Invertebrate Zoology Bio 230 Dr. O'neal Final Exam Sg

Frogs and turtles are more closely related because they both belong to the class Reptilia. Although turtles are often mistaken for amphibians, they are actually reptiles, just like frogs. Both frogs and turtles have similar characteristics and adaptations that allow them to live in aquatic environments, such as webbed feet and the ability to breathe through their skin. Bass, on the other hand, belong to the class Actinopterygii, which includes ray-finned fish. Therefore, frogs and turtles share a closer evolutionary relationship compared to bass and turtles.

The correct answer is "Simple". In Cnidaria, contractile tissues and nerves are present. These tissues contain microfilaments that are arranged into contractile fibers. This implies that the contractile tissues and nerves in Cnidaria are simple in nature.

The skeletal system of echinoderms is made up of individual ossicles, which are small, calcified structures that provide support and protection. Unlike other animals, echinoderms do not molt their exoskeletons to accommodate growth. Instead, they have the ability to add new ossicles to their existing skeletal structure, allowing for continuous growth throughout their lifespan. Therefore, the statement that the skeletal system of echinoderms allows for growth without molting is true.

The correct answer is "osculum" or "Osculum". The term "osculum" refers to the top opening of a sponge where water is expelled. This opening allows water to flow out of the sponge after it has been filtered and processed. The osculum is an essential part of the sponge's anatomy and plays a crucial role in maintaining its overall health and function.

The statement is true because it accurately describes the characteristics of the class Crustacea. Crustaceans are primarily found in marine environments and have two pairs of antennae. They also have a hardened outer covering called a cuticle. Additionally, crustaceans have a unique larval stage called nauplius larvae, which helps to reduce competition among individuals. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Reversible cell differentiation refers to the ability of cells to change their type even after they have reached maturity. This process is found in the phylum Porifera, which includes organisms like sponges. Therefore, the statement that reversible cell differentiation is found in Porifera and allows cells to change type after maturity is true.

Coelomates are the most advanced body cavity because they possess a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined by mesoderm. This allows for the development of complex organ systems and provides support and protection to the internal organs. Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is only partially lined by mesoderm, while acoelomates lack a body cavity altogether. Therefore, coelomates are considered the most advanced in terms of body cavity development.

Arthropoda is a phylum that includes a vast number of species, estimated to be around 90% of all known species on Earth. They are incredibly diverse and can be found in almost every ecological niche, from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains. Arthropods also exhibit a wide range of body forms, from insects with six legs to crustaceans with multiple appendages. Therefore, the statement that Arthropoda are 90% of all known species and occupy every niche while having variable body forms is true.

Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms, do not have a circulatory system. Instead, they rely on diffusion for gas exchange and removal of waste products. They use excretory tubules called protonephridia to eliminate metabolic waste. Therefore, the statement is true.

The gastrovascular cavity in Cnidaria acts as a hydrostatic skeleton because it provides support and structure to the body. The cavity is filled with fluid, which can be controlled by the muscles surrounding it, allowing the organism to maintain its shape and move. This hydrostatic skeleton enables Cnidaria, such as jellyfish and sea anemones, to move and contract their bodies, facilitating various functions like locomotion and capturing prey.

Platyhelminthes and higher organisms exhibit triploblastic tissue layers. This means that their bodies are composed of three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These layers give rise to various tissues and organs in the organism. In contrast, organisms with only two germ layers are called diploblastic, while those with more than three germ layers are called polyphyletic. Therefore, the statement that Platyhelminthes and higher organisms show triploblastic tissue layers is true.

The correct answer is "physical." Morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms. It involves examining the physical characteristics and traits that are shared by different species. The variations in the spelling of "physical" in the options provided are likely typographical errors.

Sponges, belonging to the phylum Porifera, have the ability to alter the rate of movement of their flagella. This means that they can control the speed at which their flagella beat, allowing them to adapt to different environmental conditions. Additionally, when the larvae of sponges swim towards sunlight, their flagella stiffen, aiding in their movement towards the light source. Furthermore, sponges are also able to close their oscula, which are the openings through which water exits their bodies, when they sense the presence of air. All of these statements indicate that the given answer, True, is correct.

Chelicerata is also unique by chelicerae in organism.

The given statement is true. The subclass of Crustacea includes four categories: Malacostraca, Copepoda, Cirripeda, and Branchiopoda. These subclasses are distinct groups within the larger class of Crustacea, which is a diverse group of arthropods that includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and barnacles. Each subclass has its own unique characteristics and members that belong to it.

Tunicates, also known as sea squirts, are indeed the most closely related organisms to vertebrates. They belong to the phylum Chordata, which is characterized by the presence of a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. While these chordate characteristics are more prominent in the larval stage of tunicates, they are still present in the adult stage, although in a reduced form. Tunicate adults are sessile, meaning they are attached to a substrate and do not move, which further supports their close relationship to vertebrates. Therefore, the statement "Tunicates are the most closely related organism to vertebrates" is true.

A nerve net is a network of interconnected neurons that coordinates movements and sensory structures in Cnidaria. Unlike true nerves, which are found in more complex organisms, a nerve net allows for decentralized control and communication throughout the body. This interconnected network allows for rapid responses to stimuli and the coordination of various body functions in Cnidaria.

Nucleariids= Fungi
Choanoflagellates= Animals

The classes of phylum Porifera are Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae. These classes represent different types of sponges within the phylum. Calcarea sponges have calcium carbonate spicules, Hexactinellida sponges have six-rayed silica spicules, and Demospongiae sponges have siliceous spicules or spongin fibers. Grypania and Archaeplastida are not classes of phylum Porifera.

Cnidarians have simple body plans, radial symmetry, diploblastic tissue layers.

Free living Rhabditophora, also known as Planarians, are indeed aquatic predators and they move by using ventral cilia and mucus. They have an incomplete digestive tract where the mouth serves as both the entrance and exit. On the other hand, parasitic Planarians are small and inactive, and they have limited means of obtaining food and oxygen. Therefore, the given statement that "Free living Rhabditophora are aquatic predators and move using ventral cilia and mucus" is true.

In Deuterostome development, the blastopore develops into the anus, while the mouth forms from a secondary opening. This is the opposite of what happens in Protostome development, where the blastopore becomes the mouth and the anus forms later. Therefore, the statement is false.

Porifera, also known as sponges, exhibit a variety of morphological characteristics. They do not have a fixed shape and can take on various forms. They are pore bearing, meaning they have numerous small openings called pores through which water enters their bodies. They have a skeleton composed of spicules, which are tiny, needle-like structures made of calcium carbonate or silica. Sponges are sessile and immobile, meaning they are attached to a substrate and cannot move. Most sponges are found in marine environments.

In adult echinoderms, such as starfish and sea urchins, the body plan exhibits radial symmetry, which means that the body parts are arranged around a central axis. This allows them to be equally balanced and have multiple planes of symmetry. However, in their larvae stage, echinoderms display bilateral symmetry, where the body can be divided into two equal halves along a single plane. This symmetry allows for efficient movement and navigation in the water.

Segmentation allows the body to stretch and escape predation because it provides flexibility and mobility. Each segment can move independently, allowing the organism to contort its body and maneuver through narrow spaces or away from predators. This ability to elongate or contract specific segments provides an advantage in escaping from potential threats and predators.

The three classes in Phylum Chordata are Cephalochordata, Tunicata, and Craniata. These classes are characterized by the presence of a notochord, a hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal slits at some point during their development. Cephalochordata includes the lancelets, which are small, fish-like marine organisms. Tunicata, also known as urochordates or sea squirts, are marine animals that have a tough outer covering called a tunic. Craniata includes all vertebrates, which are animals with a backbone or spinal column.

The correct answer is Bipinnaria Larvae, Bipinnaria Larva, Bipanaria, Bipinaria. The larvae form of Echinodermata is known as Bipinnaria Larvae or Bipinnaria Larva. Bipanaria and Bipinaria are likely misspellings of the correct term.

Cnidaria is a phylum of animals that includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. The characteristics of Cnidaria include tentacles to capture food, which are used to catch and immobilize prey. They also possess nematocysts, which are specialized stinging cells that inject venom into their prey. Cnidaria have two body stages, a polyp stage where they are attached to a substrate, and a medusa stage where they are free-swimming. They are diploblastic, meaning they have two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm.

Bilateral= Actively & show Cephalization
Radial= Passively

The shared traits of Chordata include the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a muscular post-anal tail. These characteristics are common to all members of the phylum Chordata, which includes vertebrates such as fish, mammals, and birds. The notochord provides support and structure, the dorsal hollow nerve cord is the precursor to the spinal cord, the pharyngeal slits are used for filter feeding or respiration, and the muscular post-anal tail aids in locomotion.

Deuterstome Development.

Organisms are not directly related.

Annelida is triploblastic.

The two main subphyla of Arthropoda are chelicerata and mandibulata.

Class Polychaeta
Class Clitellata
-Subclass Oligochaeta
-Subclass Hirudenia

Adult bury into sediment becoming passive and Sessile.

The correct order from MOST ADAPTED to LEAST ADAPTED is Hair, Amnion, Four Legs, Hinged Jaw, and Vertebral Column. Hair is the most adapted because it provides insulation, camouflage, and sensory functions. Amnion is next because it protects the developing embryo in amniotic eggs. Four legs come after as they provide stability and mobility. Hinged Jaw is less adapted as it allows for a wider range of feeding strategies. Finally, the Vertebral Column is the least adapted as it is a basic feature found in many animals but does not provide specific advantages on its own.

The Platyhelminthes Classes include Rhabditophora, Trematoda, and Cestoda. Rhabditophora is a class of free-living flatworms that includes planarians. Trematoda is a class of parasitic flatworms commonly known as flukes. Cestoda is a class of parasitic flatworms commonly known as tapeworms. These three classes are all part of the phylum Platyhelminthes, which consists of flatworms with soft, flattened bodies.

Legth > Width
Legless Body

The correct answer is "Rusted rocks with Iron Oxide" and "Oxygen biological origin during 'Oxygen Revolution'". Rusted rocks with Iron Oxide can provide evidence of the presence of photosynthetic organisms because iron oxide is a byproduct of oxygen production during photosynthesis. Oxygen biological origin during the "Oxygen Revolution" is also a valid evidence as it refers to the period in Earth's history when photosynthetic organisms first evolved and released significant amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere.

Homology, direct observation, biogeography, and the fossil record are all evidence of evolution. Homology refers to the similarity in structure or genetic sequence between different species, indicating a common ancestry. Direct observation involves witnessing evolutionary changes in real-time, such as the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Biogeography studies the distribution of species and how it relates to their evolutionary history. The fossil record provides physical evidence of past life forms and their transitions over time, documenting the changes that have occurred throughout evolution.