AP Biology Chapter 4 Online Quiz

Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they are the major site of energy production. They generate energy in the form of ATP through a process called cellular respiration. This process involves breaking down glucose and other organic molecules to release energy. Mitochondria have their own DNA and are capable of self-replication, indicating their evolutionary origin as independent organisms that formed a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells.

The correct answer is a feature of plant cells, but not animal cells. This is because cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that provides rigidity and support to plant cells. It forms the cell wall, which is a distinguishing feature of plant cells. Animal cells, on the other hand, do not have a cell wall made of cellulose. They have a flexible cell membrane instead.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight and uses it to produce glucose. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts because they obtain energy through other means, such as consuming plants or other animals. Therefore, chloroplasts are a unique feature of plant cells and are not found in animal cells.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes necessary for the digestion of ingested materials. These enzymes break down various substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes play a crucial role in the degradation of cellular waste, the recycling of cellular components, and the defense against invading pathogens. They are responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating the breakdown and recycling of molecules.

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The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins in the cell for export. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars, lipids, or other molecules. It then packages these modified proteins into vesicles and sends them to their final destination, either within the cell or outside of it. The Golgi Apparatus plays a crucial role in protein trafficking and secretion, making it the correct answer for this question.

The plasma membrane is a feature of all cells because it is a vital component that surrounds and encloses the cell, acting as a barrier between the cell's internal environment and the external environment. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintains cell shape and integrity, and plays a crucial role in cell signaling and communication. Therefore, every cell, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, plant or animal, possesses a plasma membrane.

Cells that secrete a large amount of lipids require a higher amount of smooth ER's compared to cells that do not secrete lipids. Smooth ER's are responsible for lipid synthesis and metabolism, and their increased presence in these cells indicates their role in producing and processing lipids. This is supported by the fact that rough ER's are involved in protein synthesis and lysosomes are involved in waste disposal, while peroxisomes and plastids have different functions unrelated to lipid secretion.

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If all the lysosomes within a cell suddenly ruptured, the most likely result would be that the macromolecules in the cytosol would begin to break down. Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion and breakdown of cellular waste and debris. Without intact lysosomes, the cell would lose its ability to properly break down and recycle macromolecules, leading to their accumulation and potential damage to the cell. This can disrupt normal cellular function and potentially lead to cell death or dysfunction.

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Based on the data presented, the specimens that can definitely be classified as eukaryotes are S1, S2, S5, W2, and W4. This is because they all have a nucleus, which is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells. The presence or absence of other characteristics such as cell wall, chlorophyll, mitochondria, and flagella does not determine whether a specimen is eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Therefore, the correct answer is S1, S2, S5, W2, and W4 only.

Transport vesicles containing proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) travel to the cell membrane. This is because the RER is responsible for protein synthesis, and once the proteins are synthesized, they are packaged into transport vesicles to be transported to their final destination. The cell membrane is a crucial site for protein secretion and cell signaling, so it makes sense for the transport vesicles to deliver the proteins there. The other options, such as the cis face of the Golgi Body, smooth ER, and nucleus, are not the typical destinations for proteins from the RER.

Based on the data presented, specimens can be classified as prokaryotes if they have a cell wall, absence of a nucleus, absence of chlorophyll, absence of mitochondria, and absence of a flagellum. From the given data, specimens S3, S4, W1, and W3 meet these criteria and can be classified as prokaryotes.

The correct answer is "I only" because in part I of the cell, which is the mitochondria, the majority of energy is produced through the process of cellular respiration. This process requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. The other parts mentioned in the options (II, IV) do not play a direct role in energy production or oxygen utilization.