IV Therapy Extended Scope

IV fluids are administered to provide volume replacement, which means replenishing the body's fluid levels in cases of dehydration or blood loss. They also provide a route for medication administration, as certain medications can be administered directly into the bloodstream through IV fluids. Additionally, IV fluids can provide electrolytes, which are essential for maintaining proper bodily functions. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

This statement is false because not all IV fluids have the same impact within the body. Different IV fluids have different compositions and can be used for various purposes such as rehydration, electrolyte balance, or medication administration. The choice of IV fluid depends on the specific needs of the patient and the desired outcome. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume that all IV fluids have the same impact within the body.

The correct answer is that all of the above are reasons why the label should be read on every IV bag. This is because different IV solutions can be packaged similarly, which can lead to confusion and potential errors if the label is not read. Additionally, the label contains important information such as the expiration date of the IV fluid, which is crucial for patient safety. Lastly, the name of the IV solution is also on the label, allowing healthcare professionals to ensure that the correct solution is being administered to the patient.

A hypertonic solution refers to a solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the body plasma. This means that there are more dissolved particles in the solution than in the body plasma. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink or shrivel. This occurs because water moves from an area of lower solute concentration (inside the cell) to an area of higher solute concentration (the hypertonic solution) in order to equalize the concentration on both sides of the cell membrane.

All of the options listed, colloids, crystalloids, and blood, are types of IV solutions. Colloids are solutions that contain larger particles, such as proteins or starches, which help to increase blood volume. Crystalloids are solutions that contain small molecules that can easily pass through cell membranes, such as saline or glucose solutions. Blood is a natural IV solution that contains red and white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Therefore, all of the options mentioned are valid types of IV solutions.

The tonicity of an IV solution refers to the concentration of the solution compared to the body plasma. This means that it describes how the solution's concentration of solutes compares to the concentration of solutes in the body's plasma. Tonicity is important because it determines whether a solution is hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic, which affects how the solution will interact with cells and potentially cause them to shrink or swell.

The correct answer is Normal saline solution and lactated Ringer's. These two fluids, normal saline solution and lactated Ringer's, are the most commonly used fluids for prehospital IV therapy. Normal saline solution is a crystalloid solution that contains sodium chloride in water, and it is used to replace fluid loss and maintain hydration. Lactated Ringer's is also a crystalloid solution that contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium lactate in water. It is used to replace fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance. Together, these two fluids provide a balanced solution for prehospital IV therapy.

A crystalloid solution typically contains sterile water and electrolytes. Electrolytes are essential minerals that carry an electric charge in the body and play a vital role in various bodily functions. They help maintain proper fluid balance, regulate pH levels, facilitate nerve and muscle function, and support other important physiological processes. Therefore, including electrolytes in a crystalloid solution ensures that the body receives the necessary minerals to maintain proper function and balance.

The most commonly administered IV fluid given prehospitally is not a colloid solution. This statement is false.

Osmosis is a process where water molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. This movement occurs to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane. Therefore, the statement that osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration of molecules and/or electrolytes to an area containing less concentration of molecules and/or electrolytes is true.

Lactated Ringer's is the crystalloid solution among the options provided. Hetastarch is a colloid solution, not a crystalloid. Blood and oxygen-carrying solution are not crystalloid solutions either. Lactated Ringer's is commonly used as a fluid replacement in medical settings due to its ability to restore electrolyte balance and provide hydration.

LR (Lactated Ringer's) solution contains potassium. It is a balanced electrolyte solution that contains sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions. LR is commonly used for fluid resuscitation and maintenance therapy. The other options, D5W (5% Dextrose in Water), 0.9 NS (0.9% Normal Saline), and D5 0.45 NS (5% Dextrose in 0.45% Normal Saline), do not contain potassium.

The correct answer is colloid solution. Colloid solutions contain large proteins and molecules, which differentiate them from crystalloid solutions. Crystalloid solutions consist of small molecules that can easily pass through blood vessels, while colloid solutions contain larger particles that remain in the blood vessels and help to increase blood volume and maintain blood pressure.

In IV therapy, the fluid used contains dissolved electrolytes, proteins, or other materials. The sterile water in which these substances are dissolved is referred to as the solvent. The solvent is the component that dissolves the solute, which in this case are the electrolytes, proteins, or other materials. The term tonicity refers to the osmotic pressure of a solution, concentration refers to the amount of solute present in a given volume, and solute refers to the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.

The correct answer is "The sodium is the solute." In an IV solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. In this case, the electrolyte sodium is being dissolved in the solution, making it the solute. The other options are incorrect because the sodium is not the solution itself (it is a component of the solution) and it is not the solvent (the liquid in which the solute is dissolved).

Fluid overload occurs when there is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the body. This can lead to an increase in heart rate (tachycardia) and elevated blood pressure as the body tries to compensate for the excess fluid. Respiratory distress is also a common sign of fluid overload, as the excess fluid can accumulate in the lungs and make it difficult to breathe. Therefore, the answer "tachycardia, elevated blood pressure and respiratory distress" is the correct choice as it accurately represents the signs of fluid overload.

When hypotonic solutions are administered to a normally hydrated patient, they will cause a movement of fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space and intracellular compartment. Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular and interstitial fluid, creating a concentration gradient that drives fluid movement. As a result, water will move into the cells and interstitial spaces, causing them to expand and potentially leading to cellular swelling.

Using an isotonic solution means that the concentration of solutes inside the solution is the same as the concentration of solutes inside the cells. This helps to maintain proper cell function and prevent damage. Whether the solutes in the solution are electrolytes or glucose molecules, as long as the solution is isotonic, it will not have a significant difference in its effect on the cells. Therefore, the statement is true.

Infusion of large amounts of isotonic IV fluids can result in hemodilution because isotonic fluids have the same concentration of solutes as blood plasma. This means that when isotonic fluids are infused, they do not cause a shift in fluid balance or osmotic pressure between the blood vessels and the surrounding tissues. As a result, the blood plasma remains at its normal concentration, but the total volume of blood increases due to the infusion. This increase in blood volume leads to hemodilution, where the concentration of red blood cells and other components of blood decreases.