IV Therapy And Blood Withdrawal

1. may be referred to as a hep lock or peripheral lock. this is the process of creating positvie pressure in the IV catheter with saline in order to prevent occlussion at the IV site. there is no running IV

Phlebitis

Saline lock

Isotonic

Whole blood

A saline lock, also known as a hep lock or peripheral lock, is a procedure where positive pressure is created in an IV catheter using saline. This is done to prevent occlusion at the IV site when there is no running IV. Phlebitis, isotonic, and whole blood are not related to the process of creating positive pressure in an IV catheter with saline.

Explanation

A saline lock, also known as a hep lock or peripheral lock, is a procedure where positive pressure is created in an IV catheter using saline. This is done to prevent occlusion at the IV site when there is no running IV. Phlebitis, isotonic, and whole blood are not related to the process of creating positive pressure in an IV catheter with saline.

2. True or false: If you are using an over-the-needle catheter to start an IV on a pediatric patient, gauges of 22 to 24 are the best choices for insertions

True

False

When starting an IV on a pediatric patient using an over-the-needle catheter, gauges of 22 to 24 are the best choices for insertions. These gauges are smaller in size, making them more suitable for pediatric patients who have smaller veins. A smaller gauge reduces the risk of causing discomfort or complications during the insertion process. Therefore, the statement "If you are using an over-the-needle catheter to start an IV on a pediatric patient, gauges of 22 to 24 are the best choices for insertions" is true.

Explanation

When starting an IV on a pediatric patient using an over-the-needle catheter, gauges of 22 to 24 are the best choices for insertions. These gauges are smaller in size, making them more suitable for pediatric patients who have smaller veins. A smaller gauge reduces the risk of causing discomfort or complications during the insertion process. Therefore, the statement "If you are using an over-the-needle catheter to start an IV on a pediatric patient, gauges of 22 to 24 are the best choices for insertions" is true.

3. Which of the following are signs of shock?

Patient appears to bounce back to normal

Development of postural hypotension

Pale, cool, clammy skin

750 mL blood loss

Pale, cool, clammy skin is a sign of shock. In cases of shock, the body's blood vessels constrict, causing blood to be redirected to vital organs. This can result in pale skin due to decreased blood flow. The body also responds by diverting blood away from the skin to maintain core temperature, leading to cool and clammy skin. These symptoms indicate poor circulation and a potentially life-threatening condition. The other options provided, such as the patient appearing to bounce back to normal and the development of postural hypotension, do not directly indicate shock.

Explanation

Pale, cool, clammy skin is a sign of shock. In cases of shock, the body's blood vessels constrict, causing blood to be redirected to vital organs. This can result in pale skin due to decreased blood flow. The body also responds by diverting blood away from the skin to maintain core temperature, leading to cool and clammy skin. These symptoms indicate poor circulation and a potentially life-threatening condition. The other options provided, such as the patient appearing to bounce back to normal and the development of postural hypotension, do not directly indicate shock.

4. True or False: LVN's can hang IV fluids that contain potassium?

True

False

LVN's (Licensed Vocational Nurses) are not authorized to hang IV fluids that contain potassium. This task is typically performed by Registered Nurses (RNs) or other healthcare professionals with specialized training and qualifications. Hanging IV fluids with potassium requires specific knowledge and skills to ensure safe administration and prevent potential complications. Therefore, the statement "LVN's can hang IV fluids that contain potassium" is false.

Explanation

LVN's (Licensed Vocational Nurses) are not authorized to hang IV fluids that contain potassium. This task is typically performed by Registered Nurses (RNs) or other healthcare professionals with specialized training and qualifications. Hanging IV fluids with potassium requires specific knowledge and skills to ensure safe administration and prevent potential complications. Therefore, the statement "LVN's can hang IV fluids that contain potassium" is false.

5. True or false: 2 mL of isotonic crystalloid solution are needed to replace 1 mL of patient blood

True

False

False. The statement is incorrect because isotonic crystalloid solution cannot replace patient blood in a 1:2 ratio. Blood is a complex mixture of cells, proteins, and other components that cannot be fully replicated by a crystalloid solution. Additionally, the volume of blood lost or needing replacement cannot be accurately determined based on a fixed ratio, as it depends on various factors such as the patient's condition and the specific situation.

Explanation

False. The statement is incorrect because isotonic crystalloid solution cannot replace patient blood in a 1:2 ratio. Blood is a complex mixture of cells, proteins, and other components that cannot be fully replicated by a crystalloid solution. Additionally, the volume of blood lost or needing replacement cannot be accurately determined based on a fixed ratio, as it depends on various factors such as the patient's condition and the specific situation.

6. Which of the following should not be done in the event of an allergic reaction to an IV medication?

Slow the IV rate

Discontinue the IV and remove the solution

Leave the catheter in place

Monitor ABCs and vital signs

In the event of an allergic reaction to an IV medication, it is important to slow down the IV rate because this can help reduce the severity of the reaction. Slowing down the rate of administration can help minimize the amount of medication entering the bloodstream, thereby reducing the allergic response. Discontinuing the IV and removing the solution is also a correct action to take as it stops the administration of the medication causing the reaction. Leaving the catheter in place allows for continued access in case emergency medications or interventions are needed. Monitoring ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation) and vital signs is crucial to assess the patient's condition and response to the allergic reaction.

Explanation

In the event of an allergic reaction to an IV medication, it is important to slow down the IV rate because this can help reduce the severity of the reaction. Slowing down the rate of administration can help minimize the amount of medication entering the bloodstream, thereby reducing the allergic response. Discontinuing the IV and removing the solution is also a correct action to take as it stops the administration of the medication causing the reaction. Leaving the catheter in place allows for continued access in case emergency medications or interventions are needed. Monitoring ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation) and vital signs is crucial to assess the patient's condition and response to the allergic reaction.

7. “Decreased urine output leads to __________, which leads to an increase in HCO₃^-, which leads to __________.”

An increase in H+, acidosis

An increase in CO2, acidosis

A decrease in H+, alkalosis

A decrease in CO2, acidosis

A decreased urine output can lead to a buildup of waste products in the body, including hydrogen ions (H+). This increase in H+ can disrupt the balance of pH in the body, causing acidosis. Acidosis refers to a condition where there is an excess of acid in the body fluids.

Explanation

A decreased urine output can lead to a buildup of waste products in the body, including hydrogen ions (H+). This increase in H+ can disrupt the balance of pH in the body, causing acidosis. Acidosis refers to a condition where there is an excess of acid in the body fluids.

8. True or false: a hypotonic solution such as D₅W may be needed for a patient on dialysis when diuretic therapy dehydrates the cells

True

False

A hypotonic solution such as D5W is not needed for a patient on dialysis when diuretic therapy dehydrates the cells. In fact, a hypertonic solution is typically used in this situation to help rehydrate the cells and restore the balance of electrolytes. A hypotonic solution would further dilute the cells and exacerbate the dehydration. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Explanation

A hypotonic solution such as D5W is not needed for a patient on dialysis when diuretic therapy dehydrates the cells. In fact, a hypertonic solution is typically used in this situation to help rehydrate the cells and restore the balance of electrolytes. A hypotonic solution would further dilute the cells and exacerbate the dehydration. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

9. Which of the following describes the term "isotonic?"

A solution that has the same concentration of sodium as does the cell

The natural tendency for substances to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A solution that has a higher concentration of potassium than does the cell

A solution that has a lower concentration of sodium than the cell

Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solutes, such as sodium, as the cell. This balance prevents net movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining cell volume and shape. Isotonicity is crucial for cellular function, ensuring stability and preventing excessive swelling or shrinkage of cells.

Explanation

Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solutes, such as sodium, as the cell. This balance prevents net movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining cell volume and shape. Isotonicity is crucial for cellular function, ensuring stability and preventing excessive swelling or shrinkage of cells.

10. Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte that plays an important role in the body? "

Sodium

Potassium

Glucose

Chloride

Glucose is not an electrolyte that plays a direct role in conducting electrical signals in the body. Electrolytes are ions (charged particles) that can conduct electricity, and they include sodium, potassium, chloride, and others. Glucose is a sugar and a source of energy, but it does not carry an electric charge and is not classified as an electrolyte.

Explanation

Glucose is not an electrolyte that plays a direct role in conducting electrical signals in the body. Electrolytes are ions (charged particles) that can conduct electricity, and they include sodium, potassium, chloride, and others. Glucose is a sugar and a source of energy, but it does not carry an electric charge and is not classified as an electrolyte.

11. When administering IV therapy to a geriatric patient, you should:

Use a varicose vein

Use a small gauge catheter

Monitor closely to prevent fluid overloads

Avoid the use of tape

When administering IV therapy to a geriatric patient, it is important to use a small gauge catheter. Geriatric patients often have fragile veins, so using a small gauge catheter reduces the risk of causing damage or discomfort during insertion. Additionally, monitoring the patient closely is necessary to prevent fluid overloads, as geriatric patients may have compromised kidney function and are more susceptible to fluid imbalances. Lastly, avoiding the use of tape is recommended because geriatric patients have delicate skin that can easily be damaged or irritated by adhesive materials.

Explanation

When administering IV therapy to a geriatric patient, it is important to use a small gauge catheter. Geriatric patients often have fragile veins, so using a small gauge catheter reduces the risk of causing damage or discomfort during insertion. Additionally, monitoring the patient closely is necessary to prevent fluid overloads, as geriatric patients may have compromised kidney function and are more susceptible to fluid imbalances. Lastly, avoiding the use of tape is recommended because geriatric patients have delicate skin that can easily be damaged or irritated by adhesive materials.

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12. In selecting an IV site, you should:

Avoid areas that have a round appearance

Avoid areas where the vein crosses over joints

Generally use large, protruding veins

Avoid veins that appear firm when palpated

When selecting an IV site, it is important to avoid areas where the vein crosses over joints because movement of the joint can cause irritation and dislodgement of the IV catheter. Additionally, it is important to avoid veins that appear firm when palpated as this can indicate thrombosis or inflammation, which can make it difficult to successfully insert and maintain an IV catheter. Generally, using large, protruding veins is preferred as they are easier to access and have better blood flow.

Explanation

When selecting an IV site, it is important to avoid areas where the vein crosses over joints because movement of the joint can cause irritation and dislodgement of the IV catheter. Additionally, it is important to avoid veins that appear firm when palpated as this can indicate thrombosis or inflammation, which can make it difficult to successfully insert and maintain an IV catheter. Generally, using large, protruding veins is preferred as they are easier to access and have better blood flow.

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