Nursing Theories MCQs With Answers

Florence Nightingale stressed the significance of clean air for patient recovery as part of her Environmental Theory. She observed that patients recover faster in environments with good ventilation, clean air, and hygiene. Nightingale emphasized that clean air removes impurities and pathogens, reducing infection risks and improving patient comfort. Her perspective was grounded in observations during the Crimean War, where unsanitary conditions contributed to high mortality. Nightingale’s insistence on fresh air, along with other environmental adjustments, revolutionized hospital design and hygiene standards, establishing a foundation for modern nursing focused on environmental factors that support health.

Hildegard Peplau introduced the Interpersonal Relationship Model, emphasizing the nurse-patient relationship as central to effective nursing practice. Peplau described four phases—orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution—that guide the nurse and patient through the care process. She believed that through communication and understanding, nurses could foster trust and empower patients, which contributes to improved health outcomes. By analyzing the patient’s needs, personality, and emotions, the nurse can adapt their approach, leading to a more personalized and impactful care experience. Peplau’s model underscores the importance of empathy and therapeutic communication in achieving mental and emotional well-being in patients.

Faye G. Abedellah developed the Typology of twenty-one Nursing problems, which focuses on patient-centered approaches to nursing care and identifies key areas of nursing interventions. This typology is a significant contribution to nursing theory and practice, emphasizing the importance of addressing patient needs comprehensively.

Jean Watson developed the Theory of Human Caring, which highlights the compassionate aspects of nursing and the importance of building caring relationships. Watson proposed that caring is more than just performing tasks—it involves deep connections with patients, considering their spiritual, emotional, and physical needs. Her model includes ten carative factors, such as promoting faith, developing trust, and fostering a healing environment. Through these principles, Watson’s theory guides nurses to create meaningful interactions that contribute to patient healing and well-being. This holistic approach enhances patient satisfaction and helps nurses find fulfillment and purpose in their work.

Imogene King’s Goal Attainment Theory centers on setting and achieving specific, measurable health goals with the patient. King highlighted that effective communication between nurse and patient allows for mutual goal setting, which empowers the patient and gives direction to the nurse’s care. Her theory outlines three interacting systems—personal, interpersonal, and social—through which nurses can assess, set, and accomplish goals. King’s model encourages nurses to work collaboratively, respecting the patient’s perspective and cultural background, to achieve goals that promote health. This model helps nurses provide structured, purposeful care that aligns with the patient’s personal needs.

Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model focuses on the patient's ability to adapt to changes in health and environment. Roy suggested that health is achieved when patients successfully adapt to physical, psychological, and environmental stressors. Her model identifies four adaptive modes: physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. Nurses assess these modes to understand how well the patient is adapting and to provide supportive interventions. Roy’s model is particularly useful in chronic illness or rehabilitation contexts, where patients face long-term changes. By assisting patients in adapting, nurses can enhance their quality of life and help them regain a sense of control.

The correct answer is "Basic human needs are met through self-care activities." Dorothea Orem's theory, known as the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, focuses on the idea that individuals can meet their own basic needs through self-care. Her theory outlines how nurses can support patients when they are unable to care for themselves due to illness or other limitations. The theory emphasizes the importance of self-care in maintaining health and well-being, and it provides a framework for nursing practice that helps individuals achieve independence in self-care. The other options do not fully capture the core concept of Orem's theory.

The correct answer is "1964: Nursing." In 1964, Virginia Henderson published her book titled "The Nature of Nursing." This work is significant in the field of nursing as it elaborates on her definition of nursing and the role of nurses in assisting individuals, sick or well, in performing activities that contribute to health or recovery. Henderson's work emphasized the importance of patient independence and the nurse's role in supporting this independence. The other years and topics listed do not correspond to Virginia Henderson's publication and its focus on nursing.

The correct answer is "an integrated whole in a constant state of change because of the dynamic interrelationship of many variables." Betty Neuman's theory, known as the Neuman Systems Model, views individuals as a complete system that includes physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual components. These components constantly interact with internal and external environmental factors, causing the system to change and adapt. Neuman's model emphasizes that the health of an individual depends on the stability and balance among these components and their interactions with the environment. This holistic view helps nurses understand and manage the complexities of patient care.

Virginia Henderson, a prominent nursing theorist, is known for her definition of health as a state free from disease, promoting the view that health involves the absence of illness. Henderson's work in the 1950s focused on defining nursing and emphasizing health maintenance through activities that support well-being. Her approach to health as a disease-free state contributed to a broader understanding in nursing practice about how nurses can assist individuals in maintaining this state through comprehensive care.

The correct answer is Virginia Henderson. In 1964, Virginia Henderson defined nursing in a way that included the environment as consisting of all internal and external influences that affect a human being. She emphasized that nurses should consider these environmental factors when caring for patients to help them achieve independence and health. Henderson's definition of nursing took into account the physical, psychological, and social aspects of the environment that impact a person's ability to perform self-care and maintain health. This comprehensive view is a key element of her nursing philosophy.

The correct answer is "An external force that affects the person's health." Florence Nightingale is known as the founder of modern nursing, and she emphasized the importance of the environment in patient care. She believed that factors such as clean air, pure water, sufficient food, cleanliness, and proper sanitation were crucial for healing and maintaining health. Nightingale's environmental theory posits that these external factors significantly impact a person's health and recovery. Therefore, the best answer is that she viewed the environment as an external force that affects a person's health.

The correct answer is "Dorothea Orem, the direct influence on the health of a person." In 1958, Dorothea Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, which includes the idea that the environment directly influences a person's health. Orem's theory focuses on the individual's ability to perform self-care and how nurses can assist when there is a self-care deficit. She emphasized that environmental factors, such as societal values and expectations, play a crucial role in health and well-being. This perspective highlights the impact of external influences on an individual's health.

In 1972, Betty Neuman developed the Neuman Systems Model, which emphasizes that a person is influenced by both internal and external environments. This model views individuals as open systems interacting with their environment and affected by internal and external stressors. Neuman's model encourages a holistic approach, where nurses consider all factors impacting a patient's health. This perspective assists nurses in understanding the dynamic relationship between a person and their environment, supporting effective interventions based on the complex interactions of various influences.