Nurs 212a - pHarm (pH) - Chapters 1, 3, 4 (Intro, Toxicity, Management)

All of the above, including a hx with assessment, are the responsibilies of the nurse (notes).

Preclinical studies may be discarded for the following reasons: the chemical lacks therapeutic activity when used with living animals; the checmical is too toxic to living animals to be worth the risk of developing into drugs; the chemical is hightly teratogenic (causing adverse effects to the fetus); The safety margins are eso small that the chimcal would not be useful in the clinical settings (p. 8).

Phase I drugs may be rejected for the following reasons: they lack theraptuic effect in humans; they cause unacceptable adverse effects; they are highly teratogenic; they are too toxic (p. 8)

The trade name is also known as the brand name (p. 9).

In this phase, a drug may be discarded for the following reasons: It is less effective than anticipated; it is too toxic when used with patients; It produces unacceptable adverse effects; It has low benefit-to-risk ratio; It is no more effective than other drugs already on the market (p. 8).

Drugs that finish phase III studies are evaluated by the FDA, which relies on committees of experts familiar with the speciality area in which the drugs will be used. Only those drugs that receive FDA committee approval may be marketed. The entire drug development and approval process can take 5 to 6 years (p. 8-9).

A schedule I drug has a high abuse potential and mostly no accepted medical use (heroin, marijuana, LSD). A schedule V has limited abuse poteitnal. Primarily small amounts of narcotis (codeine) used as antitussives or antidiarrheals. The purchaser must be at least 18 years of age to purchase schedule V drugs (p. 11).

DRUGS are chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change. PHARMACOLOGY is the study of the biological effects of chemicals. PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS, or clinical pharmacology, is the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnsoe disease. Some drug effects are therapeutic, or helpful, but otherse are undesirable or potentially dangerous, this is called ADVERSE EFFECTS. GENETIC ENGINEERING is the process of altering DNA.

Phase IV studies refer to post-marketing surveillance studies that are conducted after a drug has been approved and is on the market. These studies aim to monitor the long-term safety and effectiveness of the drug in a larger population. In this phase, prescribers are required to report any adverse effects associated with the drug to the FDA, and the FDA continually evaluates this information to ensure the ongoing safety of the drug. Therefore, the given explanation accurately describes the purpose and process of Phase IV studies.

Toxicity is not necessarily an overdose (notes). To check for toxicity one should do the following: change in uniary pattern, elevated BUN, elecated creatinine, change in colour of urine or stool, elevated liver enzymes, etc.

CYTOTOXIC REACTION invovles antibodies that circulate in the BLOOD and attack ANTIGENS (the drug) on CELL SITES, causing death of that cell. This reaction is not immediate but may be seen over a few days (p. 35).

Would stimulate hives, rash, difficulty breathing, INCREASED BP, DILATED pupils, diaphoresis, "panic" feeling, INCREASED heart rate, and respiratory arrest (adrenergic stimulation) (p. 35).

Nursing interventions can be dependent, interdependent, or independent (notes, chapter 4).

A COMMUNITY MEDICATION ORDER includes: pt name, pt DOB, drug, dosage, route, frequency, special instruction, amount of medication to dispense (# of pills), number of refills. HOSPITAL MEDICATION ORDER includes: date of order, time or order, pt name, pt identifies (MRN, DOB), drug, dusage, route, frequency, special instructions (note, chapter 4).