Geographical Dispersion Of Network Components

A converged network refers to a network that can handle various types of traffic, including voice, video, and data. This capability allows organizations to transmit all these types of information over a single network infrastructure, leading to cost savings. By consolidating different types of traffic onto one network, organizations can reduce the need for separate networks for each type of communication. This not only simplifies network management but also reduces hardware and maintenance costs. Therefore, the statement that a converged network can offer significant cost savings to organizations is true.

The explanation for the given correct answer, which is True, is that in a hub-and-spoke topology, multiple sites are interconnected via WAN links. Each remote site, also known as a spoke site, has a WAN link to the main site, also known as the hub site. This allows for centralized communication and management, as all traffic flows through the hub site. This topology is commonly used in scenarios where there is a central location that needs to communicate with multiple remote locations.

IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, which is a globally recognized organization that sets standards in the field of electrical and electronics engineering. They develop and publish technical standards, organize conferences, and provide resources for professionals in the industry. Being internationally recognized, IEEE plays a crucial role in shaping the development and advancement of technology in various sectors. Therefore, the statement that IEEE is an internationally recognized standards body is true.

Switching is indeed associated with both Layer 2 (data link layer) and Layer 3 (network layer) in networking. At Layer 2, a switch operates by using MAC addresses to forward data packets within a local network. It learns and stores MAC addresses in its forwarding table to make forwarding decisions. At Layer 3, a switch can also perform routing functions by using IP addresses to forward packets between different networks. This allows the switch to connect multiple local networks and route traffic between them. Therefore, the statement "Switching is associated with Layer 2 and Layer 3" is true.

At layers above the Physical layer in the OSI Reference Model, bits are grouped together into a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). This means that the data transmitted at these layers is organized into a specific format or structure, known as the PDU. The PDU contains the necessary information for the layer to function properly and communicate with other layers. This grouping of bits into PDUs allows for more efficient and organized data transmission and processing at higher layers of the OSI model.

The correct answer is ftp 20 and 21, SSH 22, Telnet 23, SMTP 25, DNS 53, HTTP 80. This answer correctly matches the protocols to their respective TCP ports. FTP uses ports 20 and 21, SSH uses port 22, Telnet uses port 23, SMTP uses port 25, DNS uses port 53, and HTTP uses port 80.

A switch in full-duplex mode does not use CSMA/CD because in full-duplex mode, data can be transmitted simultaneously in both directions without the need for collision detection. In CSMA/CD, devices listen for traffic on the network before transmitting, and if a collision is detected, they wait for a random amount of time before retransmitting. However, in full-duplex mode, each device has a dedicated communication path, allowing for simultaneous and uninterrupted transmission in both directions. Therefore, CSMA/CD is not necessary in full-duplex mode.

The given answer provides the correct information for each parameter. The custom subnet mask is 255.255.255.224, which allows for 8 subnets and 32 host addresses per subnet. Out of the 32 host addresses, 30 are usable. This means that 3 bits have been borrowed from the host portion to create the subnets, leaving 5 bits for the host portion.

The given answer provides the correct custom subnet masks for the given network information. The first custom subnet mask, 255.255.255.0, is used when there are 2 subnets needed. The second custom subnet mask, 255.255.255.128, is used when there are 128 host addresses needed. The total number of subnets is 2 and the total number of host addresses is 128. The number of usable addresses is 126, which is calculated by subtracting 2 (network and broadcast addresses) from the total number of host addresses. The number of bits borrowed is 1, which is the number of bits needed to create the desired number of subnets. The number of host bits is 7, which is calculated by subtracting the number of bits borrowed from the default subnet mask.

The statement is true because directly connected routes are those that are directly connected to a router's interfaces. By reviewing the routing tables for Router R1 and Router R2, if there are routes listed that have the next hop as one of their own interfaces, then these routes are considered directly connected. Therefore, if the routing tables show such routes on both R1 and R2, the statement is true.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is the easiest IP address assignment method for IT professionals to manage for a large network. DHCP allows for automatic allocation and configuration of IP addresses to devices on the network, eliminating the need for manual assignment. It simplifies the process by centrally managing and distributing IP addresses, reducing the chances of errors and conflicts. Additionally, DHCP provides flexibility by allowing for dynamic IP address allocation, ensuring efficient utilization of available addresses. This makes DHCP the preferred method for managing IP addresses in large networks.

The Session Layer (Layer 5) in the OSI reference model is responsible for setting up, maintaining, and tearing down a session. It establishes and manages the connection between two communicating devices, allowing them to exchange data. This layer handles session establishment, synchronization, and termination, ensuring that the communication between the devices remains reliable and error-free. It also manages session checkpoints, allowing for the recovery of data in case of interruptions or failures.

An OC-3 link has a bandwidth of 155.52 Mbps. This is because an OC-3 link is three times faster than an OC-1 link. Since the bandwidth of an OC-1 link is given as 51.84 Mbps, multiplying it by three gives us the bandwidth of an OC-3 link, which is 155.52 Mbps.

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The diagram shows a single source transmitting data to a single destination. This type of transmission is known as unicast, where information is sent from one sender to one receiver. Unicast is commonly used in point-to-point communication, such as a phone call or a private message.

The data portion of an Ethernet frame may contain anywhere from 46 to 1500 bytes of information. This range allows for flexibility in the amount of data that can be transmitted in a single frame, accommodating for different network and application requirements. The minimum of 46 bytes ensures that even small amounts of data can be transmitted efficiently, while the maximum of 1500 bytes allows for larger data transfers without exceeding the maximum frame size.

Category 5e cables are capable of transferring data at a speed of 1000 Mbps. Mbps stands for megabits per second, which is a unit of data transfer rate. This means that category 5e cables can transmit data at a rate of 1000 million bits per second, making it suitable for high-speed internet connections and data-intensive applications.

Modern LANs use cat 5 or higher wiring. Cat 5 is a type of Ethernet cable that is commonly used for local area networks (LANs). It supports data transfer speeds of up to 1000 Mbps and is capable of transmitting signals over longer distances compared to older cable types like cat 3. Cat 5 wiring is more reliable and efficient, making it the preferred choice for modern LAN installations.

The IP address range of 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 is classified as Class B. In Classful addressing, the first octet of a Class B address ranges from 128 to 191. The range specified falls within this range, making it a Class B address.

In the physical layer of the OSI reference model, the PDU is called "Bits". The physical layer deals with the actual transmission of data over a physical medium, such as cables or wireless signals. At this layer, the data is represented as individual bits, which are the smallest unit of data. Therefore, "Bits" is the correct answer for the PDU in the physical layer.

The purpose of a DNS server is to provide an IP address for a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN). DNS servers act as a directory that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into the corresponding IP addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1) that computers use to communicate with each other over the internet. By resolving domain names to IP addresses, DNS servers enable devices to locate and connect to the correct destination on the internet.

The binary version of the decimal number 49 is 00110001. In binary, each digit represents a power of 2, starting from the rightmost digit as 2^0. By converting 49 to binary, we can break it down into powers of 2 that add up to 49. In this case, 49 can be represented as 32 + 16 + 1, which translates to 00110001 in binary.

A collision occurs when two transmissions interfere with each other. This happens when two devices attempt to transmit data simultaneously on a shared network medium, causing their signals to collide and become corrupted. Collisions can occur in networks that use the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocol, where devices listen for a clear channel before transmitting. If multiple devices detect a clear channel at the same time and start transmitting, a collision can occur.

The network address for APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) is 169.254.0.0/16. APIPA is a feature in Windows operating systems that allows devices to automatically assign themselves an IP address in the absence of a DHCP server. The range of IP addresses reserved for APIPA is 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255, with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 (/16). This range ensures that devices using APIPA will not conflict with manually assigned IP addresses or addresses obtained from a DHCP server.

A more efficient design which involves the logical separation of switch ports into different broadcast domains is known as a Virtual Area Network (VLAN). VLANs allow for better network management and security by dividing a physical network into smaller, isolated networks. This allows for better control over network traffic and improves overall network performance.

The binary conversion of the given number, 128643216842110000000, is 128.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to resolve the IP address of a host to its corresponding MAC address. When a device wants to communicate with another device on the same network, it needs to know the MAC address of the destination device. ARP helps in this process by sending out a broadcast message asking for the MAC address of the device with a specific IP address. The device with the corresponding IP address then responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to establish communication. Therefore, the purpose of ARP is to resolve the IP address of a host to its MAC address.

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The Internet Access Layer is not a layer of the OSI reference model. The OSI model consists of seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. The Internet Access Layer is not part of this model and is not recognized as a standard layer in the OSI reference model.

STP and UTP are the correct answers because they both refer to types of twisted-pair cables. STP stands for Shielded Twisted Pair, which has an additional layer of shielding to protect against electromagnetic interference. UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair, which does not have the extra shielding. Both STP and UTP cables are commonly used in Ethernet networks for transmitting data. RJ-11 and RJ-45 are types of connectors used with twisted-pair cables, while RG-59 and RG-58 are types of coaxial cables, and MMF and SMF are types of fiber optic cables.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an Exterior Gateway Protocol used to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems (AS) on the internet. It is designed to provide scalability and support for complex network topologies. BGP is commonly used by internet service providers (ISPs) to connect their networks and exchange routing information with other ISPs. It allows for efficient and reliable routing decisions based on factors such as network policies, path attributes, and performance metrics.

The correct order of steps that a DHCP client goes through when requesting an IP address is DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST, DHCPACK. The client first sends a DHCPDISCOVER message to discover available DHCP servers. Then, the server responds with a DHCPOFFER message, offering an IP address to the client. The client then sends a DHCPREQUEST message to request the offered IP address. Finally, the server acknowledges the request with a DHCPACK message, assigning the IP address to the client.

With a subnet of 192.168.1.0/28, the network address is 192.168.1.0 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.240. This means that the subnet mask has 4 bits turned on, allowing for 2^4 or 16 possible subnets. Therefore, the correct answer is 16.

The purpose of a default gateway is to route packets to a different subnet. When a device wants to communicate with a destination that is not on its own subnet, it sends the packet to the default gateway. The default gateway then forwards the packet to the appropriate subnet, allowing communication between different subnets on a network.

The actual distance of 10Base 2 is 185 meters. This refers to the maximum length of the coaxial cable that can be used in a 10Base 2 Ethernet network. It is important to adhere to this distance limit in order to maintain the integrity and quality of the network signal.

A Local Area Network (LAN) is not an example of an application that can travel over a network's connections. A LAN is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited area, such as a home, office, or building. It is a network infrastructure rather than an application itself. Voice over IP (VoiceIP), email, instant messaging, and file sharing are all examples of applications that can utilize a network's connections to transmit data or communicate between devices.

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The Network Layer of the OSI reference model is primarily concerned with forwarding data based on logical addresses. This layer is responsible for routing and addressing, ensuring that data packets are properly directed to their destination based on logical addresses, such as IP addresses. The Network Layer also handles congestion control, error handling, and fragmentation of data packets.

The more twists per foot in a pair of wires, the more resistant the pair will be to cross talk. Cross talk refers to the interference caused by electromagnetic signals from one wire affecting the signals in an adjacent wire. By increasing the number of twists per foot, the wires become less susceptible to cross talk, as the twists help to cancel out the electromagnetic interference.

Horizontal wiring refers to the cabling that connects individual workstations or devices to the nearest telecommunications closet or distribution point. It is responsible for carrying data and voice signals from the work area to the main network infrastructure. This type of wiring is typically installed within the same floor or building, and it serves as a crucial link between end-user devices and the network backbone. Horizontal wiring is essential for establishing reliable and efficient connectivity within a local area network (LAN) environment.

Fiber-optic cables have the advantage of being immune to electromagnetic interference, which means that they are not affected by nearby electrical devices or power lines. This makes them more reliable and less prone to signal loss or degradation. Additionally, fiber-optic cables have a high bandwidth capacity, meaning they can transmit large amounts of data quickly and efficiently. This makes them ideal for high-speed internet connections and other applications that require fast data transfer.

The term "100Base-T" refers to a type of Ethernet network standard. The correct answer, "100 Mbps, baseband, twisted pair," explains the different components of this term. "100 Mbps" indicates the data transfer rate of the network, which is 100 megabits per second. "Baseband" refers to the type of signaling used in the network, where the entire bandwidth is dedicated to a single channel. "Twisted pair" refers to the type of cable used to transmit the signals, which consists of pairs of wires twisted together to reduce interference.

Adding a static default route to R1 that sends all traffic to an unknown destination out s1/1 means that R1 will forward all packets to R2. However, since R2 does not have a route back to PC1, the packets will not be able to reach PC1. Therefore, PC1 will not be able to access the Internet.

For static NAT to work, 1 inside global address is needed for every inside local address. This means that each inside local address will be mapped to a unique inside global address. This allows for one-to-one correspondence between the inside local and inside global addresses, ensuring that each device on the inside network can be uniquely identified and accessed from the outside network.

Cat 5e and Cat 5 are the two media types that can be used with 1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet). These are Ethernet cable standards that support data transmission at gigabit speeds. 10base2 is not compatible with 1000Base-T as it is an older Ethernet standard that supports lower speeds. Option 4 is not a valid media type and does not provide any information.

The purpose of the port numbers in the translation table is to track separate communication flows in PAT (Port Address Translation). PAT uses both the source and destination port numbers to differentiate between multiple connections from the same IP address. This allows PAT to map multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address by using different port numbers for each connection. By tracking the port numbers, PAT can correctly route incoming packets to the appropriate private IP address and maintain the integrity of the communication flows.

The correct answer is 44.736 Mbps. This is the standard data rate for a T3 link, which is a high-speed telecommunications line capable of transmitting data at approximately 44.736 Mbps.

The given options represent different network categories based on the geographical dispersion of network components. A Local-Area Network (LAN) is a network that covers a small area, typically within a single building or campus. A Campus Area Network (CAN) is a network that covers multiple buildings within a limited geographical area, such as a university campus. A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that covers a larger area, such as a city or metropolitan area. A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a network that connects devices within an individual's personal space, such as Bluetooth devices. However, a World Area Network (WAN) is not a network category based on geographical dispersion, but rather refers to a network that covers a wide area, such as connecting multiple LANs or MANs across different locations.

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