Neurological Disorders (Patho)

Rapid, intermittent contraction of a muscle in response to a sudden stretch which occurs in UMN lesions is:

• Hydrocephalus

• Neurapraxia

• Clonus

• Axonotmesis

Which of the following is true about CSF?

• Protects the brain & spinal cord (shock absorption)

• Brings hormones to the nervous system

• When drainage of CSF is compromised, ventricles expand= Decreased pressure on brain

• Recycled through absorption into the venous system (total amt CSF is renewed several times a day)

When drainage of CSF is compromised, the ventricles expand= increased pressure on the brain (Hydrocephalus). Pressure is reduced via a ______ which drains into the abdominal cavity.

Cerebrum/cerebral cortex- each area of cerebral cortex is associated with a different function. (Ex: Language, perception, movement etc.)

• True

• False

The Vestibular system is responsible for which of the following?

• Position of body in relation to gravity

• Associated with emotions & long term memory

• Position of eyes in relation to the environment

• Keeps body in a stable position

The Limbic system is associated with emotions and long term memory.

• True

• False

Damage to peripheral nerves may be reversible or irreversible.

• True

• False

Temporary damage to a nerve, caused by pressure without structural changes, and may cause temporary paralysis is called:

• Neurotmesis

• Axonotmesis

• Radiculopathy

• Neurapraxia

Degeneration of neuronal axon (which may or may not grow back)/ Neural sheath remains in tact and temporary or permanent damage may occur describes:

• Axonotmesis

• Neurotmesis

• Neurapraxia

• Radiculopathy

Damage to the axon and neural sheath resulting in permanent paralysis is:

• Axonotmesis

• Neurotmesis

• Neurapraxia

• Brodmann's area

When compression of the nerve occurs where the nerve root exits the intervertebral foramen is:

• Neurapraxia

• Axonotmesis

• Neurotmesis

• Radiculopathy

Chiari malformations is a defect of the cerebellum which causes blockage of CSF flow, and _______ protrudes into spinal canal through the foramen magnum and causes pressure on the spinal cord.

Treatment for Arnold-Chiari malformation is surgical decompression, and PT treatment may be involved with balance & coordination disorders associated with the cerebellum. 

• True

• False

Signs/symptoms of Autism Spectrum disorder include poor eye contact, short attention span, delayed speech, sensitivity to light, touch and sound, slapping, banging head etc., and unable to interpret facial expressions/body language.

• True

• False

When working with a patient with dementia, simple commands, firm but calm voice, mobility & strengthening and balance activities are appropriate indications. 

• True

• False

Which of the following is true about patients with Alzheimer's disease?

• They forget both recent and distant events

• Loss of ability to learn new things

• Personality changes (may become aggressive)

• Death usually in 7-8 years after diagnosis

• Seven stages/ No cure

Which of the following is true about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis?

• Progressive, degenerative disease that affects UMN & LMN

• Lateral aspect of motor neurons in spinal cord & brain

• Sensory system remains in tact

• Affects women more than men ( age 40-60)

• High concentration of glutamate in CSF destroys neurons

Patients with Alzheimer's disease have large numbers of tangles of __________. Plaques & amyloid (protein) tissue accumulate and prevents normal transmission of nerve impulses.

Treatments of seizures may include _________ medications, vagus nerve stimulation, brain surgery (remove area of brain responsible for local seizures) or hemispherectomy, ketogenic diet (high fat, no sugars).

An autoimmune disorder (triggered by previous infection such as the flue or traumatic event) in which the immune system attacks the neural tissue, which breaks down the myelin sheath & axons of the peripheral nerves is:

• Epilepsy

• Ischemic CVA

• Guillain Barre Syndrome

• Petit Mal

Which of the following are signs/symptoms of Guillain Barre Syndrome/ Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Neuropathy?

• Weakness usually bilateral / Weakest ~3 weeks after onset

• Tingling in skin (starts in LEs)

• Prominent DTR deep tendon reflexes

• CSF with abnormally high levels of protein

Which of the following is true regarding Neuropathy/Polyneuropathy

• Decreased sensation/pain/weakness

• May be debilitating or lead to skin breakdown

• Pt tx= orthotics/ wound care/ ther-ex, etc

• Usually greater in UEs

Long version of _______=makes long huntington protein, long protein breaks into segments that coagulate & build up in the neurons of the brain. Normal huntington protein is though to protect neurons of brain from self destruction. 

Which of the following are true about Huntington's disease?

• Start in 30s & 40s and progresses slowly

• Progressive hereditary (autosomal dom.) degenerative

• Movement disorders/ Hallucinations/ Sleep & behavior changes

• Slurred speech/ dementia/ seizures etc

• Death ~70 years of age

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune, chronic, demyelinating neurological disorder of the CNS.

• True

• False

Defect in the _______ 2& 7 alpha genes that reduce ability of T cells to switch off the immune response attack of myelin in CNS.  Scar tissue (sclerosis) from demyelinated nerves causes plaque to build up in spinal cord & brain which disrupts normal electrical impulses.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic & progressive dz that affects to ______    __________ (particularly the substantia nigra) ; death of substantia nigra leads to decreased DOPAMINE production.

Dopamine (with balance of acetylcholine) controls movement=primarily initiation & control of movements (also assoc. with limiting involuntary movementts).

• True

• False

Treatment of Parkinson's includes L-dopa (precursor of dopamine, but able to cross blood-brain barrier) and anticholinergic meds)

• True

• False

Reverberating head injury may sustain 2 head injuries ( MVA with a coup and _______ injury). Epidural hematoma/ subdural hematoma causes increased pressure in brain (ICP) ischemia to brain, pressure must be released=craniotomy.