Chm02 - Organic Chemistry (Lec)

Atoms with relatively similar electro negativities share electrons between them and are connected by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds occur when atoms have similar electronegativities and they share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. This sharing of electrons allows both atoms to fill their outermost electron shells and form a stable molecule.

A proton is a subatomic particle that carries a positive charge. It is found in the nucleus of an atom, along with neutrons. Protons are essential for determining the atomic number and identity of an element. They are attracted to electrons, which carry a negative charge, and together they form the structure of an atom. Neutrons, on the other hand, are neutral particles and do not carry any charge. Therefore, the correct answer is proton.

An electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative charge. It is one of the fundamental particles that make up an atom, along with protons and neutrons. Electrons are found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom and play a crucial role in determining the chemical and physical properties of elements. They are involved in chemical bonding and electrical conductivity.

When a sodium (Na) atom reacts with a chlorine (Cl) atom, an ionic bond is formed. In this bond, the sodium atom donates an electron to the chlorine atom, resulting in the formation of a positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-). The opposite charges of these ions attract each other, creating a strong electrostatic force that holds them together in a crystal lattice structure. This type of bond occurs between atoms with significantly different electronegativities, leading to the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Valence electrons are the electrons that are located in the outermost shell of an atom. These electrons play a crucial role in determining the chemical properties of an element, as they are involved in the formation of chemical bonds. Valence electrons are responsible for the reactivity and the ability of an atom to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms. Therefore, valence electrons are the electrons that reside in the outermost shell surrounding an atomic nucleus.

Mg and Cl will form an ionic bond because magnesium (Mg) has a tendency to lose two electrons and chlorine (Cl) has a tendency to gain one electron. This transfer of electrons results in the formation of positively charged Mg ions and negatively charged Cl ions. The opposite charges attract each other, creating a strong electrostatic force that holds the ions together, forming an ionic bond.

Mg and O will form an ionic bond because magnesium (Mg) has a tendency to lose two electrons and oxygen (O) has a tendency to gain two electrons. This transfer of electrons results in the formation of ions, with Mg becoming a positively charged ion (Mg2+) and O becoming a negatively charged ion (O2-). The opposite charges attract each other, forming an ionic bond between Mg and O.

A covalent bond is formed between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). In a covalent bond, atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Carbon has four valence electrons, while nitrogen has five. By sharing electrons, both carbon and nitrogen can complete their outermost electron shells and become more stable. This sharing of electrons results in the formation of a covalent bond between the two atoms.

Ionic charge is formed when there is a transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal. In this process, the metal loses electrons to become positively charged (cation), while the nonmetal gains those electrons to become negatively charged (anion). This electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond, resulting in the formation of an ionic compound. Therefore, the correct answer is "When there is a metal and nonmetal."

Protons and neutrons are the two particles that make up the nucleus of an atom. Protons carry a positive charge, while neutrons have no charge. The number of protons determines the element of the atom, while the number of neutrons can vary, creating different isotopes of the same element. Electrons, on the other hand, orbit around the nucleus in energy levels. Therefore, the correct answer is Proton and Neutron, as they are the center of an atom, making up the nucleus.

Ionic compounds are brittle because when they are subjected to external force, such as being hit, a layer of ions is pushed so that they are next to ions of the same charge. Since ions of the same charge repel each other, this repulsion causes the crystal lattice structure of the ionic compound to break, resulting in the compound shattering or fracturing. This is why ionic compounds are known for their brittleness.

In the process of ionic bonding, nitrogen can become an anion. An anion is a negatively charged ion that forms when an atom gains one or more electrons. Nitrogen, with its atomic number of 7, typically forms three covalent bonds to achieve a stable configuration. However, in certain chemical reactions, nitrogen can gain an electron to complete its outer shell and become a nitride ion (N3-), thus becoming an anion.

A covalent bond is formed between hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. In a covalent bond, the atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. In the case of H and O, the oxygen atom needs two additional electrons to complete its outer shell, while the hydrogen atom needs one additional electron. By sharing electrons, both atoms can achieve a stable configuration, forming a covalent bond between them. This type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons rather than the transfer of electrons, as in ionic bonds.

Chemical bonding refers to the various interactions that hold atoms together in chemical compounds. This can include ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and nonpolar covalent bonding. These different types of bonding involve the sharing, transferring, or redistribution of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable configuration. Chemical bonding is essential for the formation of molecules and compounds, allowing for the creation of new substances with unique properties.

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The word "atom" originated from the Greek word "atomos" which means "invisible". This is because atoms are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge. Together, these particles make up the atom and determine its properties and behavior.

Nickel (II) Chloride is the correct name for the compound because nickel has a charge of +2 and chlorine has a charge of -1, indicating that two chloride ions are needed to balance the charge of one nickel ion. The formula of the compound is NiCl2, which represents one nickel ion and two chloride ions.

The given correct answer is "Neutron." Neutrons are subatomic particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom. They have no charge, unlike protons and electrons which are positively and negatively charged, respectively. Neutrons play a crucial role in determining the stability and mass of an atom. They help to hold the nucleus together by balancing the repulsive forces between positively charged protons. Neutrons also contribute to the overall mass of an atom without significantly affecting its chemical properties.

Boron has a charge of +3 and Nitrogen has a charge of -3. When these two elements combine, they form a compound called Boron Nitride. The chemical formula for Boron Nitride is BN, with one atom of Boron and one atom of Nitrogen.

The compound formed between lithium and nitrogen is called lithium nitride. In terms of chemical symbols, it is represented as Li3N.

Mercury (II) (Hg) has a charge of +2, and Oxygen (O) has a charge of -2. In order to balance the charges and form a neutral compound, one atom of Mercury (II) combines with one atom of Oxygen. Therefore, the chemical compound name is Mercury (II) Oxide and the formula is HgO.