Laboratory Animal Final Exam Quiz

New Zealand White rabbits are the most popular breed for use in research due to their docile nature, ease of handling, and availability. They are commonly used in a variety of research fields, including toxicology, pharmacology, and genetics. Their white fur color also makes it easier to observe any changes or abnormalities during experiments.

Ich, also known as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is a protozoan parasite that commonly affects freshwater fish. It causes a disease called Ichthyophthiriasis, or commonly known as "Ich." This parasite is not typically found in saltwater environments. Therefore, the correct answer is fresh water.

The statement suggests that if a nonhuman primate is going to be restrained for a long period of time, they should be given an hour of unrestricted activity for a continuous hour. This implies that it is important to provide a period of freedom and movement for the primate after a prolonged period of restraint. This can help ensure their physical and mental well-being, allowing them to engage in natural behaviors and prevent potential negative effects of prolonged immobilization. Therefore, the statement is true.

Macaque monkeys are commonly used in research due to their close genetic similarity to humans, making them valuable for studying various diseases and testing potential treatments. They are also known for their adaptability, ease of handling, and availability, making them a preferred choice for research purposes. Baboons, cebus, and marmosets may also be used in research, but macaques are considered the greatest in number for research studies.

Without enough, they can get Scurvy!

Using a rat instead of a cat would be an example of replacement. In this scenario, the cat is being replaced with a rat for a specific purpose or task. This could be due to various reasons such as cost, availability, ethical considerations, or practicality. Replacement involves substituting one thing or entity with another that serves a similar function or purpose.

Psittacosis is a bacterial infection that commonly affects parrots, including macaws. One symptom of this infection is a change in the color of the urates, which are the solid waste products excreted by birds. Normally, urates should be white in color. However, in cases of Psittacosis, the urates can turn lime green due to the infection. Therefore, if a macaw came into the clinic with a suspected case of Psittacosis, we would expect the urates to be lime green.

Dystocia, or difficulty in giving birth, is indeed common in guinea pigs. This can be due to various factors such as the large size of the pups in relation to the mother's birth canal, improper positioning of the pups, or other complications. It is important for guinea pig owners to be aware of the signs of dystocia and seek veterinary assistance if necessary to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and her offspring.

Doxycycline is the correct treatment for Psittacosis, also known as Chlamydiosis. Psittacosis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci. Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that effectively kills the bacteria and helps in treating the infection. It is the preferred choice of treatment for Psittacosis due to its effectiveness in targeting the specific bacteria responsible for the infection. Ampicillin, prednisone, and imidazole are not suitable treatments for Psittacosis and may not effectively eliminate the bacteria causing the infection.

The correct answer is Herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex virus is the main cause of fever blisters, also known as cold sores, in humans. It is a highly contagious virus that can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or through sharing personal items such as utensils or towels. Fever blisters typically appear as small, fluid-filled blisters on or around the lips, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as tingling or burning sensations. While there are other herpes viruses that can infect humans, such as Saimiriine herpesvirus 1, Ateline herpesvirus, and Macacine herpesvirus 1, they are not specifically associated with causing fever blisters in humans.

Gills consist of structures called filaments. Filaments are thin, finger-like projections found in the gills of aquatic organisms. These structures increase the surface area of the gills, allowing for more efficient exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the organism and the surrounding water.

lactation delays implantation

Poxviruses are a group of viruses that typically cause self-limiting infections, meaning that they resolve on their own without treatment. These infections primarily affect the skin, resulting in characteristic epidermal changes such as skin lesions or rashes. Therefore, it is true that only epidermal changes are seen in poxvirus infections.

Pseudopregnancy is not rare in rabbits. Pseudopregnancy, also known as false pregnancy, is a condition in which a female rabbit shows signs of being pregnant, such as nesting behavior and mammary gland development, even though she is not actually pregnant. This phenomenon is relatively common in rabbits and can occur due to hormonal imbalances or other factors. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The Animal Welfare Act does mandate that environment enrichment be provided to nonhuman primates used in research. This is important for their welfare and well-being, as it helps to stimulate their natural behaviors and prevent boredom or stress. Providing enrichment can include things like toys, puzzles, social interactions, and opportunities for physical exercise.

The scientific name for gerbils is Meriones unguiculatus. This is the correct answer because Meriones unguiculatus is the binomial name given to the Mongolian gerbil, which is the most common species of gerbil kept as a pet. The binomial name consists of the genus name (Meriones) and the species name (unguiculatus), which together uniquely identify the species.

The Whitten effect refers to the phenomenon where the introduction of a male mouse to a group of females causes them to synchronize their estrous cycles. This synchronization occurs due to the release of pheromones by the male, which influences the hormonal activity of the females. This effect is named after its discoverer, Dr. Whitten.

Feeding a bird a seed-only diet can lead to hypovitaminosis A, calcium deficiency, and protein deficiency. Seeds are not sufficient in providing all the essential nutrients that a bird needs for optimal health. Hypovitaminosis A can occur due to a lack of vitamin A in the diet, which is important for the bird's vision and immune system. Calcium deficiency can lead to weak bones and eggshell problems in birds. Protein deficiency can result in poor feather quality, muscle wasting, and overall weakness. Therefore, all of the above conditions are likely to occur if a bird is fed a seed-only diet.

Ferrets are the only lab animal species, excluding primates, that have canines. Canines are long, pointed teeth that are used for tearing and gripping food. While guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters have different types of teeth, none of them have canines. Ferrets, on the other hand, have long, sharp canines that are used for catching and biting prey. Therefore, the correct answer is Ferrets.

Nonhuman primates should be administered a killed rabies virus vaccine. This type of vaccine contains inactivated rabies virus particles, which are unable to cause infection but can stimulate the immune system to produce a protective response. Killed vaccines are considered safer for use in nonhuman primates as they do not carry the risk of causing disease. Modified live vaccines, on the other hand, contain a weakened form of the virus that can replicate in the body, potentially causing disease in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, killed vaccines are the recommended choice for nonhuman primates.

Guinea pig fleas can be treated with the same products that are used on cats. This is because many flea treatments are designed to target and eliminate fleas across different species, including guinea pigs and cats. Therefore, it is safe and effective to use the same products on both animals to treat and prevent flea infestations.

Snuffles, also known as rhinitis, is commonly caused by Pasteurella. Pasteurella is a type of bacteria that can infect the respiratory system of animals, including rabbits. It is a common cause of respiratory infections in rabbits and can lead to symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to target the Pasteurella bacteria and supportive care to alleviate symptoms. Other options listed, such as Myxomatosis, Coccidiosis, and Clostridium, are not typically associated with causing rhinitis or snuffles in rabbits.

The correct answer is harderian. Gerbil facial eczema is caused by increased secretions of the harderian gland. This gland is found in the eye socket and is responsible for producing tears and other secretions that help lubricate and protect the eyes. When there is an overproduction of these secretions, it can lead to inflammation and irritation of the skin around the face, resulting in facial eczema.

Hymenolepsis nana is a parasite that infects humans, causing a condition known as hymenolepiasis. Unlike many other parasites, Hymenolepsis nana does not require an intermediate host to complete its life cycle. This means that it can directly infect humans without the need for another organism to facilitate transmission. This characteristic makes it unique and distinguishes it from other parasites that rely on intermediate hosts for their survival and reproduction.

In birds, IM injections are given into the pectoral muscles. These muscles are located in the chest area of the bird and are responsible for the movement of the wings. Administering injections into the pectoral muscles ensures that the medication is absorbed effectively into the bird's bloodstream. The pectoral muscles provide a suitable site for injection as they are easily accessible and have a good blood supply, allowing for efficient absorption of the medication.

To create a genetically homogenous strain, inbreeding is necessary to eliminate genetic variation. Inbreeding involves mating closely related individuals over several generations. As each generation progresses, the genetic diversity decreases, resulting in a more genetically uniform strain. Therefore, it would take approximately 20 generations of inbreeding to create a genetically homogenous strain.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the correct answer because it is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease that affects both humans and primates. This bacterium is commonly found in soil and water in tropical and subtropical regions, and can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or through open wounds. Once inside the body, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, pneumonia, abscesses, and septicemia. Melioidosis is particularly common in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, where the bacterium is endemic.

Plasmodium is the correct answer because it is the parasite that causes malaria. Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium parasites infect and multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, and fatigue. There are several species of Plasmodium that can cause malaria in humans, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and reduce the spread of malaria.

The statement is true because there is indeed a vaccine available for Avian Polyoma Virus. Avian Polyoma Virus is a contagious viral infection that affects birds, particularly young ones, and can cause severe illness and death. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure to protect birds from contracting the virus and developing the associated disease. The availability of a vaccine provides bird owners and breeders with a means to protect their birds and prevent the spread of Avian Polyoma Virus.

LOTS OF RETICULOCYTES

Primates under 10 kg can be restrained manually. This means that primates weighing less than 10 kg can be physically controlled and restrained by human handlers without the need for additional tools or substances.

The lateral line is a sensory organ found in fish that detects motion and vibration in the water. It is a series of small sensory organs called neuromasts that are located along the sides of the fish's body. These neuromasts are sensitive to changes in water pressure, allowing the fish to detect movement and vibrations in its surroundings. This sensory system is crucial for fish to navigate their environment, detect prey, and avoid predators.

Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial disease that can survive cool temperatures. This bacterium is known for its ability to grow and multiply at temperatures as low as 4 degrees Celsius, making it a significant concern in refrigerated and chilled foods. It is a common cause of foodborne illness and can pose a serious health risk, particularly for pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Therefore, Listeria monocytogenes is the correct answer for the given question.

Yawning is often associated with tiredness or boredom, but it can also be a sign of aggression. In some animal species, yawning is a display of dominance or a warning signal to potential threats. It can be seen as a way to intimidate or assert dominance over others. Therefore, considering yawning as an aggressive behavior is justified.

The pelvic symphysis in a guinea pig starts to fuse at around 6 months of age. This fusion is a natural process that helps strengthen the pelvic region. If you are planning to breed guinea pigs, it is recommended to breed them before they reach 6 months of age, as after this age the pelvic symphysis becomes less flexible and may cause difficulties during childbirth.

Rabbits differ from rats/mice/hamsters in that they are born with their ears open. This means that unlike rats, mice, and hamsters, rabbits are born with their ears fully developed and functional. This is an important characteristic as it allows newborn rabbits to immediately hear and respond to their environment, providing them with a better chance of survival.

Mouse Hepatitis Virus is the correct answer because it is a well-known mouse disease that can cause white foci on the liver. This virus primarily affects the liver and respiratory system of mice, leading to inflammation and damage. The white foci on the liver are a characteristic pathological finding in mice infected with Mouse Hepatitis Virus. Other options like Heliobacter, Pseudomonas, and Sendai are not known to cause white foci on the liver in mice.

Guinea pigs have a freeze or flight response, which means that when they feel threatened, they may either freeze in place or try to flee from the situation. This is a common instinctive behavior in many animals, including guinea pigs, as a way to protect themselves from potential harm.

The statement suggests that lipsmacking is an aggressive behavior. However, this is not true. Lipsmacking is a term used to describe the sound made by someone when they are enjoying their food or drink. It is not associated with aggression but rather with pleasure or satisfaction. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Poecilids are a type of fish that give birth to live young instead of laying eggs. They are known as live-bearing fish because the eggs develop and hatch inside the female's body, and the young are then born fully formed. This reproductive strategy allows for a higher survival rate of the offspring compared to egg-laying fish, as the young are more developed and better equipped to survive after birth.

converting toxic ammonia to ammonium (with nitrosomonas) creates toxic nitrite, which then must be converted to nitrate with nitrobacter

The axillary region is the correct answer because it is the area located near the bird's wing, specifically where the wing attaches to the body. Administering subcutaneous fluids in this region allows for easy absorption and distribution throughout the bird's body. The pectoral region refers to the chest area, while the scapular region refers to the shoulder blade area, neither of which are optimal for administering subcutaneous fluids to a bird.

Wet Tail is the most common disease of hamsters. Wet Tail is a bacterial infection that affects the intestines of hamsters, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, lethargy, and a wet or dirty appearance around the tail area. It is often caused by stress, poor hygiene, or a change in diet. If left untreated, Wet Tail can be fatal for hamsters, so it is important to seek veterinary care if any symptoms are observed.

Feathers of a bird with Psittacine beak and feather disease would be club-shaped. This disease affects the feathers, causing them to become deformed and malformed. Instead of having a normal, smooth shape, the feathers would appear thickened and bulbous, resembling a club. This is a characteristic symptom of the disease and can help in identifying birds affected by it.

Ringtail is a condition that occurs in rats when the environment becomes too dry. This causes the skin on their tails to become dehydrated and lose its elasticity, leading to constricted blood flow and eventually the tail becoming necrotic. This condition is more likely to occur in environments with low humidity levels, as the lack of moisture in the air exacerbates the dehydration of the tail. Therefore, the correct answer is "Too dry".

Birds with Pacheco's Parrot disease often have yellow urates. This is because the disease affects the liver, leading to liver dysfunction and the accumulation of bile pigments in the urates. As a result, the urates become yellow in color.

The correct answer is seasonal polyestrous, induced ovulator. This means that ferrets have multiple estrous cycles throughout the year, with each cycle occurring during a specific season. Additionally, ferrets require stimulation from a male in order to ovulate, making them induced ovulators.

Tuberculosis is the correct answer because it is a disease that can cause yellow caseous nodules on the lungs and hilar lymph nodes. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body. The formation of yellow caseous nodules is a characteristic feature of tuberculosis infection, indicating the presence of necrotic tissue. Other diseases mentioned in the options do not typically cause these specific symptoms.

Penicillins are a class of drugs that can cause antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia in guinea pigs. This condition refers to the overgrowth of certain bacteria in the gut, leading to the production of toxins that can cause gastrointestinal symptoms. While penicillins are effective antibiotics, they can also disrupt the normal balance of gut bacteria, allowing harmful bacteria to multiply. This can result in enterotoxemia, which can cause diarrhea, bloating, and other digestive issues in guinea pigs.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis is a disease that is subclinical in hamsters, meaning it does not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, it can cause flu-like symptoms or meningitis in humans. The natural host of this disease is a wild mouse.