Nmt Final Part 2

During a thyroid uptake procedure, the nonthyroidal body background measurement is obtained over the thigh. This is because the thigh is a suitable location to measure the background radiation levels that are not related to the thyroid gland. The thigh is a convenient and easily accessible area to place the detector and obtain accurate readings for background radiation. The other options such as the stomach, skull, and lumbar spine are not typically used for this purpose and may not provide accurate measurements.

Before a package containing radioactive materials can be returned to a vendor, it is necessary to perform a wipe test to ensure that there is no surface contamination. This is important because surface contamination can pose a risk to the individuals handling the package and also to the environment. By performing a wipe test, any potential contamination can be identified and appropriate measures can be taken to safely handle and transport the package.

The correct answer is to proceed with the examination. F18 - FDG imaging is a type of positron emission tomography (PET) scan that measures the metabolic activity in the body. A blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL is within the normal range and does not require any intervention. Therefore, the technologist should continue with the examination as scheduled.

A blood glucose level of 200mg/dL is a contradiction for performing the study with [18F]FDG for PET imaging because high blood glucose levels can interfere with the uptake of [18F]FDG in cells. [18F]FDG is a radiopharmaceutical that is taken up by cells in proportion to their glucose metabolism. When blood glucose levels are high, cells may preferentially take up glucose from the bloodstream instead of [18F]FDG, leading to reduced uptake of the radiotracer and potentially affecting the accuracy of the PET imaging results.

Dipyridamole is a medication that can cause adverse effects such as headache, dizziness, and flushing. Aminophylline is a bronchodilator that is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. It also has the ability to counteract the adverse effects of dipyridamole by relaxing the smooth muscles and improving blood flow. Therefore, the administration of aminophylline is the appropriate treatment for the adverse effects induced by dipyridamole.

During a radioiodine thyroid uptake procedure, nonthyroidal (body) background measurements are taken to determine the amount of radioactive iodine present in the body outside of the thyroid gland. These measurements are important to accurately calculate the thyroid uptake. The thigh is a suitable location for taking these measurements as it is a distant area from the thyroid gland and is representative of the body's overall background radiation levels.

Radionuclide cystography performed by the direct method requires catheterization of the patient. This is because the direct method involves inserting a catheter into the patient's bladder to directly inject the tracer. Intravenous injection of the tracer is not required in this method. The use of a renal agent and administration of furosemide may be used in other types of imaging tests, but they are not specifically required for radionuclide cystography performed by the direct method.

Tc99m exametazime is a radiopharmaceutical tracer that is commonly used in nuclear medicine imaging to evaluate cerebral blood flow. In the context of confirming brain death, Tc99m exametazime can be used to assess cerebral perfusion. In brain death, there is a complete and irreversible loss of all cerebral and brainstem functions, including cerebral blood flow. By injecting Tc99m exametazime and performing a brain perfusion scan, it can be determined if there is absence of cerebral blood flow, thus confirming brain death. Therefore, Tc99m exametazime is a suitable tracer to confirm brain death.

Counting cotton gauze that has been placed in a patient's nose after intrathecal tracer administration is most useful when rhinorrhea is suspected. Rhinorrhea refers to the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the nose, which can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, infection, or a CSF leak. By counting the cotton gauze, healthcare professionals can assess the amount of CSF leakage and monitor the condition of the patient. This can help in diagnosing and managing rhinorrhea effectively.

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Furosemide is sometimes administered during renal imaging to rule out ureteropelvic obstruction. This is because furosemide is a loop diuretic that works by increasing urine output, which can help identify any blockages or obstructions in the ureter or pelvis of the kidney. By administering furosemide, healthcare professionals can assess the flow of urine and determine if there are any abnormalities or obstructions present in the urinary system.

When furosemide is administered near the end of a renal function study, it acts as a diuretic and increases urine production. This increased urine flow helps to clear radioactivity from the renal pelvis into the bladder. Furosemide works by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion of water and electrolytes. As a result, any radioactivity present in the renal pelvis is flushed out into the bladder through the increased urine flow.

Thallium chloride is known to redistribute within the body, which means it can move from one area to another. This characteristic can be advantageous in certain medical applications, as it allows for the targeted delivery of the thallium to specific areas or organs in the body. This redistribution property of thallium chloride can be utilized to enhance diagnostic imaging or therapeutic treatments.

A planar view of the feet would best demonstrate an abnormality in the calcaneus because it provides a clear and detailed image of the bones in the feet, including the calcaneus. This view allows for a comprehensive evaluation of any abnormalities or fractures in the calcaneus, making it the most suitable option for detecting abnormalities in this specific bone. The other options, such as the lateral views of the patella, postvoid image of the pelvis, and anterior view of the distal humerus and radius, are not focused on the calcaneus and would not provide the same level of detail or accuracy in detecting abnormalities in this bone.

Epiphyseal plates are growth plates located at the ends of long bones in children and adolescents. These plates are responsible for bone growth and are typically active during the growth phase. In adults, the epiphyseal plates have already fused and turned into solid bone, so they would not normally appear as an area of increased activity on a bone image. Therefore, the correct answer is Epiphyseal plates.

The most likely explanation for tracer concentration in the stomach, thyroid, and salivary glands on a bone image is that the tracer contained unbound [99mTc]pertechnetate. This suggests that the tracer was not properly bound or metabolized, leading to its accumulation in these specific areas. This could be due to a malfunction in the tracer itself or an issue with the patient's metabolism.

Tc99m macroaggregated albumin and Xe133 gas are the correct pair of radiopharmaceuticals that can be used for lung perfusion and ventilation imaging. Tc99m macroaggregated albumin is injected into the bloodstream and is used to assess lung perfusion, while Xe133 gas is inhaled and is used to assess lung ventilation. Together, these two radiopharmaceuticals provide a comprehensive evaluation of lung function and can help diagnose conditions such as pulmonary embolism or lung disease.

A flat-field collimator is the most appropriate collimator to use when performing a radioiodine thyroid uptake with an uptake probe. This type of collimator allows for a uniform sensitivity across the entire field of view, which is important for accurately measuring the uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid. The other collimators listed, such as low-energy, high-sensitivity parallel-hole collimator, converging collimator, and straight-bore collimator, are not specifically designed for this type of procedure and may not provide the desired sensitivity or uniformity.

The most effective way of controlling the spread of infectious disease in a hospital setting is by washing hands both before and after patient contact. This is because hands are a common mode of transmission for pathogens, and proper hand hygiene can help prevent the transfer of these pathogens from one patient to another. Wearing gloves, mask, and hospital gown can provide additional protection, but they are not as effective as hand washing. Staying home when ill and maintaining distance for each patient are also important measures, but they do not directly address the issue of hand hygiene.

Urinary catheterization for incontinent patients is the correct radiation safety measure to be used when performing Sr89 therapy. Incontinent patients may have difficulty controlling their bladder, which can lead to contamination of the environment with radioactive material. By using urinary catheterization, the patient's urine can be collected in a closed system, preventing the spread of radiation. This measure helps to protect both the patient and healthcare providers from unnecessary radiation exposure.

Gastric emptying is the process of measuring how quickly food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. In this procedure, a radiopharmaceutical is administered orally, meaning it is taken by mouth. The radiopharmaceutical is then tracked as it moves through the digestive system, allowing doctors to assess the rate of gastric emptying. This procedure cannot be performed by administering the radiopharmaceutical through other routes such as injection or inhalation. Therefore, the correct answer is gastric emptying.

The first-pass method for performing cardiac function imaging has several advantages, including short acquisition time, low background activity, and the ability to choose different radiopharmaceuticals. However, it does not offer the advantage of obtaining multiple views with just one tracer dose. This means that in order to obtain multiple views, multiple tracer doses would need to be administered, which can be time-consuming and potentially increase the risk for the patient.

The reason it is safe to block a portion of the pulmonary circulation with MAA particles in patients with symptoms of pulmonary emboli is because the number of injected particles is very small compared to the number of available precapillary arterioles. This means that even though some arterioles may be blocked, there are still plenty of other arterioles available for blood flow, ensuring that the overall circulation is not significantly compromised.

Patient preparation for I-131 therapy includes following a low iodine diet for 1 week prior to the therapy. This is because iodine can interfere with the uptake of radioactive iodine, which is the purpose of the therapy. By avoiding iodine-rich foods, the patient's body will have a higher chance of absorbing the radioactive iodine and targeting the thyroid cells that need to be treated.

Morphine is administered during hepatobiliary imaging to cause the Sphincter of Oddi to contract. The Sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine. By causing the sphincter to contract, morphine helps to prevent the flow of bile into the small intestine, allowing for better visualization of the hepatobiliary system during imaging.

Having a standardized meal size and composition is important in a gastric-emptying scan because it can affect the rate of gastric emptying. The purpose of a gastric-emptying scan is to measure how quickly food moves through the stomach. By using a standardized meal size and composition, the scan can accurately assess the rate at which the stomach empties. If the meal size or composition varies, it can introduce variables that may impact the rate of gastric emptying and therefore affect the accuracy of the scan results.

Tc99m pentetate aerosol is administered using a face mask, which means that the patient wears the mask during the procedure. The aerosol is inhaled by the patient and is likely to be found in areas close to the patient's respiratory system, such as around the patient's mouth and on the patient's chest. Additionally, some of the aerosol may settle on the floor between the patient and nebulizer due to gravity. However, the technologist administering the procedure is not directly exposed to the aerosol, so contamination is unlikely to be found on their hands.

Dipyridamole is a medication used to prevent blood clots. However, it can also cause adverse effects such as headache, flushing, and low blood pressure. Aminophylline is a medication that can be used to counteract these adverse effects. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways and blood vessels, which can help alleviate symptoms such as headache and low blood pressure. Therefore, the administration of aminophylline is the appropriate treatment for the adverse effects induced by dipyridamole.

Dipyridamole has the longest plasma half-life among the given options. Plasma half-life refers to the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the plasma to decrease by half. Dipyridamole is a vasodilator that inhibits the uptake of adenosine, resulting in increased levels of adenosine in the body. It has a half-life of approximately 10 hours, which is longer compared to the other options such as adenosine, dobutamine, and nitroglycerin.

An ideal myocardial perfusion agent should have high first-pass myocardial extraction proportional to blood flow, an adequate imaging window, and a high target-to-nontarget ratio. However, the ability to complete both rest and stress imaging in 2 days is not a characteristic of an ideal myocardial perfusion agent. This is because it typically takes longer to complete both rest and stress imaging, as they are usually done on separate days to allow for proper evaluation and comparison of the results.

Cardiac arrhythmia is most likely to interfere with performing a left ventricular ejection fraction using the gated equilibrium technique. Cardiac arrhythmia refers to abnormal heart rhythms, which can disrupt the synchronization required for accurate measurements during the technique. This can lead to inaccurate results and difficulty in assessing the left ventricular ejection fraction. Doxorubicin toxicity, cardiomyopathy, and coronary artery disease may affect the heart's function but are less likely to directly interfere with the technique itself.

An increase in circulating thyroid hormone signals that there is already enough thyroid hormone in the body. In response to this, the pituitary gland reduces the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to prevent further production of thyroid hormone. Therefore, an increase in circulating thyroid hormone will cause TSH secretion to decrease.

The correct answer is to locate the written directive for the therapy in the patient's medical record. This is the most appropriate action to take in order to confirm the referring physician's request for a nuclear medicine therapeutic procedure. The written directive serves as a formal order for the procedure and provides important information about the specific therapy that needs to be administered. By locating the written directive in the patient's medical record, the technologist can ensure that they have the necessary information and instructions to proceed with the procedure.

Pentagastrin is commonly used in Meckel's diverticulum scans. Meckel's diverticulum is a small pouch that forms on the wall of the small intestine and can cause gastrointestinal bleeding or other complications. Pentagastrin is a synthetic hormone that stimulates the production of gastric acid, and its use in Meckel's diverticulum scans helps to identify the presence and location of the diverticulum. It is not used in gastric emptying, deep vein thrombosis, or LeVeen Shunt patency scans.

The technologist should reinforce the dressing with additional gauze and notify the appropriate medical personnel because signs of drainage indicate a potential complication or infection at the surgical site. Reinforcing the dressing can help prevent further contamination and notify medical personnel allows them to assess the patient's condition and provide appropriate treatment if necessary. Terminating the study and transporting the patient back to their room or ignoring the dressing would not address the potential issue and could lead to further complications.

Patient preparation for functional renal imaging should include hydration of the patient. This is because proper hydration is essential for optimal imaging results. It helps in enhancing the visualization of the kidneys and improving the accuracy of the imaging procedure. Adequate hydration also ensures that the kidneys are functioning properly and can effectively filter and eliminate the radiotracer used in the imaging process.

Sincalide is a medication that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile. Tc99m disofenin is a radioactive tracer that is used to visualize the gallbladder and measure its ejection fraction, which is the percentage of bile that is expelled from the gallbladder during contraction. Therefore, sincalide and Tc99m disofenin would be used together to perform a gallbladder ejection fraction test. The other options do not include sincalide, which is necessary for stimulating gallbladder contraction, or do not include Tc99m disofenin, which is necessary for visualizing the gallbladder.

The preparation of the patient for Meckel's diverticulum localization includes fasting for at least 2 hours before imaging. This is necessary to ensure that the patient's digestive system is empty, allowing for clear visualization of the diverticulum during imaging. Fasting helps to minimize interference from food and fluid in the gastrointestinal tract, providing a better chance of accurately locating the diverticulum.

Fasting before [18F]flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging helps to maximize tumor uptake. FDG is a radiotracer that is taken up by cells with high glucose metabolism, such as cancer cells. By fasting, the patient's blood glucose levels decrease, causing cancer cells to become more metabolically active and take up more FDG. This enhances the detection of tumors during imaging, as the increased FDG uptake in the tumor cells makes them more visible.

Patient preparation for Sr89 - chloride therapy includes nuclear medicine bone imaging, complete blood count, and renal function studies. Discontinuation of pain medication is not necessary for this therapy. Pain medication can be continued as needed to manage any discomfort or pain the patient may experience. This is because Sr89 - chloride therapy is primarily used for the treatment of bone pain caused by cancer, and pain medication can still be effective in managing this pain alongside the therapy.

The correct answer is after the radiopharmaceutical is administered to the patient. This is because checking the label after the radiopharmaceutical is administered to the patient would not serve any purpose in ensuring that the correct radiopharmaceutical is being administered. By that time, it would be too late to take any corrective action if there was a mistake in the labeling. Therefore, it is important to check the label before the vial is removed from the shelf, before the radiopharmaceutical is dispensed, and after the vial is placed back on the shelf to ensure the correct radiopharmaceutical is being administered.

Very increased serum bilirubin levels can cause jaundice, a condition where the skin and eyes appear yellow due to the buildup of bilirubin in the body. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through the bile, which flows into the intestines. However, in cases of severe liver dysfunction or obstruction of the bile ducts, bilirubin may not be properly excreted and can accumulate in the bloodstream. This can lead to bilirubin being excreted through alternative routes, such as the kidneys, resulting in bilirubinuria. Therefore, on hepatobiliary images, the kidneys may be visualized due to the presence of bilirubin in the urine.

Administering 1-15 mCi of Tl201 thallous chloride before rest myocardial imaging helps in demonstrating reversible ischemia more readily. This is because Tl201 is a radioactive tracer that is taken up by healthy heart tissue but not by ischemic or infarcted tissue. By administering Tl201 before rest imaging, any areas of reversible ischemia can be identified as they will show reduced uptake of the tracer compared to healthy tissue. This helps in diagnosing and assessing the severity of ischemic heart disease.

If the gallbladder is not visualized within 60 minutes during hepatobiliary imaging, morphine may be administered. Morphine is commonly used in hepatobiliary imaging to cause contraction of the gallbladder, which helps in its visualization. By administering morphine, the gallbladder can be stimulated to contract, allowing for better imaging and evaluation of the biliary system.

When an anticoagulant is added to a blood sample, it prevents clotting and allows the blood to remain in its liquid state. The fluid portion of the blood sample, in this case, is known as plasma. Plasma is the yellowish liquid component of blood that contains various proteins, hormones, electrolytes, and waste products. It carries nutrients, hormones, and waste materials throughout the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Serum, on the other hand, is the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting has occurred and does not contain clotting factors. Antiserum refers to blood serum that contains specific antibodies, while blood complement refers to a group of proteins that enhance the immune response.

The advantage of [99mTc] tetrofosmin over [99mTc] sestamibi for myocardial imaging is that it has faster tracer clearance from the GI system. This means that the tetrofosmin is eliminated from the gastrointestinal system more quickly compared to sestamibi. This can be beneficial in imaging procedures as it allows for clearer and more accurate images to be obtained in a shorter amount of time.

In a gastric-emptying study, the imaging should begin immediately after meal consumption. This is because the purpose of the study is to track the movement of food through the stomach and into the small intestine. Starting the imaging immediately after the meal allows for the visualization of the initial stages of gastric emptying. The imaging should then be done every 15 minutes for at least 2 hours to capture the complete process of gastric emptying. This time frame allows for the observation of any delays or abnormalities in the emptying process.

Delayed improvement of perfusion following coronary artery revascularization is referred to as stunned myocardium. This term is used to describe a condition where the heart muscle is temporarily dysfunctional due to reduced blood flow, but can recover with time. It is different from hibernating myocardium, which refers to chronically underperfused but viable heart tissue, and infarcted myocardium, which refers to tissue that has died due to lack of blood supply. Necrosed myocardium refers to tissue that has undergone irreversible cell death.

In order to perform an effective renal plasma flow determination, it is important to image the injection site to rule out tracer infiltration. This is necessary to ensure that the tracer has been properly injected into the intended location and has not leaked or infiltrated into surrounding tissues. By ruling out tracer infiltration, the accuracy and reliability of the renal plasma flow determination can be ensured.

Tc99m - bicisate is the correct answer because it is a radiopharmaceutical that is able to cross the intact blood brain barrier. The blood brain barrier is a protective barrier that prevents many substances from entering the brain, but Tc99m - bicisate is designed to be able to cross this barrier and reach the brain. This allows for imaging of the brain using this radiopharmaceutical. Tc99m - gluceptate, Tc99m - pentetate, and Tc99m - pertechnetate do not have the ability to cross the blood brain barrier.