Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, And Cellular Energy

Explanation
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from primitive prokaryotes because they both have their own DNA, reproduce independently within cells, and have similar membrane structures to certain types of bacteria. This suggests that they were once free-living organisms that were engulfed by larger cells and eventually formed a symbiotic relationship with them. This theory is known as endosymbiotic theory and is widely accepted in the scientific community.

Explanation
The nuclei and plastids of eukaryotic cells also have double membranes.

Explanation
CO2 and H2O produced during cellular respiration (Krebs) are used as starting reactants in photosynthesis. The waste O2 produced during photosynthesis is vital to the electron transport chain.

Explanation
The internal membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a highly folded structure, which increases their surface area. This increased surface area allows for more reactions to occur, as it provides a larger area for enzymes and other molecules to interact with. This is important for both organelles, as they are involved in energy production and other metabolic processes. Therefore, the statement that the internal membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts help increase surface area for reactions is true.

Explanation
Only chloroplasts have lamellae, linking grana one to another.

Explanation
In cell metabolism, glycolysis and ETC are both organized as cascades; Krebs Cycle is, of course, cyclical. In photosynthesis, the Light Reactions are essentially a cascade, while the Light independent reactions are a cycle, the Calvin cycle.

Explanation
Reversed! Mitochondria = Matrix, Chloroplast = stroma.

Explanation
This is a simjple definition of the Krebs' Cycle

Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that chloroplasts do rely on pigment molecules, such as chlorophyll, which act as enzymes to capture light energy for photosynthesis. These pigment molecules are embedded in the internal membrane of the chloroplast and are organized into clusters called photosystems. These photosystems are responsible for capturing light energy and initiating the electron transport chain, which is essential for the production of ATP and NADPH during photosynthesis. Therefore, the statement "The chloroplast relies on pigment molecules, acting as enzymes, embedded in an internal membrane. They are arranged in clusters called photosystems, something like an electron transport chain might be" is true.

Explanation
The two processes need one another. The H+ accumulated by electron transport move through ATP Synthase (chemiosmosis) in order to enable ATP Synthesis (ADP + Pi --> ATP)

Explanation
The statement is true because the internal membranes of chloroplasts are indeed called thylakoids, which are responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. On the other hand, the internal membranes of mitochondria are called cristae, which are involved in the production of ATP through cellular respiration.

Explanation
The correct order is: NADH dehydrogenase,then Ubiquinone,and finally the Cytochrome proteins,

Explanation
Both the photosystems and the electron transport chain are bound within membranes inside the organelles.

Explanation
Photosynthesis requires NADPH, a phosphorylated version of NADH. It is, however, correct that both systems need electron carrier molecules.

Explanation
The correct answer is Thylakoids and Granum. Thylakoids are the membrane structures found within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. They are stacked together to form structures called Granum. Granum is a stack of thylakoids and is responsible for increasing the surface area available for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. Therefore, the structures labelled E and F in the diagram are Thylakoids and Granum, respectively.

Explanation
Krebs occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

Explanation
Protons accumulate in the intermembrane space. This space fills the cristae.

Explanation
The inner membrane, folded into many cristae, has countless ETC's

Explanation
bazinga.

Explanation
O2 is a byproduct of photosynthesis, and it is a vital reactant in cellular respiration.

Explanation
They're both roughly the same size, which is about the size of a bacterium. This reinforces theories on their bacterial origins.

Explanation
The correct answer is CO2 & H2O because these are the only two identities that can form a balanced chemical equation. When carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) react, they can produce carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can then dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). This reaction is commonly observed in the human body during respiration, where CO2 is produced and exhaled as a waste product.

Explanation
Honestly, if you don't recognize glucose by now, I can't help you.

Explanation
Plant cells have both organelles. Animal cells do only have mitochondria.

Explanation
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This means that photosynthesis ends with the production of glucose. On the other hand, cell metabolism is the process by which cells break down glucose to generate energy. Therefore, cell metabolism starts with glucose. Hence, the statement is true.