Bio 2 Warm-up Quiz #9

Hydrogen bonds give water many properties that are important to living things. These bonds are formed between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another water molecule. This results in a cohesive force that holds water molecules together, giving water a high surface tension. Hydrogen bonds also give water a high boiling point and specific heat capacity, allowing it to absorb and release heat slowly. Additionally, hydrogen bonds contribute to water's ability to dissolve many substances, making it a versatile solvent for biological processes.

The structure shown in the diagram is most likely a cell membrane. The cell membrane is responsible for regulating what goes in and out of a cell, controlling the movement of substances such as ions, nutrients, and waste products. It acts as a barrier, allowing certain molecules to pass through while preventing others from entering or leaving the cell. This regulation is essential for maintaining the cell's internal environment and ensuring its proper functioning.

Transport proteins are responsible for facilitating the movement of molecules across cell membranes. They can either assist in passive transport, where molecules move down their concentration gradient without requiring energy, or active transport, where molecules are moved against their concentration gradient and require energy. Therefore, transport proteins play a role in both passive and active transport.

In step 2 of the lock-and-key model of enzyme function, the enzyme is creating bonds between the substrates. This means that the enzyme is facilitating the formation of chemical bonds between the substrates, which is an important step in the catalyzed reaction. This process allows the substrates to undergo a chemical transformation and form a product.

Exocytosis is the process by which cells release large amounts of material. It involves the fusion of vesicles containing the material with the cell membrane, leading to the release of the contents outside the cell. This process is important for various cellular functions such as neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and removal of waste materials. Therefore, exocytosis is the correct answer to the question as it accurately describes the cellular mechanism for removing large amounts of material.

Water molecules are polar, with a positively charged end and a negatively charged end. Therefore, they are attracted to the polar heads of the phospholipids in the membrane. Since the polar heads are arranged on the outside of the membrane, water molecules would most likely be found on the outside (A) and on the inside (C) of the membrane.

NADH and FADH2 are the electron carriers produced during cellular respiration. These electron carriers donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. As the electrons pass through the electron transport chain, they combine with hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O). Therefore, the hydrogen atoms used to form water come from NADH and FADH2.

The structures labeled B would be made up of protein because proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acids. They are involved in various biological functions and can form complex structures such as enzymes, antibodies, and structural components of cells and tissues.

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The abiotic characteristics of the habitat changed. This explanation suggests that the transformation of the mountain pond into a meadow was due to changes in the non-living factors of the environment, such as temperature, water availability, and soil composition. These changes likely created a new set of conditions that favored the establishment and growth of different communities of organisms. It is plausible that the original species did not become extinct, but rather were unable to adapt to the new abiotic conditions, leading to the replacement of the older communities by new ones.

The statement "New cells are produced by division of existing cells" supports the cell theory as it is stated today because it aligns with the fundamental principle of cell division and reproduction. According to the cell theory, cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division. This concept is a key component of the modern understanding of cellular biology and is supported by extensive scientific evidence.

During the last part of M phase in an animal cell, the cleavage furrow would begin developing. The cleavage furrow is a shallow groove that forms around the equator of the cell during cytokinesis. It is responsible for dividing the cytoplasm of the cell into two daughter cells. The formation of the cleavage furrow is essential for the completion of cell division in animal cells.

Eukaryotes use cellular respiration for their cellular energy needs. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, the main source of energy for cellular activities. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists, all of which have complex cellular structures and organelles, such as mitochondria, where cellular respiration takes place. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, such as bacteria and archaea, do not have mitochondria and rely on other metabolic processes for energy production. Therefore, eukaryotes are the correct answer.

When graphing experimental results, the dependent variable should be placed onto the y-axis. The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed and is expected to change in response to the independent variable. By placing the dependent variable on the y-axis, we can visually represent the relationship between the independent and dependent variables and observe any patterns or trends in the data.

The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, provides the electron transport chain with the energy it needs to function. During the Krebs Cycle, high-energy electrons are produced and transferred to carrier molecules. These carrier molecules then donate the electrons to the electron transport chain, which uses the energy from the electrons to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. Therefore, the Krebs Cycle plays a crucial role in providing the energy necessary for the electron transport chain to function in cellular respiration.