What To Do In These Situations? Nursing Quiz

When administering an anticholinergic drug, the nurse will monitor for the adverse effect of dry mouth. Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for various bodily functions, including saliva production. By blocking acetylcholine, these drugs can lead to a decrease in saliva production, resulting in dry mouth. Monitoring for this adverse effect is important as it can cause discomfort and may lead to other complications such as difficulty in swallowing or speaking.

The nurse is teaching the students about the parameters that determine the regulation of arterial blood pressure. Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, while systemic vascular resistance refers to the resistance to blood flow in the blood vessels. Both of these parameters play a crucial role in regulating arterial blood pressure. When cardiac output increases or systemic vascular resistance increases, arterial blood pressure tends to increase as well. Therefore, it is important for the students to understand the relationship between cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance in order to comprehend the regulation of arterial blood pressure.

The patient's complaint of seeing a funny yellow color around the lights could be indicative of digoxin toxicity, as visual disturbances are a common symptom. Therefore, the nurse's next action should be to assess the patient for other symptoms of digoxin toxicity, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, or changes in heart rate. This will help determine if the patient is experiencing an adverse reaction to the medication and if any further intervention or adjustment in dosage is necessary.

The drug's negative chronotropic effect would be evident in the patient through a decreased heart rate.

Giving an antiemetic 30 to 60 minutes before the chemotherapy is started is the correct intervention to treat or prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Antiemetics are medications that help to control nausea and vomiting. By administering the antiemetic before the chemotherapy is started, it allows the medication to be in the patient's system and working to prevent or reduce the nausea and vomiting that can be caused by the chemotherapy. This intervention helps to improve the patient's comfort and overall well-being during their cancer treatment.

The correct answer is D. The entire capsule must be taken whole, not crushed, chewed, or opened. This is because omeprazole is a delayed-release medication that is designed to release the medication slowly over time. Crushing, chewing, or opening the capsule can interfere with the delayed-release mechanism and may result in a decrease in effectiveness of the medication. It is important for the patient to take the capsule whole to ensure proper absorption and effectiveness of the medication.

The patient is experiencing severe fluid retention, dyspnea, and peripheral edema, which are signs of a potentially serious adverse reaction to the interleukin drug therapy. Holding the drug and notifying the prescriber is the appropriate action to ensure patient safety and to allow the prescriber to assess the situation and determine the best course of action. Giving the drug or monitoring the patient without consulting the prescriber could potentially worsen the patient's condition.

When a patient is taking an adrenergic drug, the nurse expects to observe an increased heart rate. Adrenergic drugs stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. This response includes an increase in heart rate as the body prepares for physical exertion or stress. Therefore, it is expected that the patient's heart rate will be elevated while taking adrenergic drugs.

According to the JNC 7 guidelines, blood pressure of 130/88 mm Hg would be classified as "prehypertension". This means that the individual's blood pressure is higher than normal, but not yet in the range of hypertension. Prehypertension is a warning sign that the individual is at risk for developing hypertension in the future, and lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise may be recommended to prevent progression to hypertension.

Antivenins or antisera are the appropriate products to treat a black widow spider bite. Antivenins are made from antibodies that neutralize the venom of the spider, while antisera are blood products containing antibodies that can help counteract the effects of the venom. These products are specifically designed to treat venomous bites and stings and can be life-saving in severe cases. Live vaccines, tetanus immune globulin, and tularemia are not relevant to the treatment of a black widow spider bite.

Calcium antacids are not used as frequently as other antacids because their use may result in kidney stones. This means that taking calcium antacids can increase the risk of developing kidney stones, which are hard deposits that form in the kidneys. This potential side effect makes calcium antacids less safe to use compared to other antacids for treating heartburn.

When a patient is taking a beta blocker for angina, the nurse should monitor for bradycardia as an adverse effect. Beta blockers work by blocking the beta receptors in the heart, which leads to a decrease in heart rate and cardiac output. Bradycardia is characterized by a heart rate that is slower than normal, and it can cause symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Monitoring for bradycardia is important because it can indicate that the medication is having the desired effect, but it can also be a sign of a potentially serious complication.

A digoxin level of 1.4 ng/mL is considered to be within the therapeutic range. This means that the level of digoxin in the patient's blood is at a concentration that is effective for treating their condition. If the level was below the therapeutic range, it would not be sufficient to have a therapeutic effect. If the level was above the therapeutic range, it could potentially be toxic and cause adverse effects. Therefore, the nurse interprets that the digoxin level of 1.4 ng/mL is within the therapeutic range.

Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that works by increasing the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cardiac muscle cells. This leads to increased calcium influx into the cells, which in turn increases the force of cardiac contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is "Increased force of cardiac contraction." This drug does not directly affect heart rate, blood vessel dilation, or conduction of electrical impulses across the heart.

The nurse will teach the patient to examine her mouth daily for bleeding, painful areas, and ulcerations as a way to manage stomatitis. Stomatitis is a potential adverse effect of antineoplastic therapy, and it refers to inflammation of the mouth. By regularly checking her mouth, the patient can identify any signs of bleeding, pain, or ulcers and report them to her healthcare provider for further evaluation and treatment. This proactive approach allows for early detection and management of stomatitis, reducing the risk of complications and promoting the patient's overall well-being.

Monoclonal antibodies have the major advantage of targeting certain tumor cells and bypassing normal cells. This is beneficial because it allows for a more targeted and specific treatment approach, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing side effects. By selectively targeting tumor cells, monoclonal antibodies can effectively attack cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. This targeted approach can lead to improved treatment outcomes and potentially fewer complications for the patient.

The correct answer is that non-polyvinylchloride (non-PVC) plastic intravenous bags and tubing must be used. This is because nitroglycerin is known to interact with PVC, causing the release of phthalates, which can be harmful to the patient. Therefore, using non-PVC materials ensures the safety of the patient during the administration of intravenous nitroglycerin.

Adenosine is a medication used to treat paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart. One of the potential side effects of adenosine is a brief period of asystole, which is the absence of electrical activity in the heart. This can occur for a few seconds after administration. It is important for the nurse to be aware of this potential side effect and be prepared to monitor the patient closely during and after administration.

Anthrax is the correct answer because it can be transmitted to humans through three routes of exposure: inhalation, ingestion, and through cuts or abrasions on the skin. This makes it a potential bioterrorism agent that can easily infect a large number of people through different means of contact. Smallpox, botulism, and tularemia may have other routes of exposure, but they do not have three routes of exposure like anthrax does.

Tamsulosin and sildenafil (Viagra) both work by relaxing the smooth muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, which can cause a significant drop in blood pressure. Therefore, if a patient is taking both medications, it can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure and potentially cause dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. Hence, the nurse should contact the prescriber to discuss the potential interaction and explore alternative treatment options.

While a patient is receiving antilipemic therapy, the nurse needs to closely monitor the patient for the development of liver dysfunction. Antilipemic therapy is used to lower lipid levels in the blood, and some medications used for this purpose can have adverse effects on the liver. Monitoring liver function is important to detect any signs of liver damage or dysfunction, such as elevated liver enzymes or jaundice. Prompt identification of liver dysfunction allows for early intervention and prevention of further complications.

The patient is receiving lactulose three times a day because they have high ammonia levels due to liver failure. Lactulose is commonly used to treat hepatic encephalopathy, a condition that occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins like ammonia from the blood. Lactulose works by drawing water into the colon, which helps to soften the stool and increase the frequency of bowel movements, leading to the elimination of ammonia from the body. Therefore, options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not pertain to the specific reason for administering lactulose in this case.

Fever is considered the principal early sign of infection because it is a common response of the body to an infection. When the body detects the presence of pathogens, it raises its temperature in an attempt to kill off the invaders. Monitoring for fever in a patient with severe bone marrow suppression is crucial because their immune system may be compromised, making them more susceptible to infections. Detecting and treating infections early can help prevent further complications and promote the patient's recovery.

Alkylating drugs are called "cell cycle-nonspecific drugs" because they are cytotoxic in any phase of the cell cycle. This means that they can effectively kill cancer cells regardless of whether they are actively dividing or not. Unlike cell cycle-specific drugs that target specific phases of the cell cycle, alkylating drugs have a broader mechanism of action and can target cancer cells at any stage of their growth. This makes them effective against a wide range of neoplasms and a valuable tool in chemotherapy treatment.

The main reason for prescribing an ACE inhibitor for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and trace proteinuria is because it has renal protective effects. ACE inhibitors have been shown to slow the progression of kidney disease in patients with diabetes by reducing the amount of protein that is leaked into the urine. This can help preserve kidney function and prevent further damage to the kidneys. Additionally, ACE inhibitors also have cardioprotective effects and can help reduce blood pressure, but the primary reason for prescribing them in this case is their renal protective effects.

A high-fiber diet with plenty of fluids will help prevent the constipation that may occur when taking a calcium channel blocker (CCB). CCBs are known to cause constipation as a side effect, and increasing fiber intake and staying hydrated can help alleviate this symptom.

The correct answer indicates a need for further teaching because it suggests that the patient believes that only fresh fruits and vegetables are safe to consume while receiving antineoplastic drug therapy. This statement shows a lack of understanding about the importance of food safety measures, such as washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly, to prevent infections.

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is known to cause cardiotoxicity, which can lead to a decrease in cardiac output. This can result in decreased blood flow to the organs and tissues, leading to potential complications. Therefore, the nursing diagnosis related to this antineoplastic drug would be "Decreased cardiac output related to the adverse effect of cardiotoxicity." This diagnosis reflects the potential impact of the medication on the patient's cardiovascular system and the need for monitoring and intervention to prevent or manage any cardiac complications.

Bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol) can interact with warfarin (Coumadin), an anticoagulant, and increase the risk of bleeding. This is because both medications have anticoagulant effects and can further thin the blood, leading to excessive bleeding. It is important for the nurse to recognize this potential interaction and inform the healthcare provider to adjust the dosage or consider alternative medications to avoid complications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), levothyroxine (synthroid), and fluoxetine (Prozac) do not have significant interactions with bismuth subsalicylate.

If the adrenergic agonist is effective, it will increase blood pressure. Adrenergic agonists stimulate the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasoconstriction and increased heart rate, which ultimately leads to an increase in blood pressure. This is the primary intended effect of the drug in a patient who is in shock, as low blood pressure is a characteristic feature of shock. Therefore, if the patient's blood pressure increases after administration of the adrenergic agonist, it indicates that the drug is working as intended.

Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, is commonly used to treat elevated lipid levels. One of the most common adverse effects of niacin is cutaneous flushing, which refers to the sudden reddening and warmth of the skin. This occurs due to the dilation of blood vessels. Pruritus, or itching, is also a common side effect of niacin. These adverse effects are usually temporary and can be minimized by taking niacin with food or using a sustained-release formulation. Tinnitus, urine with a burnt odor, myalgia, fatigue, blurred vision, and headaches are not commonly associated with niacin use.

Taking the tablets with water, not milk or juice, is appropriate because bisacodyl should be taken with water to ensure proper absorption and effectiveness. Milk or juice may interfere with the absorption of the medication.

Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, may contribute to osteoporosis. These medications can decrease the absorption of calcium in the body, which can lead to weakened bones over time. It is important for patients who are using these medications long-term to monitor their bone health and consider calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

Captopril is not a prodrug and does not need to be metabolized by the liver before becoming active. This is advantageous for a patient with severe liver disease because their liver may not be able to efficiently metabolize drugs. Since captopril is already active and does not require liver metabolism, it can be safely used in patients with liver disease.

According to the JNC 7 guidelines, antihypertensive drug therapy for a newly diagnosed stage 1 hypertensive African-American patient would most likely include calcium channel blockers with thiazide diuretics. This combination is recommended because African-Americans tend to have a higher prevalence of salt sensitivity, and thiazide diuretics help to reduce sodium and fluid retention. Calcium channel blockers work by relaxing the blood vessels, reducing peripheral resistance, and lowering blood pressure. Therefore, this combination is considered an effective treatment option for African-American patients with hypertension.

The correct answer is c. Intramuscular injection using the z track method. The z track method is appropriate for administering iron dextran injections because it helps to prevent leakage of the medication into the subcutaneous tissue. This method involves pulling the skin and underlying tissues to the side before injecting the medication, and then releasing them after the injection is complete. This creates a zigzag or "z" pattern, which helps to seal the injection site and prevent medication leakage.

Aranesp is a longer-acting form of the drug, so the patient will need to receive fewer injections compared to epogen. This means that the patient will have a longer duration of action with Aranesp, which can help in managing their anemia more effectively.

The correct answer is C. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (BayHep B). When a sanitation worker experiences a needle stick injury with a contaminated needle, there is a risk of contracting hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin is used as a form of passive immunity to provide immediate protection against the virus. It contains antibodies that can neutralize the hepatitis B virus and prevent infection. This is different from the hepatitis B vaccine, which is a form of active immunity that stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies against the virus.

Edrophonium (Tensilon) is a medication used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis. Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. Edrophonium works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which increases the availability of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, temporarily improving muscle strength in patients with Myasthenia Gravis. Therefore, the administration of edrophonium helps determine the diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis.

The nurse's best response would be "It takes 6 to 8 weeks to see a change in cholesterol levels." This is because statin drugs take some time to start lowering cholesterol levels in the blood. It is important for the patient to understand that it may take a few weeks before they see any significant effect on their serum cholesterol.

The nurse will warn the patient about the possible adverse effect of dark stool and blue gums when using adsorbents such as bismuth subsalicylate (pepto-bismol) for diarrhea. This is because bismuth subsalicylate can cause the stool to turn black, which is a harmless but temporary side effect. Additionally, it can also cause the gums to temporarily turn a blue-black color. It is important for the nurse to inform the patient about these potential side effects to prevent unnecessary concern or alarm.

The patient's statement about taking aspirin or ibuprofen for a headache indicates a need for further education because ginkgo may cause increased bleeding, and taking these medications along with ginkgo could further increase the risk of bleeding. The patient should be advised to avoid taking aspirin or ibuprofen while using the herbal product to minimize the potential for adverse effects.

When starting a patient on antidysrhythmic therapy, the nurse must be aware that dysrhythmias can be a potential adverse effect of any antidysrhythmic drug. This means that the medication intended to treat dysrhythmias can actually cause or worsen abnormal heart rhythms. It is important for the nurse to closely monitor the patient's heart rhythm and report any new or worsening dysrhythmias promptly to the healthcare provider.

The correct answer is to mix the powder with food or fruit, or at least 4 to 6 ounces of fluid. This method is suggested because cholestyramine powder tends to clump and stick to the glass when mixed with liquid alone. Mixing it with food or fruit, or a sufficient amount of fluid, helps to ensure that the powder is properly dissolved and easier to consume.

When administering interferon subcutaneously, it is important to rotate the injection sites to prevent tissue damage and ensure proper absorption of the medication. By rotating the sites, the nurse can avoid injecting into the same area repeatedly, reducing the risk of pain, inflammation, and infection. This intervention also helps to maintain the effectiveness of the medication and promote patient comfort and safety.

The correct answer is B. Rheumatoid arthritis. Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody that is commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. It works by targeting and blocking a specific protein in the body that is involved in the inflammatory response. While adalimumab can be used for other conditions, such as Crohn's disease or psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis is a common indication for this medication. Severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, and osteoporosis are not typically treated with adalimumab.

When a patient is taking a cholinergic drug, it increases the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which can lead to a decrease in heart rate. This is known as bradycardia. The nurse will monitor the patient for this cardiovascular effect, as it can be a potential side effect of the medication.

The patient's symptoms of edema to the face, tongue, and throat, along with difficulty breathing, are consistent with an allergic reaction. Serum sickness is an immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction that can occur in response to certain medications, including immunizing drugs. This reaction typically occurs within hours to days after exposure to the medication. Symptoms may include rash, fever, joint pain, and swelling of the face, tongue, and throat. Therefore, based on the patient's history and symptoms, serum sickness is the most likely explanation for his condition.

The nurse expects an antibiotic to be ordered with omeprazole because H. pylori is a bacteria that causes peptic ulcers. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, so it would be the appropriate class of drug to use in combination therapy with omeprazole to target and eliminate the H. pylori bacteria.

The Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine would be needed for both the young boy with sickle cell anemia and the 57-year-old woman with early stages of Hodgkin's disease. This vaccine helps protect against a bacterial infection that can cause serious illnesses such as meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. Both patients, regardless of their specific conditions, would benefit from receiving this vaccine to prevent these potential complications.

Prokinetic drugs, such as metoclopramide (Reglan), are used to promote gastric emptying. These drugs increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract, helping to move food through the stomach and into the intestines. This can be particularly beneficial for patients receiving tube feedings through a gastrostomy, as it helps to prevent food from sitting in the stomach for an extended period of time and reduces the risk of complications such as aspiration or delayed gastric emptying.

The correct answer is C because taking iron tablets with meals can help alleviate gastrointestinal distress that may occur as a side effect of the medication. Taking the tablets with milk or antacids (option A) can decrease the absorption of iron. Crushing the pills (option B) may alter the medication's effectiveness. Taking the tablets through a straw (option D) does not have any relevance to the administration of oral iron supplements.

The correct answer is c. Give the medications at 9:00, and then the antacid at 10:00. This schedule is correct because antacids can interfere with the absorption of certain medications. By giving the medications first and waiting for an hour before giving the antacid, the effectiveness of the medications will not be compromised. This allows the patient to receive the full benefit of both the medications and the antacid.

Physostigmine (Antilirium) is the correct answer because it is an antidote for atropine overdose. Atropine is a medication that blocks the effects of acetylcholine, causing an increase in heart rate and drying of secretions. Physostigmine works by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, thereby counteracting the effects of atropine. Atenolol is a beta-blocker used for hypertension and does not reverse the effects of atropine. Bethanechol is a cholinergic agonist used for urinary retention and would exacerbate the symptoms of atropine overdose. Dicyclomine is an anticholinergic used for irritable bowel syndrome and would also worsen the symptoms of atropine overdose.

During therapy with epoetin alfa, the nurse instructs the patient about the adverse effect of hypertension. Epoetin alfa is a hematopoietic drug that stimulates the production of red blood cells. One of the potential side effects of this drug is an increase in blood pressure, leading to hypertension. It is important for the nurse to educate the patient about this potential adverse effect so that they can monitor their blood pressure regularly and seek medical attention if necessary.

Aspirin can lead to methotrexate toxicity. Methotrexate is a medication commonly used to treat certain types of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. It works by slowing down the growth of cells, including cancer cells and cells of the immune system. Aspirin, on the other hand, can interfere with the elimination of methotrexate from the body, leading to increased levels of the drug in the blood. This can result in methotrexate toxicity, which can cause serious side effects such as liver damage, kidney damage, and bone marrow suppression. Therefore, it is important for patients on methotrexate therapy to avoid taking aspirin without consulting their healthcare provider.

The correct answer is "Never stop taking this medication abruptly." This is an important instruction for patients taking beta-blockers like atenolol because abruptly stopping the medication can lead to rebound hypertension, increased heart rate, and other withdrawal symptoms. It is important for patients to gradually taper off the medication under the guidance of their healthcare provider to avoid any adverse effects.

Metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-blocker medication commonly prescribed after a heart attack. Studies have shown that this medication has greatly increased survival rates in patients who have had a heart attack. It helps to prevent further damage to the heart and reduces the risk of future heart attacks. Although the patient may not have high blood pressure, metoprolol is prescribed for its cardiac benefits rather than solely for blood pressure control. The nurse explains this to the patient, reassuring him that the medication is important for his overall heart health and recovery.

The appropriate time to start the colony stimulating factor medication is on Wednesday afternoon, 24 hours after the chemotherapy ends. This is because the medication is used to stimulate the production of white blood cells, which are typically suppressed by chemotherapy. Starting the medication too early while the patient is still receiving chemotherapy may not be effective, as the chemotherapy is still actively suppressing the white blood cell count. Waiting until 24 hours after the chemotherapy ends allows for the medication to have the best chance of stimulating the production of white blood cells.

Cevimeline (Evoxac) is a medication that is commonly prescribed for the treatment of xerostomia, which is a symptom of Sjögren's syndrome. Xerostomia refers to dry mouth, which can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. The therapeutic effect of cevimeline is to stimulate salivation, which helps to alleviate the symptoms of dry mouth. By increasing the production of saliva, cevimeline helps to moisten the mouth, improve oral health, and facilitate the process of chewing and swallowing. Therefore, the nurse will monitor for the therapeutic effect of stimulation of salivation in a patient who is receiving cevimeline for the treatment of xerostomia.

Adenosine is a medication used to treat paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart. One of the important things to remember when giving adenosine is that asystole, which is the absence of electrical activity in the heart, may occur for a few seconds after administration. This is a normal and expected effect of the medication. It is important for the nurse to be prepared to monitor the patient closely during this time and be ready to provide any necessary interventions if needed.

The nurse would be concerned if the patient has abdominal pain of unknown origin because it could indicate a more serious underlying condition that needs to be addressed before administering a laxative. The nurse needs to determine the cause of the abdominal pain before proceeding with any treatment. High ammonia levels due to liver failure may be a contraindication for certain medications, but it is not directly related to the use of a laxative. Diverticulosis and chronic constipation are conditions that may actually warrant the use of a laxative.

The correct answer is A. Hirsutism and acne. Androgen hormones can cause an increase in hair growth (hirsutism) and acne in women. These changes can have a negative impact on body image, as they may be seen as undesirable or unfeminine. By discussing these potential adverse effects with the patient, the nurse can help prepare her for these changes and provide support and education on managing them. Weight gain, flushing and hot flashes, and alopecia and body odor are not typically associated with androgen hormone therapy for breast cancer.

Antacids containing magnesium need to be used cautiously in patients with renal failure because magnesium is primarily excreted by the kidneys. In patients with renal failure, their kidneys are not functioning properly, which can lead to an accumulation of magnesium in the body. This can result in hypermagnesemia, a condition characterized by high levels of magnesium in the blood. Hypermagnesemia can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, weakness, and in severe cases, can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and respiratory depression. Therefore, it is important to monitor magnesium levels and use alternative antacids in patients with renal failure.

If the patient's pulse rate decreases to less than 60 beats per minute while taking a beta-blocker, it is important to notify the prescriber. This is because a pulse rate below 60 beats per minute may indicate bradycardia, which can be a potential side effect of beta-blockers. The prescriber needs to be informed so that they can evaluate the patient's condition and determine if any changes in medication dosage or treatment plan are necessary.

The correct answer is B. 6 weeks. The nurse knows that the first dose of the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (Dtap) vaccine is given at 6 weeks of age. This is the recommended age to start the series of vaccinations for Dtap. Starting the series at this age helps to provide early protection against these diseases.

The correct understanding of the teaching is to change the scopolamine transdermal patch every 3 days. This is because the patch releases medication slowly over a period of time, typically 3 days, to help prevent motion sickness. Changing the patch too frequently or infrequently may result in inadequate or excessive medication delivery, respectively.

The correct answer is 10 minutes because sodium nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator that is used in hypertensive emergencies to rapidly lower blood pressure. It has a very short half-life of only a few minutes, so it needs to be infused continuously at a high dose to maintain its effects. Infusing the maximum dose for 10 minutes allows for a rapid reduction in blood pressure while minimizing the risk of excessive hypotension.

During therapy with the cytotoxic antibiotic bleomycin, the nurse will assess for a potentially serious adverse effect by monitoring respiratory function. Bleomycin can cause pulmonary toxicity, which can manifest as cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary infiltrates on imaging. Monitoring respiratory function is important to detect any signs of pulmonary toxicity early and intervene promptly to prevent further complications. Assessing blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, cardiac ejection fraction, and peripheral nerve sensation are not specifically related to the potential adverse effect of bleomycin therapy.

Bulk-forming laxatives work by absorbing water in the intestines, which helps to soften the stool and promote bowel movements. If these laxatives are taken without enough water, they can swell and cause a blockage in the esophagus, leading to esophageal obstruction. Therefore, it is important for the patient to drink a full 8-oz glass of water when taking a bulk-forming laxative to ensure that there is enough fluid in the intestines to prevent this potential complication.

Cholinergic drugs stimulate cholinergic receptors in the body. Nicotinic receptors are found in both the autonomic ganglia and the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors can lead to undesired effects such as skeletal muscle contractions, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure. Therefore, the undesired effects of cholinergic drugs come from the stimulation of nicotinic receptors.

When a patient is taking an aluminum-containing antacid, the nurse should inform the patient to watch for constipation as a possible adverse effect. Aluminum-containing antacids can cause constipation due to their ability to slow down the movement of the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to difficulty in passing stool and can cause discomfort for the patient. Therefore, it is important for the nurse to educate the patient about this potential side effect and advise them to seek medical assistance if constipation becomes severe or persists for an extended period of time.

When administering liquid oral iron supplements, instructing the patient to take the medication through a plastic straw is appropriate. This intervention helps to prevent the medication from staining the teeth, as iron supplements can cause tooth discoloration. Using a straw allows the liquid to bypass direct contact with the teeth, reducing the risk of staining.

Leucovorin rescue is the correct intervention to reduce severe bone marrow suppression caused by high doses of methotrexate. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins, leading to bone marrow suppression. Leucovorin is a folate analog that helps to rescue normal cells from the toxic effects of methotrexate by providing a source of reduced folate, which is necessary for DNA synthesis. By administering leucovorin, the nurse can help protect the patient's bone marrow and reduce the severity of the suppression.

The nurse should call the prescriber to question the route that is ordered because hydroxyzine can be given orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously, but the oral route is preferred for treating nausea. The nurse should clarify with the prescriber if the medication can be given orally instead of intravenously. Holding the dose until the patient complains of severe nausea (option a) is not appropriate as the patient is already experiencing slight nausea. Giving the dose orally instead of IV (option b) may be a possible action, but it is important to confirm with the prescriber first. Giving the patient the IV dose of hydroxyzine as ordered (option c) may not be the best choice as the oral route is preferred in this situation.

Mineral oil is known to interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, require fat for proper absorption in the body. Mineral oil can form a barrier in the intestines, preventing the absorption of these vitamins. This can lead to deficiencies in these vitamins if mineral oil is administered regularly or in large amounts. Water-soluble vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes are not affected by mineral oil interference.

After giving a test dose of intravenous iron dextran to a patient with anemia, the nurse should wait for 1 hour before administering the remaining portion of the dose. This is because a test dose is given to monitor the patient for any adverse reactions or allergies. Waiting for 1 hour allows the nurse to observe the patient for any signs of an allergic reaction or adverse effects before administering the full dose. This is a standard practice to ensure patient safety and minimize the risk of any complications.

Simethicone (mylicon) is the correct answer because it is a medication used to relieve symptoms of excessive gas in the digestive tract. It works by breaking down gas bubbles, making it easier for them to be passed out of the body. Famotidine (Pepcid) is an antacid used to reduce stomach acid and treat conditions like heartburn and ulcers. Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (maalox or Mylanta) and calcium carbonate (tums) are also antacids used to relieve symptoms of heartburn and indigestion, but they do not specifically target excessive gas.

The correct answer is b. Dronabinol (Marinol), a tetrahydrocannabinoid. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of THC, the active component of marijuana. It is used to stimulate appetite in patients with AIDS-related weight loss and anorexia. THC has been shown to increase appetite and food intake in patients with HIV/AIDS by acting on the cannabinoid receptors in the brain. This can help the patient regain weight and improve their overall nutritional status.

The patient's complaint of feeling more "skipping beats" could indicate a serious cardiac arrhythmia. Discontinuing the dobutamine immediately is necessary to prevent further harm to the patient. Monitoring for other signs of a therapeutic response, adjusting the dose, or assessing vital signs and cardiac rhythm may not be sufficient actions in this situation.

The nurse will monitor the patient for convulsions as an adverse effect of the continuous infusion of lidocaine. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that can also be used to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. However, it can cause neurological side effects such as convulsions, which may indicate toxicity. Monitoring for convulsions is important to ensure the patient's safety and adjust the dosage if necessary.

Irinotecan is known to cause delayed-onset cholinergic diarrhea, which typically occurs 24-72 hours after administration. This adverse effect can be potentially life-threatening and requires close monitoring and intervention by the nurse. Severe stomatitis, bone marrow suppression, and immediate and severe nausea and vomiting are all potential adverse effects of antineoplastic drugs, but they are not specifically associated with irinotecan.

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