Management 3370 Final

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1. According to the text, _____ is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

Explanation

Motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. It is the driving force behind individuals' actions and behaviors, influencing their level of commitment and determination. Motivation can be intrinsic, coming from within oneself, or extrinsic, stemming from external factors such as rewards or recognition. It plays a crucial role in goal achievement and is essential for maintaining focus and perseverance in the face of challenges and obstacles.

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Motivation Quizzes & Trivia

The 'Management 3370 Final' assesses key concepts in motivation and human resource management. It explores how different factors drive employee efforts towards achieving goals, the role of intrinsic... see moreand extrinsic rewards, and strategies for addressing individual needs to enhance motivation. see less

2. A ___ is a target, objective, or result.

Explanation

A goal refers to a specific target, objective, or result that an individual or organization aims to achieve. It represents a desired outcome and serves as a guiding principle for planning and decision-making. Goals provide direction, focus, and motivation to individuals or teams, helping them stay on track and work towards achieving their desired results.

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3. Asa and Ruby both sell insurance. Asa is married, has three children, and a new house. Ruby is single and has recently purchased a new Lexus. According to some industrial psychologists ____.

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that the motivation of Asa and Ruby is directly related to their individual needs. This means that their employer should consider their specific needs in order to effectively motivate them. This implies that Asa and Ruby have different needs based on their personal circumstances (such as being married with children or having recently purchased a new car), and their motivation will be influenced by these factors.

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4. ____ is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

Explanation

Goal specificity refers to the level of detail and clarity in a goal. It indicates how well-defined and unambiguous a goal is. When goals are specific, they leave no room for interpretation or confusion, and individuals have a clear understanding of what needs to be achieved. This helps in enhancing motivation, focus, and performance as individuals can effectively plan and work towards achieving the goal. Therefore, goal specificity is the extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous.

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5. Effective managers define ___ as the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

Explanation

Leadership is the correct answer because it refers to the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals. Effective managers need to possess leadership skills in order to guide and motivate their team members towards achieving common objectives. Leadership involves inspiring and influencing others, setting a vision, making important decisions, and providing guidance and support to achieve desired outcomes. It is a crucial aspect of effective management and plays a significant role in achieving success in any organization.

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6. In nonverbal communcation, the term ___ refers to movements of the body and face.

Explanation

Kinesics refers to the movements of the body and face in nonverbal communication. It includes gestures, facial expressions, body posture, and other physical movements that convey meaning and emotions. By using kinesics, individuals can express themselves, communicate intentions, and convey messages without using words. Proxemics refers to the study of personal space and how individuals use and perceive space in social interactions. Paralanguage refers to the nonverbal elements of speech, such as tone, pitch, and volume. Pseudo-language and semiotics are not directly related to body and facial movements in nonverbal communication.

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7. Managers generally like and use ____ but are less receptive to using ____.

Explanation

Managers generally prefer and utilize oral communication more than written communication. This is because oral communication allows for immediate feedback, clarification, and the ability to convey tone and emotion. It also promotes a more personal and interactive communication style. On the other hand, managers may be less receptive to using written communication as it lacks the advantages of oral communication and can be more time-consuming and prone to misinterpretation. Written communication also requires careful planning and organization to ensure clarity and effectiveness.

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8. During his tenure as the CEO of Credit Suisee First Boston (CSFB), John Mack turned the money-losing bank into a profitable firm by "goading workers to move out of their comfort zones" and setting challenging goals for them. His high expectation for his employees indicates that Mack used a(n) _____ leadership style.

Explanation

The correct answer is achievement-oriented. This is because the statement mentions that John Mack set challenging goals for his employees and had high expectations for them. This indicates that he focused on pushing his employees to achieve their best and emphasized on accomplishing goals and targets.

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9. According to equity theory, when employees perceive ____, they tend to experience anger or frustration.

Explanation

According to equity theory, when employees perceive underreward, they tend to experience anger or frustration. This means that if employees feel that they are not being adequately rewarded or compensated for their efforts and contributions in comparison to others, they may become dissatisfied and feel unfairly treated. This perception of underreward can lead to negative emotions and potentially impact their motivation and overall job satisfaction.

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10. According to Don Vlcek, a former Domino's Pizza vice president, "To achieve results, you've got to properly define the goal--and that's not always easy. Vague goals are worthless. For instance, "Work harder!" isn't a goal that motivates anybody. But "increase productivity by 12 percent within three weeks"--that is a clear, useful goal." Vlcek is discussing ____.

Explanation

Don Vlcek is discussing the importance of properly defining goals and states that vague goals are worthless. He provides an example of a clear and useful goal, which is to increase productivity by 12 percent within three weeks. This indicates that Vlcek is emphasizing the significance of having specific goals rather than vague ones. Therefore, the correct answer is "goal specificity."

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11. Which of the following statements about what makes a successful leader is true?

Explanation

Successful leaders are confident about their ability to make long-term strategic decisions even if the decisions seem risky to others. This statement suggests that successful leaders possess the self-assurance and conviction to make bold decisions, even in the face of potential criticism or opposition. They trust their judgment and are willing to take calculated risks for the benefit of their organization. This confidence is a key attribute that sets successful leaders apart from non-leaders, who may lack the same level of conviction or willingness to take risks.

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12. When Marriott decided to improve the quality of service it offered its customers, it asked special corporate guests to comment on the good and bad issues of their stay and also to tell what the competition is doing that is better than Marriott. The Marriott acted accordingly. In other words, it used ____.

Explanation

Marriott used benchmarking to improve the quality of service it offered its customers. Benchmarking involves comparing one's own practices, processes, and performance against those of competitors or industry leaders in order to identify areas for improvement and implement best practices. By asking corporate guests to comment on their stay and compare Marriott to its competition, Marriott was able to gather valuable information and insights that it could use to make necessary adjustments and enhancements to its service.

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13. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions.

Explanation

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, participative leadership involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions. This style of leadership encourages collaboration and involvement from team members, allowing them to contribute their ideas and perspectives. By including employees in the decision-making process, participative leaders foster a sense of ownership and commitment among team members, leading to increased job satisfaction and motivation. This approach is effective in situations where employees have the knowledge and expertise to contribute valuable insights and when their input is valued and implemented.

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14. Which of the following statements about perception and perceptual filters is true?

Explanation

People perceive according to personaloty-, psychology-, and experience-based filters. This means that individuals' perception is influenced by their unique personality traits, psychological factors, and past experiences. These filters shape how people pay attention to stimuli, how they organize and interpret what they pay attention to, and how they remember things. Therefore, perception is not a universal process, but rather a subjective and individualized experience.

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15. Which of the following is also called avoidance learning?

Explanation

Negative reinforcement is also called avoidance learning because it involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. In negative reinforcement, a behavior is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus. This creates an association between the behavior and the removal of the aversive stimulus, leading to the avoidance of the aversive stimulus in the future.

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16. ___ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our value, beliefs, and expectations while ignoring, screening out, or not accepting inconsistent information.

Explanation

Selective perception refers to the cognitive bias where individuals tend to notice and accept information that aligns with their existing values, beliefs, and expectations, while disregarding or rejecting information that contradicts them. This bias can influence how individuals interpret and make sense of the world around them, as they selectively focus on information that confirms their preconceived notions and filter out anything that challenges or contradicts them. As a result, selective perception can lead to a distorted understanding of reality and hinder objective judgment and decision-making.

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17. Which of the following traits refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others?

Explanation

Honesty refers to the extent to which leaders are truthful with others. It is a trait that reflects transparency, integrity, and trustworthiness. Leaders who are honest are open and sincere in their communication, and they prioritize telling the truth even in difficult situations. Honesty is essential for building strong relationships, fostering trust, and promoting ethical behavior within a team or organization. It enables leaders to establish credibility and authenticity, which are crucial for effective leadership.

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18. In equity theory, ____ refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

Explanation

Procedural justice refers to the fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions in equity theory. This means that individuals perceive fairness when the procedures used to determine how rewards are distributed are transparent, consistent, and free from bias. It emphasizes the importance of fair decision-making procedures rather than the actual outcomes or distribution of rewards.

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19. The two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ___.

Explanation

Cluster and gossip are the two primary types of grapevine communications networks. In a cluster network, information is shared within a specific group or cluster of individuals, often based on their proximity or common interests. This type of network allows for the quick and efficient dissemination of information within the cluster. Gossip network, on the other hand, refers to the spread of information through informal and often unreliable channels. This type of network is characterized by rumors and hearsay, and information may be distorted or exaggerated as it passes from person to person.

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20. Which of the following statements about hearing and listening are true?

Explanation

The correct answer is that hearing is the act of perceiving sounds, while listening is the act of making a conscious effort to hear. This explanation clarifies the distinction between hearing and listening by stating that hearing is the passive process of perceiving sounds, while listening involves actively paying attention and making an intentional effort to understand and interpret what is being heard.

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21. The 1993 stand-off between federal agents and people inside the Branch Davidian compound at Waco, TX, resulted in the deaths of approx. 80 Branch Davidians, including leader David Koresh who had declared himself the new messiah. Koresh used ____ to create the strong relationships between him and his followers who were willing to die for him.

Explanation

Koresh used charismatic leadership to create strong relationships with his followers who were willing to die for him. Charismatic leadership is characterized by a leader's ability to inspire and influence others through their personal qualities and charm. Koresh likely possessed qualities that attracted and captivated his followers, such as his charisma, persuasive communication skills, and the ability to instill a sense of purpose and devotion. This type of leadership often creates a strong emotional bond between the leader and their followers, leading to a high level of commitment and loyalty.

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22. The three basic control methods are ___.

Explanation

The three basic control methods are concurrent control, feedback control, and feedforward control. Concurrent control involves monitoring and adjusting ongoing processes in real-time. Feedback control involves using information from past performance to make adjustments and maintain desired outcomes. Feedforward control involves anticipating potential issues or deviations and taking proactive measures to prevent them. These three methods provide a comprehensive approach to effectively managing and optimizing control systems in various contexts.

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23. A car manufacturer ordered 20,000 window assemblies from a supplier. To make sure the assemblies were made to specifications, the supplier of the window assemblies shipped a sample to the car manufacturer for testing. This is an example of ___ control.

Explanation

Feedforward control is a type of control system that takes action in anticipation of a problem or deviation. In this scenario, the supplier of the window assemblies shipped a sample to the car manufacturer for testing before sending the entire order. By doing so, they are implementing feedforward control to ensure that the window assemblies meet the required specifications before mass production. This proactive approach helps to prevent any potential issues or defects in the final product.

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24. For workers to truly accept organizational goals, the workers must ___.

Explanation

For workers to truly accept organizational goals, they must trust management. Trust is an essential factor in building a positive and productive work environment. When workers trust management, they are more likely to believe in the goals set by the organization and work towards achieving them. Trust fosters open communication, collaboration, and a sense of loyalty, which are all crucial for the success of any organization. Without trust in management, workers may resist or be skeptical of organizational goals, leading to a lack of commitment and potentially hindering the achievement of those goals.

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25. Karl was injured at work when a shelving unit fell on him. According to the attribution theory, his employer would be committing a(n) ___ if he thought Karl was completely responsible for the accident because Karl was trying to reach an item on a high shelf by climbing on the shelving unit rather than using a ladder.

Explanation

According to the attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals tend to overemphasize dispositional factors (such as personality traits) and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else's behavior. In this case, if the employer solely blames Karl for the accident without considering the fact that Karl was trying to reach a high shelf and did not have access to a ladder, it would be an example of the fundamental attribution error. The employer is attributing the accident solely to Karl's personal choice and ignoring the situational factors that led to his actions.

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26. Extrinsic rewards are____.

Explanation

Extrinsic rewards are exemplified by bonuses, trophies, and plaques. These rewards are external to the task itself and are given as recognition or incentives for completing a task or achieving a specific goal. They are tangible and can be seen or touched, providing a physical representation of accomplishment. Extrinsic rewards are often used to motivate individuals to perform better or to encourage specific behaviors. They are different from intrinsic rewards, which are the internal satisfaction or enjoyment that comes from performing a task for its own sake.

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27. Which of the following statements about the importance of communication is true?

Explanation

All of these statements about the importance of communication are true. Effective communication is crucial for basic management processes as it ensures clear understanding and coordination among team members. Oral communication is indeed a vital skill for college graduates entering the workforce as it facilitates effective collaboration and expression of ideas. Poor communication skills can hinder career advancement as it affects relationships, teamwork, and overall productivity. Communication is particularly important for top managers as they need to effectively convey goals, strategies, and expectations to their teams. Therefore, all the given statements accurately highlight the significance of communication in various aspects of professional life.

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28. Ford Motor Company has always attracted and nurtured capable mangers, but it has failed to do the same for leaders. So, as part of an overhaul of the automaker's organizational culture, Ford is embarking on a sweeping attempt to mass-manufacture leaders. It wants to build an army of "warrior-entrepreneurs." Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" will be expected to___.

Explanation

The given passage states that Ford Motor Company is aiming to create a culture shift and mass-produce leaders within the organization. These leaders, referred to as "warrior-entrepreneurs," are expected to possess several qualities and abilities. They should be able to take a long-term perspective, meaning they can think beyond immediate goals and consider the future implications of their actions. They should also be able to inspire and motivate employees to embrace change, as the company is undergoing an organizational overhaul. Additionally, they should understand that results are more important than processes, indicating that they prioritize outcomes over rigid adherence to procedures. Lastly, they should be architects rather than builders, meaning they focus on designing and strategizing rather than solely executing tasks. Therefore, the correct answer is that Ford's "warrior-entrepreneurs" are expected to do all of these things.

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29. W. L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. As a result of doing away with traditional titles, the company encourages more ____ communication.

Explanation

By doing away with traditional titles and bosses, W. L. Gore encourages a more horizontal communication style. Horizontal communication refers to communication that occurs between individuals at the same level in an organization, such as between associates. This type of communication promotes collaboration, teamwork, and the sharing of ideas and information among peers.

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30. In the ___ type of grapevine communication network, one highly connected individual shares information with many other managers and workers.

Explanation

In a gossip chain type of grapevine communication network, information is shared by one highly connected individual with many other managers and workers. This means that the information spreads through a series of individuals who pass it on to others, creating a chain-like structure. This type of communication network is characterized by the rapid spread of information, as the highly connected individual serves as a central source of information dissemination.

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31. ___ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfereing with the person's performance.

Explanation

Counseling is the correct answer because it refers to communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfering with their performance. Counseling involves providing support, guidance, and advice to help individuals address personal issues that may be impacting their work. This type of communication aims to identify and resolve any challenges or obstacles that may be hindering the person's performance and overall well-being.

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32. On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are ____.

Explanation

The two basic needs categories are extrinsic and intrinsic needs. Extrinsic needs refer to external motivators such as rewards, recognition, and status, which are driven by external factors. Intrinsic needs, on the other hand, are internal motivators such as personal growth, autonomy, and purpose, which are driven by internal factors. Research evidence supports the existence of these two categories, highlighting the importance of both external and internal motivators in fulfilling individuals' needs.

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33. According to a survey done on teachin evaluations, students' motivation to participate in teaching evaluations is impacted significantly by their expectation that they will be able to provide meaningful feedback. In other words, if they are going to expend the thought and effort to fill out evaluation froms, (1) Is the form designed to gather meaningful information? and (2) Do the students have enough information to form a meaningful opinion about the instruction? In terms of expectancy theory, students are concerned with ____, or whether it is worth their efforts.

Explanation

The correct answer is "expectancy" because according to the explanation provided, students' motivation to participate in teaching evaluations is influenced by their expectation that they will be able to provide meaningful feedback. This suggests that students are concerned with whether their efforts will be worth it, which aligns with the concept of expectancy in expectancy theory.

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34. For workers who feel underpaid, creating a union at their place of employment to attain higher wages can be a mechanism for restoring equity by ____.

Explanation

Creating a union at their place of employment allows workers to collectively negotiate for higher wages, which in turn increases their outcomes. By joining forces and bargaining as a group, workers can address their concerns about being underpaid and strive for fairer compensation. This mechanism helps restore equity by improving the financial outcomes for workers, ensuring they receive better wages for their work.

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35. The normative decision theory ____.

Explanation

The normative decision theory helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making. This theory provides guidelines and frameworks for managers to assess the situation and determine the appropriate level of employee involvement in the decision-making process. It recognizes that different situations may require varying degrees of employee participation and allows managers to make informed decisions on how to involve employees in the decision-making process.

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36. Marketer often appeal to consumers' needs as defined by Maslows hierarchy. Schlage, a lock manufacturer, shows how much protection its locks provide. Clorox developed several types of wipes to eliminate concerns about infectious germs. Both marketers are appealing to which need as defined by Maslow?

Explanation

The correct answer is safety. Both Schlage and Clorox are appealing to consumers' need for safety by emphasizing the protection and elimination of germs that their products provide. This aligns with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, as safety is one of the fundamental needs that individuals strive to fulfill.

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37. Which of the following is another term for considerate leadership behavior?

Explanation

Concern for people is another term for considerate leadership behavior. This type of leadership focuses on the well-being and needs of the employees. Leaders who exhibit concern for people prioritize building relationships, supporting their team members, and showing empathy. They actively listen to their employees, provide support and encouragement, and create a positive work environment. This leadership style promotes teamwork, employee satisfaction, and engagement, ultimately leading to higher productivity and success for the organization.

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38. Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement contingency?

Explanation

Overreward is not a type of reinforcement contingency because it refers to excessively rewarding behavior, which can lead to negative consequences such as entitlement or a decrease in motivation. In contrast, the other options listed are all types of reinforcement contingencies commonly used in behavior modification. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior, extinction involves withholding reinforcement to decrease the likelihood of a behavior, and positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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39. ___ is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.

Explanation

Transactional leadership is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance. This style of leadership focuses on setting clear expectations, providing rewards and recognition for meeting goals, and implementing corrective actions for underperformance. Transactional leaders use a system of rewards and punishments to motivate their followers and ensure that tasks are completed efficiently. They emphasize the importance of meeting targets and adhering to established procedures and policies. This style of leadership is often effective in situations where routine tasks need to be accomplished and immediate results are required.

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40. The number of people who play high-stakes poker is increasing as a result of a number of cable television shows featuring professional poker players vying for $100,000 pots. In terms of reinforcement theory, what kind of a reinforcement schedule motivates the behavior of these card players?

Explanation

The behavior of these card players is motivated by a variable ratio reinforcement schedule. In this type of schedule, the reinforcement (winning a $100,000 pot) is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (playing high-stakes poker). The players do not know how many hands they need to play before winning, which creates excitement and keeps them motivated to continue playing. This type of reinforcement schedule is highly effective in maintaining behavior because it leads to high response rates and persistence.

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41. Dieter Zetsche is the chief executive of DaimlerChrysler. When he explained to unionized employees why the company had to reduce healthcare coverage for its employees, he was engaged in ___ communication.

Explanation

In this scenario, Dieter Zetsche, as the chief executive of DaimlerChrysler, is explaining to unionized employees why the company had to reduce healthcare coverage for its employees. This indicates that he is communicating information from a higher level (the management) to a lower level (the employees). Therefore, this type of communication is considered downward communication, where information flows from superiors to subordinates.

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42. According to a survey done on teaching evaluations, engineering students consider the improvement of teaching to be the most important outcome of the evaluation process. For engineering students who believe their efforts will lead to better teaching, the motivation to fill out a teach evaluation would have a _____.

Explanation

The given answer, "high valence," suggests that engineering students who believe their efforts in filling out a teaching evaluation will lead to better teaching have a positive attitude towards the outcome. Valence refers to the value or desirability of an outcome. In this case, the outcome of improved teaching is considered important by engineering students, indicating a high valence. This means that they are motivated to fill out the evaluation because they believe it will result in a positive outcome.

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43. When the local fast-food restaurant manger caught one of her employees giving free food to his friends, she fired him on the spot. When another employee stayed late after work one night to help a woman start her car, the manager rewarded him. What type of control did the restaurant manager use in these two instances?

Explanation

The correct answer is bureaucratic. In the first instance, the manager fired the employee for giving free food to his friends, which indicates that she followed the rules and policies strictly, without any leniency. In the second instance, the manager rewarded the employee for staying late to help someone, showing that she also rewards employees who go above and beyond their duties. These actions demonstrate a bureaucratic control style, where the manager enforces rules and regulations consistently and rewards or punishes employees based on their adherence to those rules.

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44. Although both Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments and the advent of professional women's sporting leagues have led to dramatics increases in opportunities for women in sports at high school, collegiate, and professional levels, significant discrepancies still exist between men;s and women's sports. For exam[le, women receive less media coverage, promotion, and institutional support. According to equity theory, media coverage, access, promotion, and institutional support are all examples of undesirable ___ for females athletes.

Explanation

According to equity theory, outcomes refer to the rewards or benefits that individuals receive as a result of their efforts or performance. In this context, the outcomes for female athletes refer to media coverage, access, promotion, and institutional support, which are all examples of rewards or benefits that women in sports may receive. However, the question suggests that there are significant discrepancies between men's and women's sports in terms of these outcomes, indicating that women may receive less of these rewards or benefits compared to men.

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45. The steps in the basic perception process include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

Explanation

The basic perception process involves several steps, including attention, organization, interpretation, and retention. Analysis, however, is not considered one of the steps in the process. Analysis typically refers to the breaking down of information or data into smaller parts to understand its components or relationships, whereas perception is more focused on how we perceive and make sense of the world around us. Therefore, analysis is not included in the basic perception process.

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46. Stan O'Neal began his tenure as the CEO of Merrill Lynch by firing the entire managment committee. A few months later he fired two of his hand-picked senior executive because they were "plotting to diminish his authority" and did not want to follow his orders unquestioningly. In terms of situational favorableness, O'Neal demonstrated ___.

Explanation

O'Neal demonstrated a high power position. This is evident from his actions of firing the entire management committee and two senior executives who were not willing to follow his orders unquestioningly. This suggests that O'Neal had the authority and ability to make these decisions, indicating a high power position.

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47. Relatively stable characteristics such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the basis for the ___ of leadership.

Explanation

The correct answer is trait theory. Trait theory suggests that certain stable characteristics, such as abilities, psychological motives, or consistent patterns of behavior, form the foundation for effective leadership. This theory focuses on identifying the specific traits and qualities that make individuals natural leaders, and suggests that these traits are inherent and difficult to develop or change.

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48. Malcolm Thompson was brought in as the CEO of Novalux, a company involved in laser research, to save the company's promise of innovation. It's what he loves: turning ideas into companies, then shaping those business to meet evolving challenges. "you're never done," he says. "It always looks like you're near the finish line, but there are alwasys new opportunities along the road--and new obstacles you'd never thought of. That's part of the exploration--constantly looking at the next problem and the next solution." Apparently, Thompson is an example of a(n) ____.

Explanation

The passage describes Malcolm Thompson as someone who loves turning ideas into companies and shaping businesses to meet evolving challenges. He believes that there are always new opportunities and obstacles along the road, and he constantly looks for the next problem and solution. These characteristics align with those of a visionary leader, who is known for their ability to envision and drive change, and who constantly seeks new opportunities and solutions.

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49. ___ control regulates workers' actions and routines on the job, while ___ control measures the results of their efforts

Explanation

Behavior control refers to the regulation of workers' actions and routines on the job, ensuring that they adhere to specific guidelines and protocols. On the other hand, output control measures the results or outcomes of employees' efforts, focusing on the achievement of specific goals and targets. This means that behavior control is concerned with monitoring and directing employees' actions, while output control is focused on evaluating the outcomes or outputs of their work.

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50. Leaders known as ____ will control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of his or her organization, only to hear positive feedback, only share information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's.

Explanation

Unethical charismatics are leaders who prioritize their own interests over the well-being of their organization and followers. They manipulate and control their followers, only sharing information that benefits themselves and seeking positive feedback. Their moral standards prioritize their own interests above everyone else's.

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51. In the model of the communication process presented in the text, ___ occurs when a message is put into a written, verbal, or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver.

Explanation

Encoding refers to the process of converting a message into a written, verbal, or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver. This is an essential step in the communication process as it allows the sender to convey their message in a way that the receiver can comprehend. Without encoding, the receiver would not be able to understand the message being communicated.

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52. ___ is a technique of understanding the speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys the understanding to the speaker

Explanation

Empathetic listening is a technique that involves understanding the speaker's perspective and personal frame of reference. It goes beyond just hearing the words and actively conveys understanding and empathy to the speaker. This type of listening requires being fully present, suspending judgment, and showing genuine interest in the speaker's thoughts and feelings. By practicing empathetic listening, the listener can create a safe and supportive environment for the speaker to express themselves and feel truly heard.

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53. United Fruit Company is the owner of the Chiquite brand of bananas. To get the bananas picked, United Fruit used a leadership style high in ___ and emphasized how the fruit was to be picked and packed for transportation. It showed no concern for the workers.

Explanation

United Fruit Company used a leadership style high in initiating structure. This means that they focused on clearly defining tasks, roles, and goals for the workers involved in picking the bananas. They emphasized how the fruit was to be picked and packed for transportation, indicating a strong emphasis on organizing and directing the work process. The fact that they showed no concern for the workers suggests a lack of consideration for their well-being and a focus solely on task accomplishment.

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54. In empathetic listening, ____ is important because it demonstrates that you understand the speaker's emotions.

Explanation

Reflecting feelings is important in empathetic listening because it shows that you are truly understanding and acknowledging the speaker's emotions. By reflecting their feelings, you are validating their experiences and showing empathy towards them. This can help create a supportive and trusting environment for effective communication and deeper connection between the listener and the speaker.

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55. ___ is the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consitent with what we already know.

Explanation

Closure is the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know. This means that when faced with incomplete or ambiguous information, our brain automatically tries to complete the missing parts based on our existing knowledge and assumptions. Closure helps us make sense of the world by creating a cohesive and complete perception of our surroundings, even when some details are missing or unclear.

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56. The basic control process begins with ____.

Explanation

The basic control process begins with the establishment of clear standards of performance. This is because without clear standards, it would be difficult to assess and compare actual performance to expected performance. Once the standards are set, the next step in the control process would be to compare the actual performance to the expected performance, followed by problem identification and determining corrective action if needed.

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57. Normative controls should be used when ____.

Explanation

Normative controls should be used when organizational culture, values, and beliefs are strong. This means that when an organization has a strong set of shared values and beliefs, normative controls can be implemented to ensure that employees adhere to these norms. Normative controls are based on social norms and expectations, and they are effective in shaping behavior and maintaining consistency within the organization. By using normative controls, the organization can reinforce its culture and ensure that employees align their actions with the organization's values and beliefs.

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58. Managers can motivate employees to increase their efforts by____.

Explanation

Asking employees what their needs are and then matching rewards to those needs can be an effective way for managers to motivate employees to increase their efforts. This approach recognizes that different individuals have different needs and motivations, and tailoring rewards to meet those needs can create a stronger incentive for employees to perform at a higher level. By understanding and addressing the specific needs of employees, managers can create a more engaging and motivating work environment.

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59. In expectancy theory, ____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Explanation

Instrumentality in expectancy theory refers to the belief that a certain level of performance will lead to a specific outcome or reward. It is the perceived connection between performance and the rewards that are expected to follow. This means that individuals believe that their efforts will result in desired outcomes, and they understand the link between their performance and the rewards they will receive.

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60. According to the text, which of the following factors can help managers to determine whether more control is possible?

Explanation

Task downsizing can help managers determine whether more control is possible because by reducing the number of tasks or responsibilities, managers can have a clearer understanding of what needs to be controlled and can allocate resources more effectively. This allows them to have a better grasp on the overall operations and make informed decisions about the level of control required.

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61. Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision making?

Explanation

Vroom-Yetton-Jargo's normative decision model uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision making. This model suggests that the leader should consider various factors such as the significance of the decision, the importance of subordinate commitment, and the leader's own expertise when deciding whether to involve subordinates in decision making. The decision tree provides a systematic approach to determine the most effective decision-making method based on these factors.

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62. In a(n) ____ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior only have a fixed time has elapsed.

Explanation

In a fixed interval reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior only after a fixed amount of time has elapsed. This means that the reinforcement is delivered at a consistent interval, regardless of how many times the behavior is performed within that time frame. For example, if a rat is given a food pellet every 5 minutes, it will only receive the pellet if it presses a lever after 5 minutes have passed since the last pellet was delivered. This type of schedule often leads to a low rate of responding immediately after reinforcement and an increase in responding as the time for the next reinforcement approaches.

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63. Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

Explanation

Referents are a basic component of equity theory. In equity theory, individuals compare their inputs and outcomes to those of others, known as referents. Referents provide a basis for individuals to assess fairness and determine whether they are being treated equitably in comparison to others. By comparing themselves to referents, individuals can evaluate the equity or inequity of their own situations and make adjustments if necessary.

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64. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ____ involved letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for performing tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.

Explanation

Directive leadership is the correct answer because it aligns with the description provided in the question. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, directive leadership involves providing clear expectations, guidelines, schedules, and standards to employees. This style of leadership focuses on giving specific instructions and ensuring that individuals follow established rules and regulations. It emphasizes a structured and task-oriented approach to leadership, aiming to clarify roles and responsibilities for employees.

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65. Ironically, ____ control may lead to even more pressure for workers to conform to expectations than___ control.

Explanation

Convertive control refers to control exerted by peers or coworkers, where individuals conform to group norms and expectations. Bureaucratic control, on the other hand, refers to control exerted by formal rules and procedures. The explanation for the correct answer is that convertive control may lead to even more pressure for workers to conform to expectations than bureaucratic control. This is because peer pressure and the desire to fit in with the group can be stronger motivators than following formal rules and procedures.

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66. Which of the following is NOT one of the four perspectives measured in the balance scorecard approach to control?

Explanation

The question asks which perspective is NOT measured in the balance scorecard approach to control. The balance scorecard approach includes four perspectives: financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business perspective, and innovation and learning perspective. The policies and procedures perspective is not one of the four perspectives measured in the balance scorecard approach, making it the correct answer.

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67. Logan Stein is the manager of an ad agency. Recently her employees have shown an unwillingness to work as a team. Stein has decided to use reinforcement to encourage more team cohesiveness. What advice can you giver her on how to motivate with reinforcement theory?

Explanation

The advice to "don't reinforce the wrong behaviors" is a valid recommendation for Logan Stein to motivate her employees using reinforcement theory. This means that Stein should only provide positive reinforcement when employees exhibit the desired behaviors that contribute to team cohesiveness. By not reinforcing wrong behaviors, Stein can encourage her employees to focus on and repeat the behaviors that promote teamwork. This approach aligns with the principles of reinforcement theory, which suggest that reinforcing desired behaviors increases the likelihood of their recurrence.

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68. In Oct. 2005, Cadbury Schweppes said high commodity prices and the bankruptcy of one of its US bottling plants had increased its production costs and led it to scale back it financial projections for the remainder of the year. These financial projections were ___ for the beverage company.

Explanation

The financial projections for the beverage company were based on standards. This means that the company had set certain benchmarks or expectations for its financial performance, and these projections were aligned with those standards. However, due to high commodity prices and the bankruptcy of one of its bottling plants, the company had to scale back its projections as it was unable to meet the previously set standards.

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69. According to attribution theory, the defensive bias makes workers more likely to attribute their performance problems to ___.

Explanation

The defensive bias in attribution theory refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their performance problems to external factors or situational causes rather than personal causes. This means that workers with a defensive bias are more likely to blame their poor performance on factors outside of their control, such as the circumstances or environment they are in, rather than accepting personal responsibility for their actions. This bias helps protect their self-esteem and maintain a positive self-image.

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70. Which approach to control monitors inputs rather than outputs?

Explanation

Feedforward control is an approach to control that focuses on monitoring inputs rather than outputs. In this approach, the control system anticipates disturbances or changes in the input variables and takes corrective actions in advance to minimize their impact on the system's output. By monitoring and adjusting the input variables, feedforward control aims to prevent errors or deviations from occurring in the first place, ensuring a more efficient and accurate control process. Unlike feedback control, which relies on monitoring the system's output to make adjustments, feedforward control is proactive and can help improve the overall performance and stability of the system.

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71. A(n) ____ is the set of rules regarding reinforcement contingencies such as which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences will follow those behaviors, and the schedule by which those consequences will be delivered.

Explanation

A schedule of reinforcement refers to a set of rules that determine when and how often a behavior will be reinforced. It outlines the timing and frequency of reinforcement, which can vary depending on the desired outcome. This schedule helps to shape and maintain behaviors by providing consistent consequences for specific actions.

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72. Which of the following is NOT a component of transformational leadership?

Explanation

Supportive influence is not a component of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is characterized by four components: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Supportive influence, on the other hand, is a component of transactional leadership, which focuses on maintaining the status quo and providing rewards and punishments based on performance. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their followers, challenge their thinking, and provide individualized support, whereas transactional leaders focus on providing rewards and maintaining the existing system.

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73. Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?

Explanation

Concern for production is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior. This type of leadership behavior focuses on setting clear goals, organizing work, and defining roles and responsibilities to ensure that tasks are completed efficiently and effectively. Leaders who exhibit concern for production prioritize task accomplishment and are focused on achieving high levels of productivity and performance within their team or organization. They are proactive in planning, organizing, and monitoring work processes to meet production targets and deliver results.

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74. Which of the following leadership theories assumes that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change?

Explanation

The correct answer is "none of these" because none of the listed theories assume that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change. The path-goal theory focuses on how leaders motivate their followers, the normative decision theory suggests that leaders should involve subordinates in decision-making, the Vroom theory emphasizes the importance of expectancy and motivation in leadership, and the status quo theory of leadership suggests that leaders maintain the existing state of affairs. Therefore, none of these theories assume that leadership styles are consistent and difficult to change.

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75. ____ are the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Explanation

Reinforcement contingencies refer to the cause-and-effect relationships between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences. These contingencies determine whether a behavior will be reinforced or not, based on the consequences that follow. It is through reinforcement contingencies that individuals learn which behaviors are likely to lead to positive outcomes and which behaviors are not. By understanding these cause-and-effect relationships, individuals can modify their behavior to increase the likelihood of receiving desired consequences.

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76. Stan O'Neal began his tenure as the CEO of Merrill Lynch by firing the entire managment committee. A few months later he fired two of his hand-picked senior executive because they were "plotting to diminish his authority" and did not want to follow his orders unquestioningly. In terms of Fielder's contingency theory, O'Neal was most concerned with establishing ____.

Explanation

Stan O'Neal's actions of firing the entire management committee and two senior executives suggest that he was most concerned with establishing situational favorableness. This theory suggests that leaders will adapt their leadership style based on the situation they are in. O'Neal wanted to ensure that he had complete authority and control over the company, and believed that by removing those who were plotting against him, he could establish a more favorable situation for himself as the CEO.

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77. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, ___ is very similar to considerate leader behavior.

Explanation

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, supportive leadership is very similar to considerate leader behavior. Supportive leadership involves showing concern for the well-being and needs of subordinates, providing emotional support, and creating a positive work environment. Similarly, considerate leader behavior also focuses on the welfare of employees, demonstrating empathy, and treating them with respect. Both styles emphasize the importance of building relationships, fostering trust, and creating a supportive atmosphere within the team.

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78. The crew renovating the downtown area accidentally dug up the sidewalk belonging to First methodist church because they understood that ALL sidewalks were to be replaced. The crew was actually supposed to replace all CITY-OWNED sidewalks. In terms of the communications process ___.

Explanation

In this scenario, the crew renovating the downtown area misunderstood the instruction to replace "all sidewalks" and mistakenly dug up the sidewalk belonging to the First Methodist Church. This misunderstanding can be attributed to noise in the communication process. Noise refers to any interference or distortion that affects the message being communicated. In this case, the noise could be the lack of clarity or specificity in the instruction, which led to the crew misinterpreting it. As a result, the communication was prevented or disrupted by the noise, leading to the incorrect action taken by the crew.

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79. Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

Explanation

The statement that "these behaviors are independent, meaning that leaders can do both at the same time" is true because initiating structure and constructing networks are two distinct leader behaviors that can be performed simultaneously. Initiating structure involves organizing and defining work tasks, while constructing networks involves building relationships and connections. Leaders can engage in both behaviors concurrently, as they are not mutually exclusive. This allows leaders to effectively manage tasks and relationships, contributing to their overall success in leadership roles.

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80. Which of the following factors can help managers determine whether more of difference control is worthwhile?

Explanation

Regulation costs can help managers determine whether more control is worthwhile because they provide insight into the financial impact of implementing additional control measures. If the costs of complying with regulations are high, it may be necessary to increase control to ensure compliance and avoid penalties. On the other hand, if regulation costs are low, managers may determine that the existing level of control is sufficient and additional measures are not necessary.

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