Motivation and Work/ Practice Multiple-choice

Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological processes that work together to regulate body temperature, blood pressure, pH levels, and other vital parameters within a narrow range. This constant internal state is necessary for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs. By maintaining homeostasis, the body ensures that its internal conditions are optimal for survival and normal bodily functions.

Self-actualization refers to the process of striving to reach one's full potential and achieving personal growth and fulfillment. It involves continuously working towards becoming the best version of oneself and realizing one's unique talents, abilities, and purpose in life. This concept, introduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the importance of self-discovery, self-improvement, and self-fulfillment in order to lead a meaningful and satisfying life. It goes beyond basic needs such as love, hunger, and novelty, and focuses on the higher-level need for personal growth and self-actualization.

When insulin levels rise, glucose becomes lower resulting in hunger. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When insulin levels increase, it signals cells in the body to take up glucose from the bloodstream, causing a decrease in glucose levels. This drop in glucose levels triggers hunger signals in the brain, leading to increased appetite. Therefore, when insulin levels rise, glucose levels decrease, and hunger is experienced.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disorder characterized by an obsession with body weight, leading to excessive exercise and restrictive eating habits. Individuals with anorexia nervosa have an intense fear of gaining weight, even when they are significantly underweight. This disorder often results in severe weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, and other physical and psychological health complications. Therefore, the given correct answer, "Anorexia nervosa," accurately describes the condition of excessive exercise and not eating as a manifestation of an obsession with body weight.

Based on Jimmy's statement, it is clear that he wants to focus on improving business performance and enhancing employee relationships. Industrial-organizational psychology is a field that specifically deals with studying human behavior in the workplace and finding ways to optimize productivity, job satisfaction, and teamwork. Therefore, pursuing a degree in industrial-organizational psychology would be the most suitable choice for Jimmy to achieve his goals.

The correct answer is Basal metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate refers to the rate at which the body burns and conserves calories while at rest. It is the energy expenditure needed to maintain basic bodily functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production. This rate can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, weight, and muscle mass. Understanding one's basal metabolic rate can be helpful in managing weight and determining caloric needs.

Destroying the ventromedial hypothalamus, a part of the brain responsible for regulating hunger and satiety, would lead to the rat continuously overeating. This is because the ventromedial hypothalamus plays a crucial role in controlling feelings of fullness and signaling the body to stop eating. Without this regulation, the rat would not receive the signals to stop eating, resulting in continuous overeating.

Homeostasis is the correct answer because it refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, including the regulation of body weight. The set point theory suggests that the body has a predetermined weight range that it strives to maintain, and homeostasis helps to achieve this by regulating hunger, metabolism, and energy expenditure. Leptin and CCK are hormones involved in appetite regulation, body mass index is a measure of body weight relative to height, and glucose is a source of energy for the body.

Achievement motivation refers to the desire to accomplish challenging goals and to outperform others. In this case, Jimmy's focus on having the highest score in the class indicates that he is driven by achievement motivation. He is motivated by the desire to excel and be recognized for his accomplishments.

The instinct theory suggests that geese fly south for the winter due to an innate, instinctual behavior. This theory proposes that certain behaviors are genetically programmed in animals, and they are automatically triggered by specific stimuli or environmental conditions. In the case of geese, their migration behavior is believed to be instinctual, as they have a natural inclination to move to warmer regions in response to colder temperatures. This theory explains the behavior as a result of an inherited instinct, rather than any learned or acquired response.

The drive-reduction theory suggests that motivation arises from the need to reduce physiological imbalances or drives, such as thirst or hunger. In this scenario, Jimmy's extreme thirst during his run creates a physiological imbalance or drive, motivating him to stop and get a drink of water to reduce that drive.

Jimmy's desire to prove to himself that he can be a good runner indicates that he is exhibiting intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for the sake of personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or personal goals. Jimmy's motivation is not driven by external rewards or pressures, but rather by his own internal desire to succeed and prove himself.

Obesity is indicated by a number over 30 on the BMI- Body Mass Index. BMI is a measure of a person's body fat based on their height and weight. A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese, indicating a higher risk for various health issues such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.

Theory X suggests that workers are lazy and need to be extrinsically motivated. This theory assumes that employees inherently dislike work and will avoid it if possible. It believes that workers need to be closely supervised, controlled, and motivated through external rewards and punishments in order to perform their tasks effectively. This theory contrasts with Theory Y, which believes that workers are self-motivated and can take responsibility for their own work.

The optimum arousal theory suggests that individuals seek an optimal level of arousal or stimulation. When Jimmy has a boring day at work, he may feel a lack of stimulation and seek out activities that will provide him with the desired level of arousal, such as going to a dance club. This theory explains his need to party as a way to increase his arousal level and find excitement.

The lateral hypothalamus is responsible for initiating hunger. It contains neurons that produce orexin, a hormone that stimulates appetite and increases food intake. When these neurons are activated, they trigger feelings of hunger and the motivation to eat. Damage to the lateral hypothalamus can lead to a loss of appetite and reduced food intake, while stimulation of this area can cause excessive eating and weight gain. Therefore, the lateral hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating hunger and feeding behavior.

When a person chooses not to eat in order to lose weight, their body goes into a state of energy conservation. In the short run, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is not affected because the body adjusts to the lower calorie intake by slowing down metabolism to conserve energy. However, in the long run, the BMR can be affected as the body adapts to the lower calorie intake by reducing the amount of calories burned at rest. This means that the person would burn off less calories overall, making weight loss more difficult.

David McClelland believed that the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) could measure a person's need for achievement. The TAT is a projective test that involves presenting individuals with ambiguous pictures and asking them to create stories about what is happening in the pictures. McClelland theorized that individuals with a high need for achievement would create stories that focused on personal accomplishment, overcoming challenges, and setting and achieving goals. Therefore, the TAT became a tool for assessing an individual's level of achievement motivation.

CCK represents short-term signals for satiation, while Leptin provides information from long-term feelings of satiation. CCK is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of food, and it helps to regulate appetite by signaling to the brain that the body is full. Leptin, on the other hand, is a hormone produced by fat cells and it communicates with the brain to regulate energy balance and suppress appetite. Therefore, CCK and Leptin play different roles in signaling satiation, with CCK being more associated with short-term signals and Leptin with long-term feelings of satiation.

The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that performance is optimal at a moderate level of arousal. When arousal is too low, as in Jimmy's case where he feels defeated and lacks motivation, performance is likely to suffer. This lack of effort can be attributed to Jimmy's low arousal level, which is consistent with the Yerkes-Dodson law.