Behavior Therapy Test 4

An SD (discriminative stimulus) is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced. It signals to the individual that a particular behavior will lead to a desired outcome or consequence. The presence of the SD increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring because the individual has learned that the behavior is reinforced in the presence of that specific stimulus.

Extinction refers to the process of eliminating a behavior by no longer reinforcing it. When a behavior is no longer reinforced, it gradually decreases and eventually stops occurring altogether. This process is commonly used in behavior modification techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors. Therefore, the statement that extinction occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and as a result, the behavior stops occurring is true.

Generalization refers to the tendency for a behavior to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus that was present during learning. In other words, when a behavior is generalized, it is more likely to occur in response to a range of similar stimuli rather than just the specific stimulus that was present during training. Therefore, generalization is indeed associated with broad stimulus control, making the statement "Genralization is associated with broad stimulus control" true.

An extinction burst refers to a temporary increase in the frequency, duration, or intensity of a behavior when it is no longer reinforced. This occurs because the individual or organism is trying to obtain the reinforcement that was previously associated with the behavior. The extinction burst is a common phenomenon observed during behavior modification or training programs, and it is important for practitioners to be aware of it as it can be a sign that the behavior is about to decrease in the long run.

When extinction is used following intermittent reinforcement, it means that the reinforcement for a behavior is gradually reduced and eventually stopped. This type of reinforcement schedule is known to create a stronger and more persistent behavior compared to continuous reinforcement. Therefore, when extinction is implemented after intermittent reinforcement, the behavior is expected to be more resistant to extinction. This is because the individual has learned that the behavior may still be reinforced occasionally, leading them to persist in the behavior for longer periods of time, even when reinforcement is no longer provided.

This is an example of response cost, which is a form of negative punishment. Negative punishment involves the removal or reduction of a desirable stimulus in order to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. In this case, Nicholas's parents took away a dollar of his allowance every time he was late for supper. As a result, his behavior of coming home late decreased to zero because he wanted to avoid losing his allowance.

Stimulus control develops as a result of stimulus discrimination training. This type of training involves teaching an individual to respond differently to two or more stimuli that are similar but have different meanings or consequences. Through repeated practice and reinforcement, the individual learns to discriminate between the stimuli and respond appropriately to each one. This helps to strengthen the association between a specific stimulus and the desired response, leading to the development of stimulus control.

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If, as a result of being yelled at, Zach never comes home late again, it would be an example of positive punishment. Positive punishment involves the addition of an aversive stimulus (in this case, being yelled at) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (coming home late). In other words, Zach's parents yelling at him serves as a consequence that discourages him from repeating the behavior of coming home late.

An aversive stimulus is a negative consequence or unpleasant event that is used to discourage or extinguish a behavior. In this context, the aversive stimulus is no longer removed or avoided after the behavior occurs. This means that the person or animal no longer receives relief or avoidance from the unpleasant stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future.

The correct answer is "punisher" because being suspended for his behavior of spitting serves as a consequence or punishment for Bill's actions. The suspension acts as a deterrent, causing Bill to refrain from spitting on an umpire again in the future. This punishment aims to discourage and discourage similar behavior in others as well.

Extreme cold and extreme levels of auditory stimulation are considered unconditioned punishers because they are inherently aversive and do not require any prior learning or conditioning to elicit a punishing response. These stimuli naturally and automatically produce discomfort, pain, or unpleasantness, which makes them effective in reducing the likelihood of behaviors that precede them. In contrast, conditioned punishers are stimuli that acquire punishing properties through association with other punishers or through learning, while negative and positive punishers refer to the type of consequence applied to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

In psychology, a stimulus class refers to a group of stimuli that have the same functional effect on a certain behavior. This means that these stimuli, although different in their physical characteristics, elicit the same response or behavior from an individual. The concept of stimulus class helps in understanding how different stimuli can have similar effects on behavior and how they can be categorized based on their functional properties.

Extinction and negative reinforcement have different effects on behavior. Extinction refers to the process of eliminating a behavior by removing the reinforcing consequences that were previously maintaining it. Negative reinforcement, on the other hand, involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again. Therefore, while extinction decreases a behavior, negative reinforcement actually increases it. Hence, the given statement is false.

This statement is false. Behaviors are not usually random and can often be influenced by stimuli in the environment. Many behaviors are purposeful and goal-directed, meaning they are performed in order to achieve a desired outcome or response. Additionally, behaviors can be shaped and modified through learning and conditioning processes, further indicating that they are not simply random occurrences.

Extinction works best when it follows continuous reinforcement because continuous reinforcement means that the behavior is consistently reinforced every time it occurs. When the reinforcement is suddenly removed during extinction, the individual is more likely to notice the absence of the reinforcement and stop engaging in the behavior. This is because they have learned that the behavior no longer leads to the desired outcome. In contrast, if extinction follows intermittent reinforcement, where the behavior is only reinforced occasionally, the individual may continue to engage in the behavior for longer periods of time, hoping that it will be reinforced again.

A consequence can be considered a punisher if the behavior decreases in the future. This means that the consequence has a negative impact on the behavior, leading to a reduction in its occurrence over time. Punishment is often used as a deterrent to discourage certain behaviors by associating them with unpleasant consequences. In this case, the decrease in behavior indicates that the consequence is effectively functioning as a punisher.

A punisher in behavior modification is defined by its effect on the behavior it follows. This means that a punisher is any consequence or way of delivering a consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. The effectiveness of a punisher is determined by the extent to which it reduces the occurrence of the behavior it follows. Therefore, the effect on behavior is the defining characteristic of a punisher in behavior modification.

A conditioned punisher is a stimulus that becomes punishing because it has been paired with another punisher. This means that the stimulus itself may not be inherently punishing, but it acquires its punishing properties through association with another punishing stimulus. This process is known as classical conditioning, where the conditioned punisher takes on the punishing function of the original punisher.