Intravenous Therapy For Prehospital Providers - 30 Mins - EMT-p

Isotonic refers to a solution that has the same concentration of sodium as the cell. This means that the concentration of sodium inside the cell is balanced with the concentration of sodium outside the cell. In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane, resulting in the cell maintaining its normal shape and size.

The signs mentioned, such as fever, allergic reaction, acute lower back pain, hemolytic reaction, cyanosis, jugular vein distention, indicate a transfusion reaction. These signs are commonly associated with an adverse reaction to a blood transfusion, which can occur due to incompatible blood types or other complications during the transfusion process.

Pale, cool, clammy skin is a sign of the progressive phase of shock because it indicates that the body is diverting blood away from the skin and extremities to prioritize blood flow to vital organs. This vasoconstriction causes the skin to appear pale, cool, and clammy as the body tries to maintain core temperature. This is a characteristic sign of shock and indicates that the condition is worsening.

A hypotonic solution like D5W is needed for a patient on dialysis when diuretic therapy dehydrates the cells because it helps to rehydrate the cells by providing water and electrolytes in lower concentrations than the body's cells. This helps to restore the balance of fluids and prevent further dehydration.

When administering IV therapy to a geriatric patient, it is important to monitor closely to prevent fluid overloads. Geriatric patients may have compromised kidney function and may not be able to tolerate excessive fluid volume. Monitoring closely allows for early detection of any signs of fluid overload, such as shortness of breath or edema, and allows for prompt intervention to prevent complications. This is particularly important as geriatric patients may be more susceptible to fluid imbalances and may have a decreased ability to compensate for them.

Hydrogen is not an electrolyte that plays an important role in the body. Electrolytes are substances that conduct electric current when dissolved in water and are essential for various bodily functions. Bicarbonate, calcium, and sodium are all electrolytes that are involved in processes such as maintaining pH balance, muscle contraction, and nerve function. However, hydrogen is not typically considered an electrolyte in the body and does not have a significant role in electrolyte balance or cellular function.

The correct dosage administration of D50 for a child is ½ amp of D50 plus ½ amp normal saline. This combination ensures that the child receives both the necessary glucose from the D50 and the hydration from the normal saline. It is important to provide a balanced solution to prevent any imbalances in the child's electrolytes and maintain their overall fluid status.

If a hematoma appears to be controlled and the flow of the IV is not affected, it is safe to monitor the IV site and keep the line in place. This means that the bleeding has stopped or is under control, and the IV can continue to deliver fluids or medications without any issues. Removing the IV line in this situation may not be necessary and can cause unnecessary discomfort or disruption to the patient. Therefore, it is appropriate to leave the line in place and closely observe the IV site for any changes or complications.

When selecting an IV site, it is important to avoid areas where the vein crosses over joints. This is because the movement of the joint can cause irritation and damage to the vein, making it more difficult to insert and maintain the IV. It is recommended to choose a site where the vein is not subjected to excessive movement or pressure to ensure successful and safe IV administration.

Slowing down the IV rate is not the correct action to take in the event of an allergic reaction to an IV medication. When an allergic reaction occurs, it is important to discontinue the IV and remove the solution to prevent further exposure to the allergen. Leaving the catheter in place can also increase the risk of complications. Monitoring ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation) and vital signs is crucial to ensure the patient's safety and to detect any worsening symptoms. However, slowing the IV rate will not address the underlying allergic reaction and may delay the necessary interventions.

The statement is false because isotonic crystalloid solutions are typically used to expand the volume of blood plasma, not to replace red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen and other important substances throughout the body, and they cannot be replaced with isotonic crystalloid solutions. Therefore, more than 2 mL of isotonic crystalloid solution would be needed to replace 1 mL of patient blood.

Decreased urine output leads to the retention of metabolic waste products, including hydrogen ions (H+). This increase in H+ concentration in the body leads to acidosis, which is a condition characterized by an imbalance in the body's pH towards acidity. Acidosis can have various causes, and decreased urine output is one of them. The increase in HCO3- (bicarbonate) mentioned in the question is not directly related to decreased urine output and does not lead to alkalosis, as the answer suggests.

If a patient's respiratory rate is too high, it can lead to alkalosis. Alkalosis is a condition characterized by an excessive level of alkalinity in the blood, which can occur when there is an excessive elimination of carbon dioxide through rapid breathing. This can disrupt the balance of acid and base in the body, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, muscle twitching, and tingling sensations.