the United States, men are LESS likely than women to 

Explanation

The correct answer is "visit a doctor and adhere to medical regimens." This is because studies have shown that men are less likely than women to seek medical care and follow prescribed treatments. This can be attributed to various factors such as societal expectations of masculinity, fear of vulnerability, and lack of awareness about the importance of preventive healthcare. Men often delay seeking medical attention, which can lead to the worsening of health conditions and poorer health outcomes. Therefore, it is important to encourage men to prioritize their health and seek regular medical check-ups.

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23.
According to the structural-functionalist perspective, homosexual relations are defined as "deviant" because  

Explanation

According to the structural-functionalist perspective, homosexual relations are considered "deviant" because they do not fulfill the family institution's main function of producing and rearing children. In this perspective, the family is seen as a social institution that plays a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability. The primary function of the family is seen as the reproduction and socialization of children, and homosexual relationships are seen as deviating from this norm. This perspective views the family as a fundamental unit in society, and any deviation from its traditional functions is seen as deviant.

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24. Which of the following is an example of corporate welfare?

Explanation

The correct answer is low-interest government loans, subsidies, and tax breaks to corporations. This is an example of corporate welfare because it involves the government providing financial assistance to corporations through loans with low interest rates, subsidies, and tax breaks. These benefits are given to corporations in order to support their growth and development, and can be seen as a form of government intervention in the economy to promote corporate interests.

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25. The ozone layer of Earth's atmosphere

Explanation

The ozone layer of Earth's atmosphere acts as a protective shield by absorbing harmful radiation from the sun. This helps to prevent excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation from reaching the Earth's surface, which can cause various health issues such as skin cancer. Therefore, the ozone layer plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall balance of the Earth's atmosphere and protecting living organisms from the harmful effects of UV radiation.

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26. Which of the following is NOT one of the five traditional social institutions?

Explanation

Prison is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions because it does not fulfill the criteria of being a fundamental and essential structure in society. The five traditional social institutions include religion, family, politics, education, and economy. These institutions play crucial roles in shaping and organizing society, whereas prison is a system designed for the punishment and rehabilitation of individuals who have committed crimes. While prisons are important for maintaining law and order, they are not considered on the same level as the other social institutions in terms of their overall impact and significance.

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27. Students in middle and upper income families are

Explanation

Students in middle and upper income families are more likely to attend college. This is because they usually have access to better educational resources, such as private schools and tutors, which can increase their chances of being accepted into college. Additionally, these families often have more financial stability, allowing them to afford the cost of tuition and other expenses associated with attending college.

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28.
The world's leading arms exporting nation is  

Explanation

The United States is considered the world's leading arms exporting nation due to its significant production and export of weapons and military equipment. The country has a well-established defense industry and is known for its advanced technology and high-quality weaponry. The United States exports arms to various countries around the world, including allies and partners, contributing to its status as the top arms exporter globally.

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29. A crime is​

Explanation

The correct answer is "a violation of a federal, state, or local criminal law." This answer accurately defines a crime as an act that goes against the established laws at any level of government. Crimes can vary in severity and can include both felonies and misdemeanors, but the defining factor is that they involve breaking the law. This answer distinguishes a crime from other possibilities such as a disagreement between parties or a violation of community standards, which may not necessarily involve breaking a specific law.

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30. Planned obsolescence refers to 

Explanation

Planned obsolescence refers to the manufacturing of products that are intentionally designed to become inoperative or outdated within a relatively short period of time. This practice encourages consumers to frequently replace their products, leading to increased sales and profits for companies. It is a strategy used by companies to ensure a constant demand for their products, but it can also contribute to environmental waste and resource depletion.

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31.
 _________ is calculated as the number of working-age people divided by the number of people 65 or older.  

Explanation

The elderly support ratio is calculated as the number of working-age people divided by the number of people 65 or older. This ratio is used to determine the level of support that the working-age population can provide to the elderly population. A higher ratio indicates a larger working-age population relative to the elderly population, suggesting that there may be more resources available to support the needs of the elderly. Conversely, a lower ratio indicates a smaller working-age population relative to the elderly population, suggesting potential challenges in providing adequate support and services to the elderly.

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32. Medicaid

Explanation

Medicaid is a government program that provides medical care for individuals with low income and limited resources. It operates by reimbursing healthcare providers such as physicians and hospitals for the services they provide to eligible individuals. This helps to ensure that those who cannot afford healthcare services are still able to receive necessary medical care.

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33.
Which category is most likely to self-identify as LGBT?
 

Explanation

African Americans are most likely to self-identify as LGBT. This could be due to a variety of factors, including cultural and societal acceptance within the African American community, as well as the influence of prominent figures and movements advocating for LGBT rights within the community. Additionally, African Americans may feel a greater need to self-identify as LGBT in order to combat discrimination and marginalization based on both race and sexual orientation.

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34. Who are transgendered individuals?

Explanation

Transgender individuals are people whose sense of gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. This means that their internal sense of being male, female, or something else does not match the physical characteristics they were born with. It is important to note that being transgender is not the same as being gay, and it does not necessarily involve having ambiguous genitalia or undergoing sexual reassignment surgery. Gender identity is a deeply personal experience, and transgender individuals may choose to transition socially, medically, or not at all.

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35. President Dwight D. Eisenhower referred to the close association between the military and the defense industry as the military-industrial

Explanation

President Dwight D. Eisenhower referred to the close association between the military and the defense industry as the military-industrial complex. This term suggests that the relationship between the two entities is intricate and multifaceted. It implies that there are interdependencies, mutual interests, and potential conflicts of interest between the military and the defense industry. The term "complex" accurately captures the intricate nature of this relationship, making it the correct answer.

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36. Which perspective argues that the division of society into the "haves" and "have-nots" will create social problems?

Explanation

The conflict perspective argues that the division of society into the "haves" and "have-nots" will create social problems. According to this perspective, social inequality and power imbalances lead to conflict between different social groups. The "haves" who possess wealth and resources exploit and oppress the "have-nots," leading to social unrest, inequality, and social problems. This perspective emphasizes the importance of addressing and challenging social inequalities to create a more just and equitable society.

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37.
What term refers to the deliberate, systematic annihilation of an entire nation or people?  

Explanation

Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of a whole nation or ethnic group. It involves acts such as mass killings, forced displacement, and other forms of violence with the intention to eliminate the targeted group. This term is commonly used to describe atrocities committed during events like the Holocaust, the Armenian Genocide, and the Rwandan Genocide.

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38. The belief that race accounts for differences in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others is called

Explanation

Racism refers to the belief that differences in human character and ability are determined by race, and that one race is superior to others. It involves discriminatory attitudes, behaviors, and policies based on these beliefs. Racism can manifest in various forms, such as individual acts of prejudice or systemic discrimination. This term encompasses the idea of racial superiority and the negative treatment of individuals or groups based on their race.

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39.
Conflict theory suggests war is LEAST likely to benefit  

Explanation

Conflict theory posits that society is characterized by ongoing conflicts between different social groups, particularly those with differing levels of power and resources. In this context, war is seen as a means for the dominant groups, such as the corporate, political, and military elites, to maintain and expand their power. However, racial and ethnic minorities are typically marginalized and oppressed within society, making them the least likely to benefit from war. Therefore, the correct answer is racial and ethnic minorities.

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40.
Terrorism is the premeditated use, or threatened use, of violence by ________ to gain a political or social objective.  

Explanation

Terrorism is a tactic employed by individuals or groups who use or threaten violence in order to achieve a political or social goal. This explanation clarifies that terrorism is not limited to a single entity or organization, but can be carried out by various individuals or groups. It emphasizes that the use of violence is premeditated and serves as a means to an end, highlighting the strategic nature of terrorism.

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41. How would conflict theorists explain the difference in sentencing between crack and cocaine?

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that conflict theorists would explain the difference in sentencing between crack and cocaine by highlighting the influence of social class and power dynamics. According to this perspective, people of the upper classes, who are more likely to use cocaine, also have greater access to lawmaking power. This power imbalance can result in differential treatment and sentencing, with crack, which is more commonly used by lower-income individuals, being punished more severely than cocaine. This explanation aligns with conflict theory's focus on societal inequalities and the role of power in shaping social institutions and outcomes.

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42. Which of the theoretical perspectives is most likely to study how changes in society affect health?

Explanation

Structural-functionalism is the most likely theoretical perspective to study how changes in society affect health. This perspective focuses on the interdependence and functioning of different parts of society. It examines how social institutions and structures contribute to the overall stability and well-being of society. When studying health, structural-functionalism would analyze how changes in social structures, such as healthcare systems, economic conditions, or social norms, impact individuals' health outcomes and overall population health. This perspective emphasizes the importance of maintaining social equilibrium and understanding the role of various societal factors in shaping health patterns.

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43.
Geneticists have discovered that  

Explanation

The correct answer is that the genes of any two unrelated persons are 99.9 percent alike. This means that the genetic makeup of individuals from different backgrounds is almost identical, with only a very small percentage of variation. This finding highlights the fact that human genetic diversity is relatively low, and that the concept of race is not a valid biological construct.

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44. The ____________ of society refers to the way society is organized.

Explanation

The term "structure" refers to the way society is organized. It encompasses the various institutions, organizations, and systems that shape and guide social interactions and behaviors. This includes the political, economic, educational, and social systems that exist within a society. The structure of society influences individuals' roles, relationships, and opportunities, and helps to maintain social order and stability.

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45. Which element of a social problem refers to the belief that a particular social condition is harmful to society?

Explanation

The term "subjective" refers to the belief that a particular social condition is harmful to society. This means that the perception of harm is based on personal opinions, values, and experiences rather than objective facts or evidence. In the context of social problems, subjective views play a significant role in identifying and addressing issues, as they shape individuals' understanding of what needs to be addressed and how it should be addressed.

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46.
An estimated 600,000 autonomous political units existed in the world around the year 1000 B.C. Today, that number is  

Explanation

The correct answer is "fewer than 200." This is because the statement mentions that around the year 1000 B.C., there were an estimated 600,000 autonomous political units in the world. However, today, that number has decreased significantly to fewer than 200.

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47. Use of ________________ kills more people than AIDS, tuberculosis, or violence.

Explanation

Alcohol is the correct answer because it is widely consumed and its excessive use can lead to various health problems such as liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. According to the World Health Organization, alcohol causes more than 3 million deaths each year, making it a leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. In comparison, while drugs like methamphetamine and cocaine can be highly addictive and harmful, their usage and associated deaths are generally lower than those caused by alcohol.

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48. Negative stereotypes of people with mental illness contribute to its discrediting label or​ 

Explanation

Negative stereotypes of people with mental illness contribute to its discrediting label or stigma. Stigma refers to the negative attitudes and beliefs that society holds towards individuals with mental illness. These stereotypes can lead to discrimination, social exclusion, and a lack of understanding and support for those experiencing mental health issues. Stigma can prevent individuals from seeking help and treatment, perpetuating the cycle of misunderstanding and marginalization.

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49.
Sociologists define an institution as

Explanation

The correct answer is "an established and enduring social pattern of social relationships." This answer accurately reflects the definition of an institution in sociology. An institution is not simply a collection of people who have something in common, as it implies a more structured and organized system. It is also not a building where people with special needs live and are cared for, as this is more specific to a certain type of institution like a care facility. Furthermore, it is not a general idea about what is important or desirable, as this does not capture the social pattern aspect of an institution.

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50. According to conflict theorists, many business owners and corporate leaders support non-discrimination policies because they believe such policies would

Explanation

According to conflict theorists, business owners and corporate leaders support non-discrimination policies because they believe it would help them maintain a competitive edge in recruiting and maintaining a productive workforce. This is because by promoting a diverse and inclusive work environment, they can attract and retain talented individuals from different backgrounds, leading to a more innovative and efficient workforce. By valuing diversity, businesses can tap into a wider pool of skills and perspectives, ultimately benefiting their overall performance and success.

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51. Compared to other school districts, low-income, high-minority school districts are more likely to

Explanation

Low-income, high-minority school districts are more likely to have students who are taught by substitute teachers because these districts often struggle to attract and retain qualified teachers. The lack of resources and funding in these districts makes it difficult to hire and retain experienced teachers, leading to a higher reliance on substitute teachers. Additionally, these districts may also assign teachers to areas outside their specialty due to limited staffing and resources. Finally, they are more likely to employ beginning teachers with less than 3 years of experience, as these teachers may be more willing to work in these challenging districts. Therefore, all of these choices are more likely to be true for low-income, high-minority school districts.

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52. Which of the following drugs was legally available in the United States in the 1800s and early 1900s?

Explanation

Opium was legally available in the United States in the 1800s and early 1900s. During this time, opium was commonly used for medicinal purposes and was even available over the counter without a prescription. It was used as a painkiller, sedative, and to treat various ailments. However, its widespread use eventually led to addiction and abuse, prompting the government to regulate and eventually prohibit its use.

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53.
Individuals who believe homosexuality is a choice are  

Explanation

Individuals who believe that homosexuality is a choice are more likely to believe that LGB (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual) people can and should change. This belief stems from the idea that if homosexuality is a choice, then individuals can also choose to change their sexual orientation. This perspective is often associated with the belief in conversion therapy or other practices aimed at altering a person's sexual orientation. It is important to note that this belief is not supported by scientific evidence, and the majority of mental health organizations reject conversion therapy as harmful and ineffective.

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54.
_____ involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into drilled wells to release natural gas.  

Explanation

Fracking involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into drilled wells to release natural gas. This process is used to fracture underground rocks and release trapped natural gas or oil. It is a controversial method due to concerns about its environmental impact, such as water contamination and earthquakes.

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55. The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when individuals

Explanation

The self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a phenomenon where individuals behave in a way that aligns with the expectations others have of them. This means that people tend to act in a manner consistent with the beliefs and predictions others have about their behavior or abilities. When others hold certain expectations, individuals may internalize them and unconsciously adjust their behavior to fulfill those expectations, ultimately validating the initial beliefs. This can have a significant impact on various aspects of life, such as relationships, work, and personal development.

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56. According to differential association theory, individuals

Explanation

According to differential association theory, individuals learn the techniques and motivations for criminal behavior from others. This theory suggests that criminal behavior is not inherent, but rather acquired through social interactions and exposure to deviant norms and values. It posits that individuals become more likely to engage in criminal activities if they associate with others who engage in such behaviors, as they learn from these associations. This explanation aligns with the concept of social learning, where behavior is learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement from others.

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57. Which perspective argues that the division of society into the "haves" and "have-nots" will create social problems?

Explanation

The conflict perspective argues that the division of society into the "haves" and "have-nots" will create social problems. This perspective emphasizes the unequal distribution of power, resources, and opportunities in society, and sees conflict and competition between different social groups as the driving force behind social change. According to the conflict perspective, the unequal distribution of wealth and resources leads to social inequality, exploitation, and tension between different social classes, which in turn creates social problems and unrest.

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58.
Race is  

Explanation

The correct answer is "socially created" because race is not determined by objective, reliable, and meaningful physical criteria. It is a concept that is constructed by society and varies across different cultures and time periods. Race is not based on scientifically valid reasons for selecting certain biological traits over others, and it does hold meaning and significance in social and cultural contexts.

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59. In 1833, Oberlin College in Ohio became the first college in the United States to admit women. At Oberlin, women students were

Explanation

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60. What is the official name of the program commonly referred to as Obamacare?​

Explanation

The official name of the program commonly referred to as Obamacare is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act was signed into law in 2010 and aimed to provide affordable health insurance options for Americans, expand Medicaid, and implement various healthcare reforms. It is often referred to as Obamacare because it was a major healthcare initiative introduced during the Obama administration.

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61. The term ________ refers to the lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation

Explanation

Absolute poverty refers to the lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation. It is a condition where individuals or households do not have enough income or resources to meet their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing. Unlike relative poverty, which is a measure of poverty in relation to the average income or standard of living in a society, absolute poverty focuses on the absolute level of deprivation and the inability to meet basic human needs.

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62. __________ refers to negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people.​

Explanation

Prejudice refers to negative attitudes and feelings toward or about an entire category of people. It involves preconceived notions, stereotypes, and generalizations about a particular group, leading to biased judgments and discriminatory behavior. Prejudice is often based on limited knowledge or experiences and can be deeply ingrained in society, influencing individual beliefs and actions. It can manifest in various forms, such as racial prejudice, gender prejudice, or religious prejudice, and can have harmful effects on individuals and communities, perpetuating inequality and social divisions.

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63. Which of the following is a function of the educational institution?
   

Explanation

The educational institution serves multiple functions, including socializing children into the dominant culture, teaching them to obey authority, and sorting individuals into various statuses. Socialization into the dominant culture helps children learn the norms, values, and customs of their society. Teaching obedience to authority prepares children to follow rules and regulations in various social contexts. Lastly, the educational institution plays a role in sorting individuals into different social statuses based on their academic achievements and abilities. These functions collectively contribute to the overall purpose and impact of educational institutions.

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64. According to C. Wright Mills, the ____________ is the ability to see the connections between our personal lives and the social world.

Explanation

C. Wright Mills defines sociological imagination as the ability to understand and analyze the connections between our personal experiences and the broader social and historical context in which we live. It allows individuals to see beyond their own personal troubles and recognize the larger social issues and structures that shape their lives. By using sociological imagination, individuals can critically examine the impact of social forces on their personal lives and understand how their individual actions are influenced by societal factors.

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65.
Which of the following illustrates part of the social structure of a society?

Explanation

The public educational system is an example of a social structure in a society because it represents an organized and formalized institution that plays a crucial role in shaping and transmitting knowledge, values, and norms to individuals. It is a system that is designed to educate and socialize individuals, providing them with the necessary skills and knowledge to participate in society. This system is supported and funded by the government, and its structure and organization reflect the values, priorities, and goals of the society in which it exists.

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66. ___________ is poverty that is transmitted from one generation to the next.​

Explanation

Intergenerational poverty refers to poverty that is passed down from one generation to the next. This means that individuals who are born into poverty are more likely to remain in poverty throughout their lives and pass it on to their children. It is a cycle that is difficult to break, as limited access to resources and opportunities can hinder upward mobility. This term highlights the long-term impact of poverty on families and communities, emphasizing the need for interventions and policies that address the root causes of poverty.

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67. Which of the following perspectives are most likely to argue that physicians should be paid higher than most occupations because their job is more important than most and requires so much education and training?

Explanation

Structural-functionalism is most likely to argue that physicians should be paid higher than most occupations because their job is more important than most and requires so much education and training. This perspective focuses on the interdependence and harmony of different parts of society, and views the role of physicians as crucial for the functioning and well-being of society as a whole. Therefore, structural-functionalism would support the idea that higher pay for physicians is necessary to attract and retain highly skilled individuals in this important role.

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68. _______________ theories propose that some individuals are predisposed to drug abuse.

Explanation

Biological theories propose that some individuals are predisposed to drug abuse due to factors such as genetics, brain chemistry, and physiological differences. These theories suggest that certain individuals may have a biological vulnerability or susceptibility to developing substance abuse disorders. This can include factors such as inherited traits, imbalances in neurotransmitters, or differences in brain structure and function. Biological theories emphasize the importance of understanding the biological underpinnings of drug abuse and addiction in order to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

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69. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people who use drugs do so because

Explanation

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people who use drugs do so because they have learned to label the drug-using experience in positive terms. This perspective emphasizes the role of social interactions and the meanings that individuals attach to their actions. Symbolic interactionists argue that individuals learn behaviors and attitudes through socialization processes, including the labeling of certain experiences as positive or negative. In the case of drug use, individuals may learn to view drug use in positive terms through their interactions with peers, media, or other influential factors. This perspective suggests that societal attitudes and labeling play a significant role in shaping individuals' drug-use behaviors.

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70. The term "sexual orientation" refers to the classification of individuals as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual, based on their

Explanation

The term "sexual orientation" encompasses all of these aspects - emotional and sexual attractions, relationships, and self-identity. It refers to how individuals classify themselves based on their emotional and sexual attractions towards others, the types of relationships they form, and their own self-identification as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual.

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71.
Under NAFTA's provisions, any country that decides to ban the use of carcinogenic pesticides  

Explanation

Under NAFTA's provisions, any country that decides to ban the use of carcinogenic pesticides can be charged by the WTO (World Trade Organization) for obstructing the free flow of trade and investment. This means that if a country chooses to ban these pesticides, they may face legal consequences from the WTO for hindering international trade and investment. This suggests that the agreement prioritizes the free flow of trade and investment over individual countries' decisions to ban harmful pesticides.

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72.
The Internet was originally created for _______ purposes.  

Explanation

The correct answer is military. The Internet was initially developed as a military project called ARPANET, with the purpose of creating a decentralized network that could withstand a nuclear attack. It was designed to enable communication and information sharing among military personnel and research institutions. Over time, the Internet evolved and expanded to serve various purposes beyond its original military function.

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73. The sociological imagination allows us to see the connections between private troubles and ________.

Explanation

The sociological imagination allows us to see the connections between private troubles and public issues. It enables individuals to understand how personal problems are influenced by larger social forces and structures. By examining the intersection of personal experiences with societal issues, individuals can gain a broader understanding of the social context in which they live and the impact of social institutions on their lives. This perspective helps to highlight the interconnectedness of individual experiences and larger social problems.

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74. A social problem is a social condition that

Explanation

This answer is correct because it accurately defines a social problem as a condition that is viewed by a particular segment of society as harmful to its members and requiring a solution. It acknowledges that different segments of society may have different perspectives on what constitutes a social problem, highlighting the subjective nature of the concept. Additionally, it recognizes the need for remedy or intervention to address the issue.

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75. What is an example of how health problems impact poverty?

Explanation

Physical and mental health problems can limit one's ability to pursue education and vocational training and/or employment. This is because individuals with health problems may face difficulties in attending school, completing their studies, or participating in vocational training programs. Additionally, their health conditions may affect their ability to perform certain job tasks or maintain regular employment. As a result, these individuals may struggle to earn a stable income and escape poverty, thereby highlighting the impact of health problems on poverty.

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76. A symbolic interactionist is likely to study

Explanation

A symbolic interactionist is likely to study the varying definitions of diseases and conditions across cultures because they focus on how individuals interpret and give meaning to their experiences. They are interested in understanding how cultural factors shape people's understanding and response to illness. By studying the different definitions of diseases and conditions across cultures, a symbolic interactionist can gain insights into how social interactions, language, and cultural norms influence the perception and management of health and illness.

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77. What is the official name of the program commonly referred to as Obamacare?​

Explanation

The official name of the program commonly referred to as Obamacare is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This act was signed into law in 2010 and aims to provide Americans with more affordable healthcare options and protect them from insurance company abuses. It includes provisions such as the expansion of Medicaid, the creation of health insurance marketplaces, and the requirement for individuals to have health insurance or pay a penalty.

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78. Which of the following is NOT associated with low income?

Explanation

The correct answer is lack of stress. This is because low income is often associated with high levels of stress due to financial challenges and limited resources. Lack of stress is not typically associated with low income as individuals with low income often face additional stressors related to their financial situation.

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79. Conflict theorists point out that the difference between gambling, which is frequently illegal, and investing in the stock market is

Explanation

The correct answer is "who makes the wager." Conflict theorists argue that the distinction between gambling and investing in the stock market lies in the identity of the person making the wager. In gambling, individuals are typically risking their own money, while in the stock market, investors are using other people's money. This difference in who bears the financial risk is seen as a key factor in determining the legality and social acceptability of these activities.

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80. Sociologists refer to the position a person holds in a group as his or her

Explanation

Sociologists use the term "status" to refer to the position or rank that an individual holds within a group. It is a social position that comes with certain expectations, rights, and responsibilities. Status can be achieved through individual efforts or ascribed based on factors such as age, gender, or social background. It plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's behavior, interactions, and social identity within the group.

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81. Due to shortcomings of the data, ________ may be a better indicator of what police are doing than what criminals are doing.

Explanation

Official crime statistics may be a better indicator of what police are doing than what criminals are doing due to the limitations of the data. Official crime statistics are based on reported crimes that have been processed by the police and entered into the criminal justice system. However, these statistics may not accurately reflect the actual crime rates as they are influenced by factors such as underreporting, police practices, and the prioritization of certain types of crimes. Therefore, official crime statistics may provide insights into police activity and response rather than an accurate representation of criminal behavior.

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82. Medicaid is funded

Explanation

Medicaid is a government-funded healthcare program in the United States that provides medical assistance to low-income individuals and families. The correct answer is "jointly by federal and state governments" because Medicaid is funded through a partnership between the federal government and individual state governments. The federal government sets certain guidelines and regulations for the program and provides a significant portion of the funding, while the state governments contribute their own funds as well. This joint funding arrangement allows for the program to be implemented and sustained across the country, ensuring that eligible individuals have access to healthcare services.

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83. According to conflict theory, the more _______ in a society, the greater the crime rate in that society.

Explanation

According to conflict theory, the more inequality there is in a society, the greater the crime rate in that society. This is because conflict theorists argue that inequality creates social tensions and divisions, leading to frustration, anger, and a sense of injustice among those who are disadvantaged. This can result in higher rates of crime as individuals may resort to illegal means to address their grievances or to attain resources and opportunities that are denied to them due to the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

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84.
Early research on sexual behavior by Kinsey and his colleagues (1948, 1953) found 37 percent of  

Explanation

Early research conducted by Kinsey and his colleagues in 1948 and 1953 revealed that 37 percent of men had engaged in a same-sex sexual experience since their adolescence. This implies that a significant proportion of men have had sexual encounters with individuals of the same sex during their developmental years. The research did not focus on women's experiences or their sexual identities, hence the other options are not supported by the given information.

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85. Which of the following is NOT classified as larceny?

Explanation

Larceny refers to the unlawful taking and carrying away of someone else's personal property with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of it. Bicycle theft, purse-snatching, and shoplifting all involve the unauthorized taking of someone's property and would be classified as larceny. However, gambling does not involve the physical taking of someone's property. It is a form of entertainment or activity where individuals voluntarily participate by placing bets or wagering money, but it does not involve the unlawful taking of someone else's property.

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86. According to the conflict perspective, the "haves" (the wealthy and powerful elite)

Explanation

According to the conflict perspective, the "haves" (the wealthy and powerful elite) perpetuate racial and ethnic tensions among the "have-nots" to deflect attention away from their own greed and exploitation of workers. This explanation aligns with the conflict perspective, which views society as a struggle for power and resources between different social groups. In this view, the elite use racial and ethnic tensions as a tool to maintain their position of power and divert attention from their own actions, such as exploiting workers and accumulating wealth. This explanation highlights the role of the elite in perpetuating social inequalities and maintaining their dominance.

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87. According to _______ theory, crime is likely to occur when legitimate means of acquiring culturally defined goals are limited by the structure of society.

Explanation

Strain theory suggests that crime is more likely to occur when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means. This theory argues that when there is a disconnect between culturally defined goals and the means available to achieve them, individuals may resort to criminal behavior as a way to attain their goals. This can happen when the structure of society limits the opportunities for individuals to achieve success through legal means, leading to frustration and strain, which in turn increases the likelihood of criminal behavior.

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88. Critics of the U.S. poverty line argue that

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that critics of the U.S. poverty line argue that low-income families today spend far less than one-third of their income on food. This implies that the current poverty line, which includes food expenses as a significant factor, may not accurately reflect the financial struggles faced by low-income families. Critics believe that other factors such as housing, healthcare, and transportation should be taken into account to provide a more comprehensive measure of poverty.

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89.
Evidence that modern societies downplay the value of their elders can be seen in which of the following?  

Explanation

The correct answer is "Millions of Americans purchase products or treatments to make them look younger." This answer suggests that modern societies place a high value on youth and beauty, which implies that they may downplay the value of their elders. By purchasing products or treatments to look younger, individuals are indicating that they prioritize youthfulness and may not fully appreciate the wisdom and experience that comes with age.

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90. Which of the following perspectives is most likely to study how definitions of the poor as lazy and irresponsible are related to support for assistance programs?

Explanation

Symbolic Interactionism is most likely to study how definitions of the poor as lazy and irresponsible are related to support for assistance programs. Symbolic Interactionism focuses on the meanings and symbols that individuals use to interpret and interact with the social world. It emphasizes how individuals construct their social reality through interactions and the meanings they attach to symbols. In this case, Symbolic Interactionism would examine how societal definitions and stereotypes of the poor as lazy and irresponsible shape people's attitudes and behaviors towards assistance programs. It would explore how these definitions influence public opinion, policy decisions, and the experiences of those in poverty.

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91.
Affirming negative stereotypes about the elderly (e.g., slow, grumpy, poor drivers, etc.) can be attributed to  

Explanation

Affirming negative stereotypes about the elderly aligns with ageism, which refers to discrimination or prejudice based on a person's age, particularly against older individuals. Ageism perpetuates stereotypes and biases against older adults, reinforcing negative perceptions about their abilities and characteristics. The other options, such as youth bulge, functionalism, and youth culture, do not directly relate to the act of affirming negative stereotypes about the elderly.

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92. Society's structure is made up of

Explanation

This answer is correct because it accurately identifies the components that make up society's structure. Institutions refer to the established systems and organizations that govern society, social groups are the collections of individuals who interact and share common interests, statuses refer to the positions individuals hold within society, and roles are the expected behaviors and responsibilities associated with those statuses. These elements collectively contribute to the functioning and organization of society.

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93. Victimization surveys ask

Explanation

The correct answer is individuals about their experiences as crime victims. This is because victimization surveys are designed to gather information from individuals who have been victims of crimes. These surveys aim to understand the nature and extent of crime victimization, including the types of crimes experienced, the characteristics of the victims, and the impact of the crimes on the victims' lives. By asking individuals about their experiences as crime victims, these surveys provide valuable insights into the prevalence and consequences of crime in society.

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94. The United States poverty line is calculated as

Explanation

The United States poverty line is calculated as 3 times the minimum cost of an adequate diet. This means that the poverty line is determined by multiplying the minimum cost of a diet that provides enough nutrition by three. This calculation takes into account the basic needs of an individual or a family to meet their dietary requirements. By setting the poverty line at three times the minimum cost of an adequate diet, it ensures that individuals or families who cannot afford to meet their basic nutritional needs are classified as living in poverty.

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95.
Which perspective views the elderly as a special interest group that competes with younger people for scarce resources?  

Explanation

The conflict perspective views the elderly as a special interest group that competes with younger people for scarce resources. This perspective focuses on the social inequalities and power struggles that exist within society, and sees the elderly as a group that must fight for their share of resources, such as healthcare, social security, and employment opportunities, which are often limited and in high demand. This perspective emphasizes the conflicts and tensions that arise between different age groups in society.

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96.
Suppose a Mexican-American family wants to rent an apartment in a predominantly white neighborhood. If the landlord is prejudiced against Latinos and does not allow the family to rent the apartment, that landlord has engaged in ___________ discrimination.  

Explanation

The correct answer is overt. Overt discrimination refers to the intentional and explicit act of discriminating against a particular group based on their race, ethnicity, or other protected characteristics. In this scenario, the landlord is openly displaying prejudice against Latinos by refusing to rent the apartment to a Mexican-American family. This is a clear example of overt discrimination.

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97. Which of the following is a legal penalty for violating laws that prohibit homosexual acts in some countries of the world?

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of these." In some countries, violating laws that prohibit homosexual acts can result in imprisonment, corporal punishment such as whipping or lashing, or even the death penalty. These penalties are enforced in order to punish and deter individuals from engaging in same-sex relationships or activities, reflecting the discriminatory and oppressive nature of these laws in those countries.

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98. Symbolic interactionism emphasizes that

Explanation

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another and how they assign meanings to symbols and social interactions. This perspective suggests that human behavior is influenced by the meanings that individuals create through their social interactions. In other words, people's actions and behaviors are not solely determined by external factors or societal institutions, but rather by the subjective meanings they attach to these interactions. This perspective highlights the importance of understanding the social construction of reality and how individuals interpret and respond to their social environment.

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99.
Which statement best characterizes the world's aging population trends?  

Explanation

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100. War _____ nations.

Explanation

War has the ability to create new nations, as it can lead to the formation of new countries or the restructuring of existing ones. It can also defend nations, as countries may engage in war to protect their territories, resources, or citizens. Additionally, war has the power to destroy nations, as it can cause significant damage to infrastructure, economy, and population. Therefore, all of these options accurately describe the impact of war on nations.

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101. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated education was

Explanation

The correct answer is "unconstitutional because it was inherently unequal." This ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 declared that segregated education was unconstitutional because it violated the principle of equal protection under the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The court recognized that separating students based on race inherently created unequal educational opportunities and denied minority students the same rights and benefits as their white counterparts. This landmark decision marked a significant step towards desegregating schools and promoting equal access to education for all.

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102. Evidence regarding the quality of America's teachers suggests

Explanation

The evidence regarding the quality of America's teachers suggests that students in poor school districts are taught by inferior instructors. This conclusion can be drawn from the given information because it states that the quality of teachers in poor school districts is inferior, implying that these students are not receiving the same level of education as students in wealthier districts.

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103.
Experts cited in your text predict that the dominant resource issue of the Middle East over which wars will be fought in the future is  

Explanation

The experts mentioned in the text predict that the main resource issue in the Middle East, which will potentially lead to future wars, is water. This implies that there is a scarcity or competition for water resources in the region, which could potentially escalate into conflicts. The other options, such as oil, gold, and land, are not mentioned as the dominant resource issues in the Middle East in the given text.

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104. A social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards based on their individual efforts and abilities is a​

Explanation

A social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards based on their individual efforts and abilities is known as a meritocracy. In this system, success and advancement are determined by one's merit and competence rather than factors such as wealth, social status, or family background. Individuals who work hard and demonstrate their skills and abilities are rewarded and given opportunities for growth and advancement. This system promotes fairness and equality by ensuring that everyone has an equal chance to succeed based on their own merits.

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105. ________ poverty refers to a deficiency of material and economic resources compared with some other population.

Explanation

Relative poverty refers to a deficiency of material and economic resources compared with some other population. This means that individuals or groups are considered to be in relative poverty if their income or resources are significantly lower in comparison to the average income or resources of the larger population. It is a measure of poverty that takes into account the economic disparities within a society, highlighting the inequality between different social groups. Relative poverty is often used to assess the level of inequality and social exclusion within a society.

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106.
Having to attend classes, read assignments, take exams, and write papers illustrates the __________ of a college student.
 

Explanation

The given correct answer for this question is "role" because it refers to the responsibilities and expectations that a college student has in terms of attending classes, completing assignments, taking exams, and writing papers. These tasks are an integral part of a student's role in a college setting, highlighting their active participation and engagement in the educational process.

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107. All of the following are examples of corporate crime except

Explanation

Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or misappropriating funds entrusted to one's care, typically by an employee. It is a form of white-collar crime committed within an organization. On the other hand, security fraud, antitrust violations, and price fixing are all examples of corporate crimes. Security fraud involves deceptive practices in the financial markets, antitrust violations refer to anti-competitive practices that harm consumers or other businesses, and price fixing is an agreement between competitors to set prices artificially. Therefore, embezzlement stands out as the answer as it does not involve corporate wrongdoing.

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108. The bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City that resulted in 168 deaths and 200 injured victims was an act of _______ terrorism.

Explanation

The correct answer is domestic because the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City was carried out by individuals who were citizens of the same country where the attack occurred. Domestic terrorism refers to acts of violence committed by individuals or groups within their own country, with the intention of promoting a political, ideological, or social agenda. In this case, the perpetrators were American citizens and their motivations were rooted in domestic issues and grievances.

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109. Which of the following is an argument in favor of a single-payer health care system?​

Explanation

A single-payer health care system would save money because it eliminates the need for multiple private insurance companies, which often have high administrative costs. By streamlining the system and reducing administrative expenses, more resources can be directed towards providing healthcare services. Additionally, a single-payer system allows for negotiating lower prices for medications and medical procedures, further reducing costs. Overall, the cost savings achieved through a single-payer system can help make healthcare more affordable and accessible to a larger population.

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110. Which of the following best illustrates the "racial threat" hypothesis?

Explanation

The passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act after Chinese workers displaced whites in mining and railroad jobs best illustrates the "racial threat" hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that when a racial or ethnic group is perceived as a threat to the dominant group's economic or social status, discriminatory policies and actions are more likely to be implemented. In this case, the Chinese workers were seen as a threat to white workers, leading to the exclusion act being passed to restrict Chinese immigration and protect the interests of the white population.

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111. Which of the following statements is true about race?

Explanation

The statement that "The vast majority of variation in people is within-group variation" is true about race. This means that most of the genetic diversity and differences between individuals can be found within racial groups rather than between them. This suggests that race is not a reliable or accurate indicator of genetic differences between populations. Instead, it highlights the importance of recognizing the shared genetic heritage of all human beings and the limited significance of race as a biological concept.

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112.
A 401k plan is different from a pension in that​  

Explanation

A 401k plan is different from a pension because a pension provides a guaranteed income. Unlike a 401k plan, which relies on the employee's contributions and investment returns, a pension is typically funded by the employer and guarantees a specific amount of income during retirement. This ensures that retirees receive a steady stream of income, regardless of market fluctuations or investment performance.

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113.
The world economy is dominated by  

Explanation

Transnational corporations refer to large companies that operate in multiple countries, having a significant influence on the global economy. These corporations have extensive resources, reach, and power, allowing them to dominate various industries and markets worldwide. They often possess substantial financial, technological, and managerial capabilities, enabling them to compete and thrive on a global scale. As a result, transnational corporations play a crucial role in shaping the world economy and exerting considerable control over it.

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114. The most widely used and abused drug in America is

Explanation

Alcohol is considered the most widely used and abused drug in America due to its legal status and widespread availability. It is socially accepted and easily accessible, leading to high rates of consumption and misuse. Alcohol abuse can have severe health and social consequences, including addiction, liver damage, impaired judgment, and increased risk of accidents and violence. While tobacco, heroin, and marijuana are also commonly used and abused, alcohol surpasses them in terms of overall usage and negative impact on individuals and society.

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115. The concept of race refers to a category of people who

Explanation

The concept of race refers to the belief that certain groups of people share distinct physical characteristics that are considered important in society. This belief is based on the idea that these physical characteristics, such as skin color or facial features, are socially significant and can be used to categorize and differentiate people. This understanding of race has been used to justify discrimination and unequal treatment based on these physical characteristics.

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116. The World Health Organization defines health as

Explanation

The correct answer is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being." This definition aligns with the World Health Organization's definition of health, which emphasizes not only the absence of illness but also the presence of overall well-being. It recognizes that health encompasses not just physical health, but also mental and social aspects, highlighting the importance of holistic well-being for individuals.

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117. Which causes of death are much more common in the low-income countries than in the high-income countries?

Explanation

Parasitic and infectious diseases are much more common in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. This is due to various factors such as poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, inadequate healthcare facilities, and limited resources for disease prevention and control. In low-income countries, the prevalence of diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal diseases is significantly higher, leading to higher mortality rates. In contrast, high-income countries have better healthcare systems, advanced medical technologies, and higher living standards, which contribute to lower rates of parasitic and infectious diseases.

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118. Vice crimes are illegal activities that

Explanation

Vice crimes are considered victimless because they do not involve a complaining party. This means that the individuals engaging in these activities are consenting adults and there is no direct harm caused to others. While some may argue that these activities are morally wrong, the fact that there is no unwilling participant or victim involved makes them victimless in nature.

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119.  
Culture includes all of the following elements EXCEPT

Explanation

Culture is a complex system that encompasses various elements such as values, symbols, and beliefs. These elements shape the behavior, attitudes, and norms of a particular group or society. However, statuses are not considered an inherent part of culture. Statuses refer to the positions or ranks that individuals hold within a social structure, such as being a parent, teacher, or manager. While statuses can be influenced by cultural factors, they are not considered a fundamental element of culture itself.

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120. In sociological terminology, a minority group is a category of people who

Explanation

The correct answer is that a minority group is a category of people who have unequal access to positions of power, prestige, and wealth and tend to be targets of prejudice and discrimination. This explanation aligns with the sociological understanding of minority groups, which emphasizes the social disadvantages and discrimination faced by these groups due to their smaller numbers and lack of access to resources and opportunities.

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121.
The "Don't ask, don't tell" policy in the military  

Explanation

The correct answer is "has been revoked." This means that the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy in the military is no longer in effect. It used to prohibit all gays and lesbians from serving in the military, but now it has been revoked, allowing individuals of any sexual orientation to serve openly.

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122. Your text identifies all of the following as the most important functions of the state EXCEPT the

Explanation

The given answer, "distribution of resources," is the correct answer because the text identifies the control of territory, maintenance of internal order, and use of force as important functions of the state. However, it does not mention the distribution of resources as one of the crucial functions.

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123. Mental illness is considered a "hidden epidemic" because

Explanation

The correct answer is that the shame associated with mental problems discourages people from acknowledging them. This explanation suggests that mental illness is considered a "hidden epidemic" because individuals who are suffering from mental health issues may feel ashamed or stigmatized, leading them to hide their symptoms or avoid seeking help. This can result in underreporting and a lack of awareness about the true extent of mental illness in society.

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124. The criminalization of opium use in the United States can be traced to which of the following? 

Explanation

The criminalization of opium use in the United States can be traced to the use of opium among Chinese immigrant laborers, who threatened white jobs. The fear of Chinese immigrants taking away jobs from white Americans led to the demonization of opium use, as it was associated with the Chinese population. This fear and prejudice against Chinese immigrants ultimately resulted in the criminalization of opium use in the United States.

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125. In terms of mental illness, the Affordable Care Act​

Explanation

The correct answer is "requires insurance plans to cover mental health and substance abuse." The Affordable Care Act mandates that insurance plans must provide coverage for mental health and substance abuse services. This ensures that individuals with mental illnesses have access to necessary treatments and support. This provision helps to address the longstanding issue of limited access to mental health services and aims to improve overall mental healthcare in the United States.

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126. In the Netherlands, the use of such drugs as marijuana and hashish

Explanation

In the Netherlands, the use of drugs like marijuana and hashish is not considered a criminal act but rather a health issue. This means that individuals caught using or possessing these drugs are not prosecuted as criminals, but are instead provided with support and resources to address any potential addiction or health-related problems associated with drug use. This approach focuses on harm reduction and treating drug addiction as a public health concern rather than a criminal offense.

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127. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), published annually by the FBI, contain crime data from

Explanation

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) published annually by the FBI collect crime data from sheriff and police departments. This means that the data included in the UCR comes from law enforcement agencies at the local, state, tribal, and federal levels. These agencies report crime statistics to the FBI, which compiles and analyzes the data to provide a comprehensive overview of crime trends in the United States. The UCR is an important tool for understanding and addressing crime at a national level.

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128. Biofuels are derived from

Explanation

Biofuels are derived from agricultural crops because they are produced from organic matter, such as corn, sugarcane, soybeans, or vegetable oils. These crops are processed to extract oils or convert them into ethanol, which can be used as a fuel source. Biofuels are considered a renewable energy source as they can be grown and harvested again, unlike fossil fuels. This makes them a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option for energy production.

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129. According to modern conflict theorists, the power to influence economic outcomes in a society comes from all of the following EXCEPT

Explanation

According to modern conflict theorists, the power to influence economic outcomes in a society comes from ownership of the means of production, control of media, and interlocking board memberships. Advertising, however, is not considered a source of power in influencing economic outcomes. While advertising can be a tool used by those with power, it is not a direct source of power itself.

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130.
The two types of retirement plans are  

Explanation

The correct answer is traditional pensions with “defined benefits” and “defined contribution” plans. Traditional pensions are retirement plans where the employer provides a fixed monthly income to the retiree based on factors such as salary and years of service. Defined contribution plans, on the other hand, are retirement plans where the employee contributes a portion of their salary, and the employer may also contribute, to an individual account. The final retirement income depends on the contributions made and the investment returns. Both types of plans provide retirement benefits, but they differ in terms of how the benefits are determined and distributed.

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131. Which of the following sociological perspectives is more likely to emphasize the relationship between teacher approval/disapproval and class differences in the social and verbal skills students bring to the classroom?

Explanation

Symbolic interactionists are more likely to emphasize the relationship between teacher approval/disapproval and class differences in the social and verbal skills students bring to the classroom. This perspective focuses on the interactions and meanings that individuals attach to their social environment. Symbolic interactionists would argue that teacher approval or disapproval can shape students' self-perception and behavior, which in turn can contribute to class differences in social and verbal skills. They would examine how teachers' expectations and feedback influence students' sense of self and their interactions with others in the classroom.

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132.
Proponents of same-sex marriage argue all of the following EXCEPT
 

Explanation

The given answer, "Same-sex marriages would subvert the integrity of the family institution," is incorrect because proponents of same-sex marriage do not argue that it would harm or undermine the integrity of the family institution. Instead, they argue that marriage is a social construction that can take different forms across societies and throughout history, that banning same-sex marriage is a violation of civil rights, and that children in same-sex families would benefit from same-sex marriage.

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133.
John was laid off from his job because management felt that at his age (64) he was too expensive. John was a victim of​  

Explanation

The correct answer is age discrimination. This is because John was laid off from his job solely based on his age, as management believed he was too expensive. This is a clear example of discrimination based on age, as he was treated unfairly and unjustly due to his age.

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134. In ________ discrimination, the individual discriminates because of the prejudice of others.

Explanation

In adaptive discrimination, the individual discriminates because they adapt to the prejudice of others. This means that they may not necessarily hold their own prejudiced beliefs, but they conform to the discriminatory behavior of those around them. They may discriminate in order to fit in or avoid social consequences, even if they personally do not hold any prejudice.

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135. A meta-analysis of the popular DARE program found

Explanation

The correct answer is that the program did not significantly prevent drug use among school-age children. This means that the meta-analysis found that the DARE program did not have a significant impact in preventing drug use among children of school age. The program may have had some effect, but it was not enough to be considered statistically significant.

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136. Which term refers to the total assets of an individual or household minus liabilities?

Explanation

Wealth refers to the total assets of an individual or household minus liabilities. It represents the net worth of a person or family, taking into account all their possessions, properties, investments, and savings, while subtracting any debts or obligations they may have. Wealth is a measure of financial stability and can be used to determine one's economic status and ability to accumulate and maintain assets over time.

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137.
Centuries of warfare between chiefdoms culminated in the development of  

Explanation

The correct answer is the state. Centuries of warfare between chiefdoms led to the emergence of a centralized authority that could maintain control and enforce laws over a larger territory. This centralized authority eventually developed into the state, which is characterized by its monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a defined territory. The state plays a crucial role in maintaining social order, providing public services, and regulating economic activities.

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138. Deinstitutionalization in mental health care refers to the process of

Explanation

Deinstitutionalization in mental health care refers to the process of reducing costly and often neglectful institutional care and providing more humane services in the community. This means shifting away from the traditional model of keeping individuals with mental illnesses in large, centralized mental health hospitals and instead providing care and support in community-based settings. This approach aims to improve the quality of care, promote independence and recovery, and reduce the stigma associated with institutionalization. It also recognizes the importance of integrating individuals with mental illnesses into society and providing them with the necessary support to lead fulfilling lives in their communities.

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139. Which of the following was NOT cited in the textbook as a strategy to improve mental health care?​

Explanation

The correct answer is "stigmatizing mental illness." The other options, such as improving access to mental health care and providing mental health support for college students, were mentioned in the textbook as strategies to improve mental health care. Additionally, eliminating the negative label of mental illness was also mentioned as a strategy. However, stigmatizing mental illness was not cited as a strategy in the textbook.

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140. The structural-functional perspective is more likely than the conflict or symbolic interactionist perspective to view drug abuse as

Explanation

The structural-functional perspective focuses on how society functions as a whole and how different parts of society work together to maintain stability. From this perspective, drug abuse can be seen as a result of the weakening of norms in society. Norms are the shared expectations and rules that guide behavior, and when they weaken or break down, individuals may turn to drug abuse as a way to cope or rebel against societal expectations. This perspective suggests that addressing the weakening of norms and promoting social cohesion can help prevent drug abuse.

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141. In a survey of Americans about their attitudes toward torture at facilities such as Guantanamo Bay,

Explanation

The given answer suggests that in the survey, there was a nearly equal split among Americans regarding their belief in whether torture was ever justified. This means that roughly half of the respondents believed that torture could be justified in certain circumstances, while the other half believed it was never justified.

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142.
The American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Counseling Association, the National Association of School Psychologists, the National Association of Social Workers, and the American Medical Association agree that  

Explanation

The correct answer is "sexual orientation cannot be changed." This is supported by the consensus of several reputable organizations in the field of psychiatry, psychology, pediatrics, counseling, school psychology, social work, and medicine. These organizations agree that sexual orientation is not something that can be altered through therapy or other interventions. This understanding is based on scientific research and the recognition that sexual orientation is a fundamental aspect of a person's identity.

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143. According to your text, religious groups increasingly

Explanation

Religious groups view environmental degradation as an offense against God. This means that they believe that harming the environment is a sin or a violation of their religious beliefs. They see the destruction of the environment as disrespectful towards God's creation and a failure to fulfill their religious duty to be stewards of the Earth. This perspective emphasizes the importance of protecting and preserving the environment as a religious obligation.

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144. According to the text, what is the best insurance against living in poverty?

Explanation

The text suggests that the best insurance against living in poverty is educational attainment. This implies that having a higher level of education increases the chances of finding better job opportunities and earning a higher income, thereby reducing the risk of falling into poverty.

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145. According to the structural-functional theorist Emile Durkheim, crime

Explanation

According to Emile Durkheim's structural-functional theory, crime can strengthen group cohesion. Durkheim believed that crime serves a social function by reaffirming the boundaries of acceptable behavior and reinforcing social norms. When a crime is committed, it creates a collective response from society, bringing people together to condemn the act and reinforce their shared values and norms. This shared reaction to crime helps to strengthen social bonds and reinforce the solidarity within a group or society.

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146. Reparative therapy or conversion therapy refers to

Explanation

The given correct answer states that reparative therapy or conversion therapy refers to programs dedicated to changing homosexuals' sexual orientations. This means that these programs aim to alter a person's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. It suggests that the purpose of these programs is to attempt to change someone's innate sexual orientation, which is widely criticized as unethical and harmful.

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147. Which of the following terms refers to the use of privileged information by an employee of an organization that gives that employee an unfair advantage in buying, selling, and trading stocks or other securities?​

Explanation

Insider trading refers to the use of privileged information by an employee of an organization to gain an unfair advantage in buying, selling, and trading stocks or other securities. This practice involves trading based on non-public information that is not available to the general public, giving the employee an unfair advantage over other investors. It is considered illegal and unethical as it undermines the fairness and integrity of the financial markets.

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148. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states that no person shall be discriminated against on the basis of ______ in any educational program receiving federal funds.

Explanation

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits discrimination based on sex in any educational program that receives federal funds. This means that individuals cannot be treated unfairly or denied opportunities in education solely because of their gender. This legislation aims to ensure equal access and opportunities for both males and females in educational institutions.

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149. Which of the following is an example of occupational crime?

Explanation

Pilferage is an example of occupational crime because it involves stealing or theft by an employee within their workplace. This can include stealing office supplies, merchandise, or cash from the company. It is considered an occupational crime because it is committed by someone in a position of trust within the organization. Other options mentioned, such as security fraud, price fixing, and antitrust violations, are also types of white-collar crimes but are not specifically related to occupational crime.

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150.
For 99% of human history population growth was restricted by  

Explanation

Throughout most of human history, population growth was limited primarily by two factors: disease and limited food supply. Disease outbreaks, such as epidemics and pandemics, have always been a major threat to human populations, causing significant mortality and limiting population growth. Additionally, limited access to nutritious food and resources has also constrained population expansion. These factors have played a crucial role in controlling population growth for the majority of human existence.

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A social problem is a social condition that
A woman who prefers same-sex partners is a  
The predominance of emotional and sexual attraction to individuals of...
The most widely used illegal drug worldwide is
Which of the following is a Twelve-Step program?​
The 2010 Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. Federal...
The term __________ refers to a form of oppression that gives power...
In 2000, which country became the first to offer full legal marriage...
If an individual internalizes the label of a drug user, she is likely...
Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with the effects...
Which of the following best describes the consequences of the U.S....
Every status is associated with many _________, or the set of rights,...
Ethnicity is based on  
Between 2013 and 2050 the percentage of older people in the world...
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the health environment of...
In which region of the United States are poverty rates the highest?​
According to the conflict perspective, alcohol is legal because it
Between 2011 and 2012, the average cost of a college education
From the teachers' point of view, middle-class children _________...
The "one drop of blood" rule specified that even one drop of  
The most common crime in all countries is
In the United States, men are LESS likely than women to 
According to the structural-functionalist perspective, homosexual...
Which of the following is an example of corporate welfare?
The ozone layer of Earth's atmosphere
Which of the following is NOT one of the five traditional social...
Students in middle and upper income families are
The world's leading arms exporting nation is  
A crime is​
Planned obsolescence refers to 
 _________ is calculated as the number of working-age people...
Medicaid
Which category is most likely to self-identify as LGBT?  
Who are transgendered individuals?
President Dwight D. Eisenhower referred to the close association...
Which perspective argues that the division of society into the...
What term refers to the deliberate, systematic annihilation of an...
The belief that race accounts for differences in human character and...
Conflict theory suggests war is LEAST likely to benefit  
Terrorism is the premeditated use, or threatened use, of violence by...
How would conflict theorists explain the difference in sentencing...
Which of the theoretical perspectives is most likely to study how...
Geneticists have discovered that  
The ____________ of society refers to the way society is organized.
Which element of a social problem refers to the belief that a...
An estimated 600,000 autonomous political units existed in the world...
Use of ________________ kills more people than AIDS, tuberculosis, or...
Negative stereotypes of people with mental illness contribute to its...
Sociologists define an institution as
According to conflict theorists, many business owners and corporate...
Compared to other school districts, low-income, high-minority school...
Which of the following drugs was legally available in the United...
Individuals who believe homosexuality is a choice are  
_____ involves injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into...
The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when individuals
According to differential association theory, individuals
Which perspective argues that the division of society into the...
Race is  
In 1833, Oberlin College in Ohio became the first college in the...
What is the official name of the program commonly referred to as...
The term ________ refers to the lack of resources that leads to hunger...
__________ refers to negative attitudes and feelings toward or about...
Which of the following is a function of the educational...
According to C. Wright Mills, the ____________ is the ability to see...
Which of the following illustrates part of the social structure of a...
___________ is poverty that is transmitted from one generation to the...
Which of the following perspectives are most likely to argue that...
_______________ theories propose that some individuals are predisposed...
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people who use...
The term "sexual orientation" refers to the classification of...
Under NAFTA's provisions, any country that decides to ban the use of...
The Internet was originally created for _______ purposes.  
The sociological imagination allows us to see the connections between...
A social problem is a social condition that
What is an example of how health problems impact poverty?
A symbolic interactionist is likely to study
What is the official name of the program commonly referred to as...
Which of the following is NOT associated with low income?
Conflict theorists point out that the difference between gambling,...
Sociologists refer to the position a person holds in a group as his or...
Due to shortcomings of the data, ________ may be a better indicator of...
Medicaid is funded
According to conflict theory, the more _______ in a society, the...
Early research on sexual behavior by Kinsey and his colleagues (1948,...
Which of the following is NOT classified as larceny?
According to the conflict perspective, the "haves" (the wealthy and...
According to _______ theory, crime is likely to occur when legitimate...
Critics of the U.S. poverty line argue that
Evidence that modern societies downplay the value of their elders can...
Which of the following perspectives is most likely to study how...
Affirming negative stereotypes about the elderly (e.g., slow, grumpy,...
Society's structure is made up of
Victimization surveys ask
The United States poverty line is calculated as
Which perspective views the elderly as a special interest group that...
Suppose a Mexican-American family wants to rent an apartment in a...
Which of the following is a legal penalty for violating laws that...
Symbolic interactionism emphasizes that
Which statement best characterizes the world's aging population...
War _____ nations.
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of...
Evidence regarding the quality of America's teachers suggests
Experts cited in your text predict that the dominant resource issue of...
A social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards based...
________ poverty refers to a deficiency of material and economic...
Having to attend classes, read assignments, take exams, and write...
All of the following are examples of corporate crime except
The bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City that resulted in...
Which of the following is an argument in favor of a single-payer...
Which of the following best illustrates the "racial threat"...
Which of the following statements is true about race?
A 401k plan is different from a pension in that​  
The world economy is dominated by  
The most widely used and abused drug in America is
The concept of race refers to a category of people who
The World Health Organization defines health as
Which causes of death are much more common in the low-income countries...
Vice crimes are illegal activities that
 Culture includes all of the following elements EXCEPT
In sociological terminology, a minority group is a category of people...
The "Don't ask, don't tell" policy in the military  
Your text identifies all of the following as the most important...
The criminalization of opium use in the United States can be traced to...
In terms of mental illness, the Affordable Care Act​
In the Netherlands, the use of such drugs as marijuana and hashish
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), published annually by the FBI,...
Biofuels are derived from
According to modern conflict theorists, the power to influence...
The two types of retirement plans are  
Which of the following sociological perspectives is more likely to...
Proponents of same-sex marriage argue all of the following EXCEPT...
John was laid off from his job because management felt that at his age...
In ________ discrimination, the individual discriminates because of...
A meta-analysis of the popular DARE program found
Which term refers to the total assets of an individual or household...
Centuries of warfare between chiefdoms culminated in the development...
Deinstitutionalization in mental health care refers to the process of
Which of the following was NOT cited in the textbook as a strategy to...
The structural-functional perspective is more likely than the conflict...
In a survey of Americans about their attitudes toward torture at...
The American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological...
According to your text, religious groups increasingly
According to the text, what is the best insurance against living in...
According to the structural-functional theorist Emile Durkheim, crime
Reparative therapy or conversion therapy refers to
Which of the following terms refers to the use of privileged...
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states that no person...
Which of the following is an example of occupational crime?
For 99% of human history population growth was restricted by  
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