Patopharmacology Quiz 3 - Neurobiology And Alterations Of Hormonal Regulation

1. What is a notable complication in panic disorder?

Avolition

Anhedonia

Alogia

Agoraphobia

A notable complication of panic disorder is the development of agoraphobia or phobic avoidance of places or situations where escape or help is not readily available.

Explanation

A notable complication of panic disorder is the development of agoraphobia or phobic avoidance of places or situations where escape or help is not readily available.

2. A decrease in receptor binding for which neuro transmitter is found in depressed individuals?

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

Postmortem and/or brain imaging studies of depressed individuals reveal a widespread decrease in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor subtype binding in frontal, temporal, and limbic cortex as well as serotonin transporter binding in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

Explanation

Postmortem and/or brain imaging studies of depressed individuals reveal a widespread decrease in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor subtype binding in frontal, temporal, and limbic cortex as well as serotonin transporter binding in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

3. Graves disease develops from a(n):

Viral infection

Autoimmune process in which thyroid tissue is replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous tissue

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that causes overproduction thyroid hormones

Ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits synthesis of the thyroid hormones, causing a goiter

The pathology of Graves disease indicates that normal regulatory mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of excessive TH.

Explanation

The pathology of Graves disease indicates that normal regulatory mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of excessive TH.

4. The signs of thyroid crisis resulting from Graves disease include:

Constipation with gastric distention

Bradycardia and bradypnea

Hyerthermia and tachycardia

Constipation and lethargy

The systemic symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include hyperthermia and tachycardia; the remaining options are not associated with this disorder.

Explanation

The systemic symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include hyperthermia and tachycardia; the remaining options are not associated with this disorder.

5. Hyperpituitarism is generally caused by:

A pituitary adenoma

Hypothalmic hyposecretion

Autoimmune disorder of the pituitary

A neurohypophysial tumor

Pituitary adenomas are generally associated with hyperpituitarism. The remaining options are not usually associated with the disorder.

Explanation

Pituitary adenomas are generally associated with hyperpituitarism. The remaining options are not usually associated with the disorder.

6. Giantism only occurs in children and adolescents because their:

Growth hormones are still diminshed

Epiphyseal plates have not yet closed

Skeletal muscles are not fully developed

Metabolic rate are higher than in adulthood

The condition is related to the effects of GH on the growth of long bones.

Explanation

The condition is related to the effects of GH on the growth of long bones.

7. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is diagnosed when a person spends ___ months worrying excessively.

3

6

9

12

GAD is diagnosed when an individual spends at least 6 months worrying excessively and exhibits at least 3 of the 6 symptoms.

Explanation

GAD is diagnosed when an individual spends at least 6 months worrying excessively and exhibits at least 3 of the 6 symptoms.

8. Which form of diabetes insipidus (DI) is treatable with exogenous antidiruetic hormone (ADH)?

Neurogenic

Psychogenic

Nephrogenic

Ischemic

Neurogenic DI is treated with ADH replacement therapy.

Explanation

Neurogenic DI is treated with ADH replacement therapy.

9. Which disorder is caused by hypersecretion of the growth hormone (GH) in adults?

Cushing syndrome

Acromegaly

Giantism

Myxedema

Acromegaly is the term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high levels of GH, whereas giantism is reserved for children and adolescents. The remaining options are not related to GH.

Explanation

Acromegaly is the term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high levels of GH, whereas giantism is reserved for children and adolescents. The remaining options are not related to GH.

10. Which neurotransmitter is inhibited by generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Gama-aminobutyric (GABA)

Serotonin

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

A prominent alteration of GAD involves the GABA-BZ receptors.

Explanation

A prominent alteration of GAD involves the GABA-BZ receptors.

11. Individuals who eat cheese, sour cream, liver, and avacado when taking monoamin oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may experience:

Kidney damage

Hypertensive crisis

Orthostatic hypotension

Weight gain

MAOIs also may induce acute and heightened elevations in blood pressure (e.g. hypertensive crisis) after intake of tyramine-rich foods, such as aged cheeses, sour cream, pods of broad beans, pickled herring, liver, canned figs, raisins, and avocados.

Explanation

MAOIs also may induce acute and heightened elevations in blood pressure (e.g. hypertensive crisis) after intake of tyramine-rich foods, such as aged cheeses, sour cream, pods of broad beans, pickled herring, liver, canned figs, raisins, and avocados.

12. Which neurotransmitter is inhibited in panic disorders?

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Dopamine

Gama-aminobutyric (GABA)

Panic disorder also may involve the GABA-benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor system.

Explanation

Panic disorder also may involve the GABA-benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor system.

13. Which electrolyte imbalance contriutes to lithium toxicity?

HYPERnatremia

HYPOnatermia

HYPERkalemia

HYPOkalemia

A potentially serious side effect is lithium toxicity. Lithium is normally removed from the kidneys, however, when the body is sodium depleted, the kidneys reabsorb sodium along with lithium.

Explanation

A potentially serious side effect is lithium toxicity. Lithium is normally removed from the kidneys, however, when the body is sodium depleted, the kidneys reabsorb sodium along with lithium.

14. A primary adenoma causes thyroid and adrenal hypofunction because the tumor:

Metastasizes to the thyroid and adrenal glands through the lymphatic system causing reduced secretion of necessary hormones

Has a paradoxical effect on adjacent cells, which results in hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones

Invades the hypothalamus adjacent to it and causes a reduction in the amount of hormones produced

Releases tumor markers that occupy the hormone receptor sites of other endocrine organs

The pressure produced by the tumor on neighboring anterior pituitary cells results in the hyposecretion of growth hormone, gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Explanation

The pressure produced by the tumor on neighboring anterior pituitary cells results in the hyposecretion of growth hormone, gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and adrenocorticotropic hormone.

15. What are the most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Orthostatic hypotension and weight gain

Dry mouth and sexual dysfunction

Sleep disturbances and nausea

Hypertensive crisis and agitation

Common side effects of SSRIs include sleep disturbances (e.g. insomnia) and nausea.

Explanation

Common side effects of SSRIs include sleep disturbances (e.g. insomnia) and nausea.

16. Amenorrhea, galatorhhea, hirsutism, and osteopenia are each caused by a:

Posterior pituitary adenoma

Thymoma

Prolactinoma

Growth hormone adenoma

The hallmark of prolactinoma is the sustained elevation of serum prolactin that is responsible for the symptomology referred to.

Explanation

The hallmark of prolactinoma is the sustained elevation of serum prolactin that is responsible for the symptomology referred to.

17. Pathologic changes associated with Graves disease include:

High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins

High levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Diminshed levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Diminshed levels of thyroid-binding globulin

High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins are found in more than 95% of individuals experiencing Graves disease.

Explanation

High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins are found in more than 95% of individuals experiencing Graves disease.

18. The term used to describe a person who experiences a lack of all hormones associated with the anterior pituitary is:

Panhypopituitarism

Adrenocortocotropic (ACTH) deficiency

Hypopituitarism

Anterior pituitary failure

Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with the lack of all anterior pituitary hormones.

Explanation

Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with the lack of all anterior pituitary hormones.

19. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat depression:

In pregnant women

To enhance the effects of antidepressants

As a first-line treatment before medications

That is unipolar

ECT is used when individuals fail to respond to antidepressants or when they are severely depressed, pregnant, suicidal, or psychotic.

Explanation

ECT is used when individuals fail to respond to antidepressants or when they are severely depressed, pregnant, suicidal, or psychotic.

20. Visual disturbances are a result of a pituitary adenoma because of the:

Liberation of anterior pituitary hormones into the optic chiasm

Pituitary hormones clouding the lens of the eyes

Pressure of the tumor on the optic chiasm

Pressure of the tumor on the optic and occulomotor cranial nerves

Pressure on the optic chiasm causes a variety of visual disturbances.

Explanation

Pressure on the optic chiasm causes a variety of visual disturbances.

21. From 20% to 30% of individuals with depression have dysregulated:

Sleep cycles

Pituitary function

Eating patterns

Thyoid function

Approximately 20% to 30% of persons with unipolar depression have an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) system

Explanation

Approximately 20% to 30% of persons with unipolar depression have an altered hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) system

22. What is thought to be the alteration produced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) when treating individuals with depression?

It produces an alteration in the monoamine systems

It produces an alteration in serotonin

It produces an alteration in norepinephrine

It produces an alteration in the limbic system

Although the mechanism of action of ECT is not clear, the procedure is known to produce alterations in the monoamine system.

Explanation

Although the mechanism of action of ECT is not clear, the procedure is known to produce alterations in the monoamine system.