CDC 3D152 Ure Volume 1

The correct answer is A. synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous.

Synchronous synchronization refers to data transmission where the sender and receiver are synchronized with a common clock signal. Asynchronous synchronization refers to data transmission where the sender and receiver are not synchronized with a common clock signal, and instead, each data unit is accompanied by start and stop bits. Isochronous synchronization refers to data transmission where the sender and receiver are synchronized with a common clock signal, but the timing is not as strict as in synchronous synchronization.

The correct answer is A. sidebands. Sidebands are the information-carrying components that occur on either side of a carrier signal. In modulation, the carrier signal is modified by adding or subtracting frequencies to transmit information. These modified frequencies are known as sidebands, and they contain the actual data being transmitted.

Latency refers to the delay or lag introduced in the application of voltage from one section to the next. It is commonly used in the context of data transmission or signal processing, where it represents the time it takes for a signal to travel from its source to its destination. In this case, latency is the most appropriate term associated with the delay or lag in voltage application.

Analog modulation converts analog signal information into an analog carrier signal. This process involves varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal in accordance with the analog signal to be transmitted. Delta modulation (DM) is a form of digital modulation, not analog modulation. Digital modulation involves converting analog signal information into a digital format before transmission. Adaptive modulation is a technique used to dynamically adjust the modulation scheme based on channel conditions, but it does not directly convert analog signal information into an analog carrier signal. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Analog modulation.

When the modulation exceeds 100 percent and there is distortion in the modulating signal, additional sidebands are generated. These additional sidebands are known as "splatter". Splatter refers to the unwanted and excessive sidebands that can cause interference and distortion in the transmitted signal.

The correct answer is B. pure sine wave. A pure sine wave is considered the only basic waveform in nature because it represents the simplest form of oscillation. It is a smooth, continuous waveform that has only one frequency and no harmonics. Other waveforms, such as square waves or sawtooth waves, can be created by combining multiple sine waves of different frequencies and amplitudes. However, a pure sine wave is the fundamental building block for all other waveforms and is commonly found in natural phenomena such as sound waves and electromagnetic waves.

The upper sideband in a single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC) modulation is eliminated by filtering. In SSBSC modulation, only one sideband is transmitted, while the carrier and the other sideband are suppressed. To achieve this, a filter is used to remove the unwanted sideband, allowing only the desired sideband to pass through. Filtering is an effective method to eliminate the upper sideband and ensure that only the necessary signal is transmitted.

Digital modulation is the process of converting analog signal information into a digital carrier signal. This is done by encoding the analog signal into a series of discrete digital symbols, which can then be transmitted over a digital communication system. Digital modulation techniques, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK), are commonly used for this purpose. These techniques allow for efficient and reliable transmission of digital information over various types of communication channels.

When using an ohmmeter to take a resistance reading, it is important to disconnect the power from the circuit being tested as a preliminary precaution. This is necessary to ensure the safety of the person taking the reading and to prevent any potential damage to the circuit or the ohmmeter. By disconnecting the power, the risk of electric shock or short-circuiting is minimized, allowing for a more accurate and safe resistance measurement.

Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) has the main advantage of requiring a less complex receiver than a basic phase shift keying (PSK) signal. Unlike PSK, DPSK does not require the receiver to detect changes in absolute phase values, which simplifies the receiver design. Instead, DPSK only requires the receiver to detect changes in the relative phase between consecutive symbols, making it more robust to phase variations caused by noise or channel impairments. This simplicity in receiver design makes DPSK a practical choice for communication systems where complexity and cost are important factors.

In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the transmitting multiplexer allocates a specific time slot for each of the incoming lines. This means that each line gets a designated period of time during which its bit or byte is transmitted. This allows multiple signals to be transmitted over a single channel by dividing the available time into smaller slots. Therefore, the correct answer is C. time slot.

The most common wave-division multiplexing (WDM) system uses two wavelengths. WDM is a technique used in optical fiber communication to increase the capacity of the network by transmitting multiple signals simultaneously using different wavelengths of light. By using two wavelengths, the system can transmit two separate signals over the same fiber optic cable, effectively doubling the capacity of the network.

The extended superframe format (ESF) framing sequence consists of 24 bits.

The method of multiplexing used by the T1 multiplexer is time division. Time division multiplexing involves dividing the available bandwidth into time slots and assigning each input a specific time slot to transmit its data. In the case of T1 multiplexing, multiple T1 lines are combined into a single high-speed line by allocating each T1 line a specific time slot. This allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single transmission medium by taking turns using the available time slots.

The correct answer is B. electronic protection. Electronic protection refers to the actions taken to safeguard our forces, facilities, and equipment from electronic actions that can harm or diminish our capabilities. This includes measures such as encryption, firewalls, and other security protocols to prevent unauthorized access, interference, or disruption of our electronic systems. It is essential for maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of our electronic capabilities in the face of potential threats.

The section of a bit error rate test (BERT) set that measures the received test pattern is the receiver. The receiver is responsible for receiving the test pattern and analyzing it to determine the number of bit errors that occurred. This information is crucial in evaluating the performance of the communication system and identifying any potential issues or improvements that need to be made.

Binary-phase shift keying (BPSK) is insensitive to signal variations because it only has two phases, 0 and 180 degrees. This means that the signal can only have two possible values, which makes it less susceptible to variations in the signal. Other forms of modulation, such as delta modulation, FSK, and PAM, are more sensitive to signal variations as they have multiple possible values or levels for the signal. Therefore, BPSK is the modulation technique that is least affected by signal variations.

The seventh bit in frames 6 and 12 in common associated signaling (CAS) is used to convey signaling information known as "Bit robbing." Bit robbing refers to the process of stealing one bit from each frame in order to transmit signaling information. This technique allows for the transmission of additional information without requiring additional bits or frames.

Wave-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technique used in optical communication systems to combine multiple signals onto a single optical fiber. It works by using different wavelengths or lambdas to create virtual channels for multiplexing. Each signal is assigned a specific wavelength or lambda, and these signals are then combined and transmitted over the same fiber. Therefore, option A, wavelengths or lambdas, is the correct answer as it accurately describes the method used in WDM.

In a return-to-zero signal, the signal level moves to one of the discrete signal levels, but returns to the zero level after a predetermined time. This means that the signal alternates between a high level and a low level, with the low level representing zero. This type of signal is commonly used in digital communication systems to represent binary data, where the high level represents a binary 1 and the low level represents a binary 0.

When using a multimeter, the MIN/MAX mode should be used if the reading fluctuates and a more accurate reading is desired. This mode allows the multimeter to record and display the minimum and maximum values of the measured quantity over a period of time. By using this mode, the user can determine the range of values that the quantity fluctuates between, providing a more accurate representation of the measurement.

Individual pulses within a digital signal are represented as bits. In digital communication, a bit is the smallest unit of information and can have two possible values, either a 0 or a 1. These bits are used to encode and transmit data in a digital signal. Each pulse within the signal represents a single bit, allowing for the transmission and storage of binary information. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

B8ZS is a line code used in telecommunications to ensure that long sequences of zeros are not transmitted. It accomplishes this by intentionally inserting bipolar violations into the data signal. This means that instead of transmitting a string of zeros, the signal is modified to include alternating positive and negative voltage levels. By doing so, B8ZS prevents synchronization problems that can occur when a receiver encounters long sequences of zeros.

In loop-start signaling, the voltage is applied when the telephone handset is off-hook, meaning that the user has lifted the handset and is ready to make or receive a call. This is because when the handset is off-hook, the telephone line is connected and ready for communication. The voltage is used to signal the central office that the user wants to initiate a call or answer an incoming call.

Jamming a portion of the frequency spectrum refers to the intentional interference or disruption of communication signals, which is an aggressive action aimed at degrading or denying the enemy's ability to communicate effectively. This falls under the category of electronic attack, as it involves the use of electronic means to disrupt or destroy enemy electronic systems and infrastructure.

The most commonly used unit in data systems to express signaling speed is bits per second. This unit measures the number of bits that can be transmitted or processed in one second. Baud, Baudot, and sense interface are not units used to express signaling speed in data systems.

The correct answer is A. Air Force Doctrine Document 2-5.1. This publication is likely to contain the definition of electronic attack because doctrine documents typically outline the fundamental principles and concepts related to a specific subject. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Air Force Doctrine Document 2-5.1 would provide the definition of electronic attack.

Bit count integrity problems are primarily caused by system timing faults. This refers to issues with the synchronization and timing of signals within a system. When the timing is not accurate, it can lead to errors in counting or tracking the number of bits being transmitted or received. This can result in data corruption or loss, impacting the integrity of the bit count. Impedance mismatch, improper equipment settings, and changes in atmospheric conditions may cause other types of communication problems, but they are not directly related to bit count integrity.

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The correct answer is C. CCITT and low speed. CCITT stands for International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, which is an organization that sets international standards for telecommunications. Low speed refers to slower data transmission rates. Therefore, the two major types of frame structures are CCITT, which represents the standard, and low speed, which represents the slower data transmission rates.

Pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a form of pulse modulation where the position of the pulse within a set range is varied. In PPM, the timing of the pulse is used to encode information. The position of the pulse represents different values or symbols, allowing for the transmission of data. It is commonly used in communication systems to transmit analog or digital signals.

The two major sections of a bit error rate test (BERT) set are the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter is responsible for generating the test signal, which is then transmitted to the receiver. The receiver, on the other hand, receives the transmitted signal and compares it with the expected signal to determine the bit error rate. These two sections work together to measure the quality and reliability of a communication system by assessing the number of bit errors that occur during transmission.

To get a 125-ohm impedance on the time domain reflectometer, you would select push-buttons with resistances that add up to 125 ohms. The options given are A. 50Ω, 75Ω, and 125Ω, B. 75Ω and 125Ω, C. 50Ω and 125Ω, and D. 50Ω and 75Ω. Option D is the correct answer because when you select the 50Ω and 75Ω push-buttons in parallel, their resistances add up to 125Ω.

The process described in the question involves taking the quantized pulses of pulse code modulation (PCM) and coding them to have a constant duration and amplitude. This process is known as encoding, which is the conversion of information into a specific format for transmission or storage. The other options, companding, uniform quantizing, and nonuniform quantizing, do not accurately describe the process of making the pulses a constant duration and amplitude.

Backscatter is the power that is reflected back to an optical source in a time domain reflectometer (TDR). When an optical signal encounters an impedance mismatch or a fault in the transmission line, a portion of the signal is scattered back towards the source. This backscattered power can be measured and analyzed using a TDR to locate and identify faults or irregularities in the transmission line. Therefore, option B, Backscatter, is the correct answer.

The correct answer is C. radar warning receivers and intelligence systems. Electronic warfare support refers to the use of electronic devices and systems to detect, identify, and analyze enemy electronic emissions. Radar warning receivers are used to detect and warn against radar signals emitted by enemy radar systems. Intelligence systems, on the other hand, gather and analyze information about enemy electronic emissions to provide valuable intelligence for military operations. Therefore, the correct answer includes both radar warning receivers and intelligence systems as devices used in electronic warfare support.

Analog-to-digital (ADC) and digital-to-analog (DAC) techniques are used to convert signals between analog and digital formats. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is an example of ADC, where analog signals are sampled and quantized to discrete digital values. Continuously variable slope delta (CVSD) modulation is an example of DAC, where digital values are converted back to analog signals by varying the slope of a waveform. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it includes examples of both ADC and DAC techniques.

In a non-return-to-zero mark (NRZ-M) signal, the information is contained in the transition from one state to the other only when a mark bit is sent. In NRZ-M, a high level represents a mark (1) and a low level represents a space (0). The transition from a low level to a high level indicates the start of a mark bit, and this transition carries the information. The absence of a transition indicates a space bit. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Non-return-to-zero mark.

Loop-start is a communications supervisory signal that uses a continuous application of direct current voltage for signaling. This signal is commonly used in telephone systems to indicate the start of a call. When a loop-start signal is applied, it signifies that the telephone line is in an idle state and ready to receive or initiate a call. This continuous direct current voltage is used to monitor the status of the line and initiate call setup procedures.

A busy signal is a communication information signal that is cycled on and off for 0.5 second. It is used to indicate that the line is currently busy and cannot accept another call. The generation of a 480-Hz and 620-Hz frequency pair is characteristic of a busy signal.

A bipolar violation is the result of two successive logic one pulses of the same polarity in violation of alternate mark inversion coding rules. In alternate mark inversion coding, logic one pulses are represented by alternating positive and negative voltage levels. When two consecutive logic one pulses have the same polarity, it violates this coding rule and is known as a bipolar violation. This error can cause signal degradation and affect the accuracy of data transmission.

Tone dialing is the correct answer because it uses a two-frequency dialing combination. In tone dialing, each number on the telephone keypad is associated with a specific combination of two frequencies. When a number is dialed, the keypad generates these frequencies, which are then transmitted through the telephone line to the receiving end. This method is more efficient and faster than pulse dialing, where each digit is represented by a series of pulses. Digit dialing and address dialing are not specific control signals and do not involve a two-frequency combination.

In a 16-step pulse-code modulation (PCM) system, each quantized analog sample is described using 4 bits per character. This means that there are 16 possible quantized levels that can be represented by the 4 bits. Each bit can have two possible values (0 or 1), so with 4 bits, there are 2^4 = 16 possible combinations, allowing for the representation of 16 different levels. Therefore, the correct answer is B. 4.

A digital signal that contains synchronizing bits within the signal stream describes asynchronous operation. Synchronizing bits are used to maintain timing and synchronization between the sender and receiver in asynchronous communication. Asynchronous operation does not rely on a fixed clock signal and allows for variable timing between data transmissions. This is in contrast to synchronous operation, where data is transmitted in a fixed and synchronized manner.

In associated mode of common channel signaling (CCS), the messages relating to signaling between two points are conveyed directly interconnecting these signaling points. This means that the signaling messages are sent directly from one signaling point to another without any intermediate signaling points or network elements involved. This mode is commonly used in scenarios where there is a direct connection between the signaling points, such as in a point-to-point communication setup.

When using a multimeter, if the reading is unreadable due to fluctuations, the mode that should be used is Display hold. Display hold allows the multimeter to freeze the reading on the display, ensuring that the value is held steady and can be easily read. This mode is particularly useful when dealing with rapidly changing measurements or unstable signals, as it allows the user to capture and analyze the data accurately.

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is not considered an analog modulation technique because it is a digital modulation technique. In PCM, the analog signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is quantized into a digital code. These digital codes represent the amplitude of the original analog signal at each sampling point. Therefore, PCM is a digital technique that converts analog signals into digital form for transmission or storage. On the other hand, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse-duration modulation (PDM), and pulse-position modulation (PPM) are all analog modulation techniques where the amplitude, duration, or position of pulses are varied to represent the analog signal.

The two principle weighting characteristics in use with telecommunication circuit noise are CCITT psophometric and C-message. CCITT psophometric is a standard that measures noise levels in telecommunication circuits, taking into account the human ear's sensitivity to different frequencies. C-message is a weighting characteristic that is used to measure noise levels in telecommunication circuits, specifically for speech transmission. Together, these two weighting characteristics help in accurately measuring and evaluating noise levels in telecommunication circuits.

The voltage terminal is always used when a multimeter has three input terminal jacks. This is because the voltage terminal is specifically designed to measure voltage, which is one of the most common and important electrical quantities to measure. The other terminal jacks may be used for different purposes, such as measuring current or resistance, but the voltage terminal is always necessary for basic voltage measurements.

A dial tone is a continuous signal that is used to indicate that a telephone line is active and ready to make a call. It is a specific frequency pair of 350 Hz and 440 Hz. When a person picks up the phone and hears a dial tone, it means they can start dialing a phone number. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Dial tone.