Anatomy Exam: Respiratory System

The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together to supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide in the body. The cardiovascular system transports oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body, while the respiratory system brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through breathing. This cooperation between the two systems ensures that cells receive the necessary oxygen for energy production and that waste carbon dioxide is efficiently removed.

CO2 is carried in the blood in three different forms: dissolved CO2, carbaminohemoglobin, and bicarbonate ions. Dissolved CO2 refers to the small amount of carbon dioxide that is physically dissolved in the blood plasma. Carbaminohemoglobin is formed when CO2 binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Bicarbonate ions are the main form in which CO2 is transported in the blood, as it is converted into bicarbonate ions in red blood cells and then transported to the lungs to be exhaled. Therefore, the statement that CO2 is carried in the blood in these three forms is true.

Hemoglobin is a complex molecule found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It is composed of two main parts: globin, which is a protein, and heme, which is a pigment. The globin portion provides the structure and stability to the hemoglobin molecule, while the heme portion contains an iron atom that binds to oxygen. Therefore, it is correct to say that hemoglobin consists of a protein portion called globin and a pigment called heme.

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem that controls many essential functions, including respiration. The statement correctly states that two specific areas within the medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group, play a critical role in regulating respiration. The dorsal respiratory group is located near the root of cranial nerve IX, while the ventral respiratory group extends from the spinal cord to the pons/medulla junction. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately describes the importance of these two areas in respiratory control.

The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures; the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure and a depression, the cardiac notch

The statement is true because pulmonary lung capacities are indeed the sum of two or more volumes. The inspiratory capacity refers to the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation, which is 3600 ml. The functional residual capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation, which is 2400 ml. The vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, which is 4800 ml. Finally, the total lung capacity is the sum of all the volumes, which is 6000 ml.

Inspiration is the correct answer because it refers to the process of bringing air into the lungs through inhalation. During inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest cavity to expand and creating a pressure gradient that allows air to enter the lungs. This process is essential for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide from the body.

The correct answer is "the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs". This answer accurately lists all the components of the respiratory system, including the organs involved in the process of breathing and oxygen exchange. The nose is the entry point for air, the pharynx and larynx help in the passage of air to the trachea, which then leads to the bronchi and eventually the lungs where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled.

The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to be removed. The cardiovascular system, on the other hand, transports these respiratory gases throughout the body via the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is "respiratory & cardiovascular."

The correct answer is breathing because the rate and depth of breathing are directly influenced by the levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood. When the levels of these gases change, it triggers the respiratory system to adjust the rate and depth of breathing in order to maintain homeostasis and ensure the body receives adequate oxygen and removes excess carbon dioxide. Breathing plays a crucial role in the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood, making it the most important factor in regulating the respiratory system.

The given statement is true. The pulmonary air volumes exchanged in ventilation include tidal volume (500 ml), inspiratory reserve volume (3100 ml), expiratory reserve volume (1200 ml), and residual volume (1200 ml). These volumes represent the amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, as well as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Henry's law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient. This means that as the partial pressure of the gas increases, more of it will dissolve in the liquid. Henry's law is commonly used to explain the behavior of gases in solutions, such as the carbonation of soda or the absorption of oxygen in water.

Respiration refers to the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells. During respiration, oxygen is taken in from the atmosphere and delivered to the cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is removed from the cells and released into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is essential for the survival of living organisms as it provides oxygen for cellular respiration, which produces energy, and removes carbon dioxide, preventing its accumulation and toxicity.

Expiration refers to the process of air being expelled from the lungs during exhalation. When we breathe out, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease. This decrease in volume increases the pressure in the lungs, forcing air out of the respiratory system. Expiration is a vital part of the breathing process, allowing the body to rid itself of carbon dioxide and maintain proper oxygen levels.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, and associated structures, while the lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. This statement is true as it accurately describes the divisions of the respiratory system.

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure independently of the other gases present. This means that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas. Dalton's law is based on the assumption that the gases do not interact with each other and occupy the same volume. This law is important in various fields such as chemistry and meteorology, where the behavior of gas mixtures is studied.

The minute volume of respiration refers to the total volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in one minute. It is an important measurement used to assess lung function and respiratory efficiency. By calculating the minute volume, healthcare professionals can determine if a person's respiratory system is functioning properly and if there are any abnormalities or limitations in their breathing.

The parietal pleura is the outer layer of the pleura that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura is the inner layer of the pleura that is attached to the outer surface of the lungs themselves.

Cilia are hair-like structures present on the surface of the epithelium in the trachea. These cilia have a coordinated beating motion that helps to move mucus and debris away from the lungs and towards the throat. This movement is known as the mucociliary escalator and plays a crucial role in removing foreign particles, such as dust and bacteria, from the respiratory system. The debris can then be swallowed and expelled from the body through the digestive system.

Internal respiration is the process by which oxygen from the blood is delivered to the tissues and carbon dioxide, a waste product, is removed from the tissues and transported back to the lungs. This process occurs within the body's cells, specifically in the mitochondria, where oxygen is used to produce energy through cellular respiration. As a result, the oxygenated blood becomes deoxygenated, ready to be transported back to the lungs for reoxygenation.

The three basic processes of respiration are ventilation (breathing), external (pulmonary) respiration, and internal (tissue) respiration. Ventilation refers to the process of inhaling and exhaling air, while external respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream. Internal respiration, on the other hand, is the exchange of gases between the bloodstream and the body's tissues.

In each 100ml of oxygenated blood, 1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma and 98.5% is carried with hemoglobin (Hb) inside red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2). This means that for every 100ml of oxygenated blood, 1.5ml of oxygen is dissolved in the plasma and the remaining 98.5ml is carried by hemoglobin inside red blood cells.

In internal and external respiration, O2 and CO2 diffuse from areas of their higher partial pressures to areas of their lower partial pressures

The brain is responsible for controlling the rate and depth of respiration. It sends signals to the respiratory muscles to regulate the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. The higher centers in the brain, such as the medulla oblongata and the pons, receive input from various sensors in the body and adjust the respiratory rate and depth accordingly. This allows the body to respond to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, maintaining a balance and ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.

The correct answer is 12-15 breaths per minute. The cyclic behavior of inspiratory and expiratory neurons controls the breathing rate, which is also known as eupnea. This range of 12-15 breaths per minute is considered normal for a healthy adult at rest.

When inhaled irritants enter the nasal passages or trachea, the pulmonary irritant reflexes are triggered. These reflexes cause a reflexive response in the respiratory airways, resulting in bronchoconstriction. Bronchoconstriction refers to the narrowing of the airways in the lungs, which can restrict airflow and make breathing more difficult. This reflexive action is a protective mechanism of the body to prevent further inhalation of irritants and potential damage to the lungs.

The ventral respiratory group is a rhythm-generating and integration center in the respiratory system. It consists of separate groups of neurons that are responsible for controlling the breathing process. Some of these neurons fire during inhalation, while others fire during exhalation. The ventral respiratory group plays a crucial role in coordinating the rhythmic activity of the respiratory muscles and ensuring the proper exchange of gases in the lungs.