9.Introduction To Neuroanatomy & Spinal Cord-aĞaÇ

1. The brain in the skull and the spinal cord in the vertebral column are surrounded by three protective membranes, or meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.

True

False

The brain and spinal cord are protected by three layers of membranes called meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. These membranes provide cushioning and support to prevent damage to the delicate nervous tissue. Therefore, the statement is true.

Explanation

The brain and spinal cord are protected by three layers of membranes called meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. These membranes provide cushioning and support to prevent damage to the delicate nervous tissue. Therefore, the statement is true.

2. Forebrain is made by telencephalon and diencephalon.

True

False

The forebrain is indeed made up of two main parts: the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The telencephalon consists of the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher cognitive functions, and the basal ganglia, which are involved in movement control. The diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus, which relays sensory information to the cortex, and the hypothalamus, which regulates various bodily functions. Therefore, it is correct to say that the forebrain is composed of the telencephalon and the diencephalon.

Explanation

The forebrain is indeed made up of two main parts: the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The telencephalon consists of the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher cognitive functions, and the basal ganglia, which are involved in movement control. The diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus, which relays sensory information to the cortex, and the hypothalamus, which regulates various bodily functions. Therefore, it is correct to say that the forebrain is composed of the telencephalon and the diencephalon.

3. Unipolar neurons are found in some ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.

True

False

Unipolar neurons are indeed found in some ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Unipolar neurons have a single process that extends from the cell body and acts as both an axon and a dendrite. These neurons are commonly found in sensory ganglia, where they transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. In the autonomic nervous system, unipolar neurons can be found in certain ganglia that control involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. Therefore, the statement "Unipolar neurons are found in some ganglia of the autonomic nervous system" is true.

Explanation

Unipolar neurons are indeed found in some ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Unipolar neurons have a single process that extends from the cell body and acts as both an axon and a dendrite. These neurons are commonly found in sensory ganglia, where they transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. In the autonomic nervous system, unipolar neurons can be found in certain ganglia that control involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. Therefore, the statement "Unipolar neurons are found in some ganglia of the autonomic nervous system" is true.

4. Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are pseudo-unipolar type.

True

False

Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are pseudo-unipolar type because they have a single process that divides into two branches, one going towards the periphery and the other towards the central nervous system. This unique structure allows them to transmit sensory information from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord efficiently.

Explanation

Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are pseudo-unipolar type because they have a single process that divides into two branches, one going towards the periphery and the other towards the central nervous system. This unique structure allows them to transmit sensory information from the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord efficiently.

5. CN XI is the glossopharyngeal nerve.

True

False

The statement is false. CN XI refers to the accessory nerve, not the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Explanation

The statement is false. CN XI refers to the accessory nerve, not the glossopharyngeal nerve.

6. “Peripheral nerves” is a collective term for the cranial and spinal nerves.

True

False

The statement is true because peripheral nerves refer to the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. This includes both the cranial nerves, which emerge from the brain, and the spinal nerves, which emerge from the spinal cord. Therefore, "peripheral nerves" is indeed a collective term for both the cranial and spinal nerves.

Explanation

The statement is true because peripheral nerves refer to the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. This includes both the cranial nerves, which emerge from the brain, and the spinal nerves, which emerge from the spinal cord. Therefore, "peripheral nerves" is indeed a collective term for both the cranial and spinal nerves.

7. Somatic efferent fibers (Somatic motor- Somatomotor) fibers go to the smooth muscles.

True

False

The statement is false because somatic efferent fibers do not go to smooth muscles. Somatic efferent fibers are responsible for controlling skeletal muscles, not smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are controlled by autonomic efferent fibers.

Explanation

The statement is false because somatic efferent fibers do not go to smooth muscles. Somatic efferent fibers are responsible for controlling skeletal muscles, not smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are controlled by autonomic efferent fibers.

8. General visceral afferent (GVA) fibers carry special sensory information unique to the organs

True

False

GVA fibers do not carry special sensory information unique to the organs. Instead, they carry general sensory information from the internal organs such as pain, stretch, and temperature. Therefore, the statement is false.

Explanation

GVA fibers do not carry special sensory information unique to the organs. Instead, they carry general sensory information from the internal organs such as pain, stretch, and temperature. Therefore, the statement is false.