History Of Nursing MCQs Quiz With Answers

John W. Dunn is known for his wellness-illness continuum, which emphasizes the dynamic interaction between an individual’s health and their environment. According to Dunn, wellness and illness are not static states but exist on a continuum where individuals move along based on internal and external factors. This perspective highlights how environmental influences, along with personal choices and health conditions, contribute to one's overall health status.

High level wellness refers to a state of well-being where an individual is actively engaged in maximizing their potential while considering the limitations of their environment. This means that they are not only physically healthy but also mentally, emotionally, and socially well. They have a positive outlook on life, engage in self-care practices, and actively seek personal growth and development. This concept emphasizes the importance of holistic well-being and the integration of various aspects of one's life to achieve optimal health and wellness.

Myra Estrin Levine, a nursing theorist, developed the Conservation Model, which emphasizes the holistic care of individuals by conserving their energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity. This model guides nurses to consider the whole person, including their physical, psychological, and social well-being, to promote healing and maintain wholeness. Levine's principles encourage nurses to balance energy expenditure, preserve physical function, respect patients' sense of self, and support their social connections.

The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their GOLDEN AGE.

The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon. According to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A good example is that when we overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback that signals us that our arm needs a rest.

As a nurse manager, one of the primary responsibilities is to coordinate the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care. This involves overseeing the work of nurses, physicians, and other healthcare professionals to ensure that patient care is effective, efficient, and aligned with best practices. Nurse managers also play a role in administration, quality assurance, and ensuring that the team's efforts are directed toward achieving optimal patient outcomes. The other options, such as modifying clients’ lifestyles or protecting their rights, are important but do not specifically describe the overarching function of a nurse manager, who focuses more on leadership and coordination within the healthcare team.

What delineates apprentice period among others is that it ENDED when formal schools were established. During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.

A closed system, unlike an open system that exchanges both matter and energy with its environment, can be visualized as a "sole island in a vast ocean." This analogy highlights its key characteristic: while it can be influenced by external factors (like energy transfer), its internal composition remains isolated and unaffected by the exchange of matter. This concept is fundamental in thermodynamics and systems theory, differentiating closed systems from open systems like living organisms, which constantly interact with their surroundings through the exchange of both matter and energy.

Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.

That would be James W. Fowler. He was a theologian who focused on the development of faith throughout the lifespan. Fowler's Stages of Faith Development describes how people evolve in their understanding and experience of faith. He believed that faith is not just about belief but about how those beliefs shape a person's actions and relationships with the world.

Moses is called the father of sanitation because he implemented various practices and laws related to cleanliness and hygiene during his time. In the book of Leviticus in the Old Testament, Moses introduced regulations for waste disposal, purification rituals, and quarantine measures to prevent the spread of diseases. These practices laid the foundation for modern sanitation systems and emphasized the importance of cleanliness for maintaining public health. Therefore, Moses is recognized as the father of sanitation for his significant contributions in promoting hygiene and sanitation practices.

Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing proposes that individuals are constantly interacting with their environment and striving to adapt to changes. This model highlights the interconnectedness between a person and their surroundings, emphasizing the importance of achieving balance in four adaptive modes: physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. By understanding and facilitating these adaptive processes, nurses can help individuals maintain health and well-being in the face of environmental challenges.

According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and unfavorable environment.

In the Health Belief Model, individual perceptions significantly influence preventive behaviors, with key factors such as perceived susceptibility to illness, perceived seriousness, and perceived threat motivating people to take action. Individuals are more likely to engage in preventive behaviors if they believe they are at risk of a serious illness. However, perceived curability is less likely to influence preventive actions, as it pertains more to treatment decisions after illness occurs rather than motivating behavior to prevent illness in the first place.

Lawrence Kohlberg proposed the theory of moral development, which includes stages where an individual’s sense of right and wrong evolves. He emphasized mutual trust in relationships and moral reasoning, identifying three levels of moral development from premoral to post-conventional morality.

James Fowler postulated that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a person's life. In his influential work, Fowler's Stages of Faith Development, he suggested that faith is not just about belief but is a relational phenomenon that evolves over time, with individuals moving through different stages of faith development. Fowler defined faith as a way of making meaning of the world and personal experiences, and he emphasized the developmental nature of faith, with each stage reflecting a deeper understanding and relationship with the self, others, and the transcendent.

The Dark period of nursing (often referred to as the Dark Ages) refers to a time in history when scientific knowledge and medical practices were minimal or not based on empirical evidence. During this time, people believed in supernatural forces and relied heavily on spiritual and magical practices to treat illness and drive away evil spirits. One of these practices was trephining, where holes were drilled into the skull of individuals to release evil spirits believed to be causing mental illness or other health issues.

The Apprentice Period in nursing history was characterized by the prominent role of religious orders, particularly Christian, who viewed caring for the sick as a spiritual calling. With no formal educational structure in place, aspiring nurses learned through apprenticeships, gaining practical skills and hands-on experience under the guidance of seasoned nurses. This era emphasized practical knowledge over theoretical understanding, laying the groundwork for the professionalization of nursing in later periods.

The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of Nursing.

Dorothy Johnson's Behavioral System Model provides a comprehensive view of the individual as an interconnected system, composed of internal subsystems (cells, tissues, organs) and external suprasystems (family, community, society). This model emphasizes that any disturbances or changes within these subsystems or suprasystems can affect the overall balance and well-being of the person. It highlights the importance of considering all aspects of a person's life, both internal and external, when providing nursing care.

Maslow considered self-actualization, the peak of his hierarchy of needs, to be the ultimate goal of human development and the essence of mental health. It represents a state of fulfillment and realizing one's full potential.

Jean Watson, in her Theory of Human Caring, defines caring as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a sense of commitment and responsibility. Watson’s theory emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the nurse and the patient, focusing on the holistic care approach that includes emotional, physical, and spiritual elements.

Dorothy Johnson postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence, and integration of the subsystems of the behavioral system. She developed the Behavioral System Model, which views the individual as a behavioral system composed of seven subsystems that interact to maintain stability. According to Johnson, health is achieved when these subsystems are organized, integrated, and interdependent, allowing the individual to function effectively within their environment.

Betty Neuman proposed the Health Care System Model, which emphasizes the importance of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in helping clients maintain stability against stressors. These stressors are categorized as intra (internal), inter (between individuals), and extra (external) factors. Neuman’s model stresses the role of nurses in helping individuals cope with and adapt to these various stressors in order to achieve optimal health.

Dorothea Orem defined health in terms of "soundness and wholeness of developed human structure and of bodily and mental functioning." In her Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, Orem emphasizes that health is a holistic concept, involving both the physical and mental aspects of a person. This theory centers on the ability of individuals to carry out self-care to sustain life, health, and overall well-being.

Patricia Benner is best known for her Novice to Expert Model, which emphasizes the importance of caring in nursing practice. According to Benner, caring is not only an essential part of nursing but also a process that helps patients cope with stress and illness. It involves understanding what matters to people—whether that’s related to individuals, events, or things—and helps nurses assess the patient’s needs and reactions to stress.

The Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) was founded on September 2, 1922, originally named the Filipino Nurses Association (FNA). This organization was established to unify Filipino nurses and advocate for their welfare, rights, and professional growth. The creation of the FNA, which later became the PNA, marked a significant milestone in nursing in the Philippines, as it became the leading organization dedicated to representing the interests of Filipino nurses nationally and internationally. The PNA has played a vital role in advancing nursing education, practice, and regulation, and it continues to be an influential voice in healthcare policy and nursing standards within the country.

Imogene King, in her Theory of Goal Attainment, defined health as a "dynamic state in the life cycle," reflecting a continuous process of achieving balance and harmony in a person's life. She described illness as an interference in the life cycle, disrupting the individual's ability to meet life goals and fulfill personal needs. King's perspective on health emphasized the importance of goal setting and interaction between patients and healthcare providers to restore balance and promote well-being.

Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.

According to Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model of Nursing, the concept of "man as a social being" refers to the idea that individuals are influenced by their environment, and they interact with others in ways that are both unique and similar to others. This aligns with her belief that humans are "like some other men", meaning that while people share certain aspects of social interaction and behavior, each person also has unique characteristics and experiences.

In Callista Roy's Adaptation Model, health is not merely the absence of disease but a dynamic and holistic state of integration. This model views individuals as adaptive systems that constantly interact with their environment. According to Roy, health is achieved when people can adapt to changes effectively, integrating their physical, emotional, and social dimensions to maintain overall well-being. Nurses play a crucial role in facilitating this adaptation process, helping individuals manage environmental changes to support health and growth.

Hildegard Peplau developed the Interpersonal Theory of Nursing, which stresses the importance of the nurse-client relationship in the healing process. Peplau believed nursing is an interpersonal process where both the nurse and the patient actively engage in a therapeutic relationship.

Betty Neuman, in her Systems Model, defined wellness as a condition where all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole system. She emphasized the importance of balance between various physiological, psychological, and social factors in maintaining health. According to Neuman, wellness is not just the absence of disease, but a dynamic state in which the individual’s systems function optimally, creating harmony across the various aspects of a person's life.

Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.

In the Philippines, the Nursing Code of Ethics (Board Resolution No. 220 series of 2004) mandates that nurses must be members of an accredited professional organization, which is the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA).

Irwin M. Becker is credited with formulating the Health Belief Model (HBM) in 1975. The Health Belief Model is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors by focusing on individuals' attitudes and beliefs toward health. The model suggests that people are more likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors if they perceive a personal threat to their health and believe that taking a particular action will reduce that threat.

Kristen Swanson developed the Theory of Caring which outlines five essential processes involved in caring: knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief. These processes serve as the foundation for building compassionate relationships between nurses and patients, ensuring that patients feel understood, supported, and empowered throughout their care.

Virginia Henderson introduced the Nature of Nursing Model, which emphasized the nurse’s role in assisting individuals to perform activities that contribute to health, recovery, and independence. Her model focuses on 14 basic needs that nurses help patients meet, which became a foundational concept in nursing practice.

While Anastacia Giron-Tupas is credited with founding the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) in 1922, it was Rosario Montenegro who served as its first president, leading the organization in its early years and setting the stage for its future growth and influence in the nursing profession in the Philippines.

Martha Rogers, in her Science of Unitary Human Beings theory, emphasized that health is defined as "wellness," which varies based on cultural and individual perspectives. Rogers viewed health as a value-laden term, meaning that wellness is relative and defined uniquely by each person and their cultural background. This concept highlights Rogers' holistic approach, where health and well-being are more than just physical states but are influenced by the individual’s personal, social, and cultural contexts.

Leonard Schulman and Seymour Mekler are known for their work in the area of moral development, particularly related to the ethical and moral decision-making process. Their contributions to moral development theory emphasize how individuals make decisions based on moral principles and how those principles evolve over time. Schulman and Mekler are less commonly referenced in comparison to figures like Kohlberg or Fowler, but their work in moral reasoning helped to shape the understanding of moral development in both children and adults, often focusing on the practical implications of ethics in various contexts.

Claude Bernard, a pioneering French physiologist, introduced the concept of the "internal milieu," or internal environment, as essential for maintaining health. He posited that a stable internal environment is vital for the proper functioning of the body, and that illness occurs when this balance is disrupted. Walter Bradford Cannon later expanded Bernard’s ideas by developing the concept of "homeostasis," which describes the body's ability to keep internal conditions stable amid external changes.

Boykin and Schoenhofer proposed the Grand Theory of Nursing as Caring. They view caring as a fundamental and universal aspect of human nature. The theory asserts that caring is a moral imperative and that all individuals, whether nurses or not, respond to a unique call to care for others in need.

John Peters proposed a moral theory based on principles, which include emotion, judgment, and behavior. He argued that moral principles evolve as people develop, with virtues such as kindness, honesty, and sincerity becoming ingrained in individuals, influencing their actions automatically.

Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.

Leddy and Pepper defined well-being as a subjective perception of balance, harmony, and vitality. Their model acknowledges the holistic nature of health, incorporating not only physical but also mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. In their framework, well-being is highly individual and can vary based on personal values, experiences, and cultural beliefs. This understanding supports the idea that care should be tailored to meet the unique needs and perceptions of each person, ensuring a more personalized and effective approach to health and wellness.

Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual's health preventive actions. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle and economic factors can affect the individual's ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. Accessibility of health care facilities and increase adherence to medical therapies are called Preventive Health Behaviors which enhances the individual's preventive capabilities.