Heart & Cardiovascular System Anatomy Exam Review

Reviewed by Editorial Team

The ProProfs editorial team is comprised of experienced subject matter experts. They've collectively created over 10,000 quizzes and lessons, serving over 100 million users. Our team includes in-house content moderators and subject matter experts, as well as a global network of rigorously trained contributors. All adhere to our comprehensive editorial guidelines, ensuring the delivery of high-quality content.

Learn about Our Editorial Process

| By Michelle Bojorquez

Michelle Bojorquez

Community Contributor

Quizzes Created: 1 | Total Attempts: 1,039

| Attempts: 1,052

Quiz Flashcard

Questions

Feedback

During the Quiz End of Quiz

Difficulty

Sequential Easy First Hard First

1/54 Questions

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?
- A) Epicardium
- B) Abdominal cavity
- C) Pericardium
- D) Mediastinum
- E) Thoracic cavity

About This Quiz

This quiz, titled 'Heart & Cardiovascular System Anatomy Exam Review', tests knowledge on heart anatomy and related structures. It covers the mediastinum, pericardium, heart positioning, and complications like cardiac tamponade, enhancing understanding crucial for medical studies.

Heart & Cardiovascular System Anatomy Exam Review - Quiz

Quiz Preview

2.

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the
- A) pericardium
- B) pleura
- C) myocardium
- D) mediastinum
- E) endocardium
Correct Answer

A. A) pericardium

Explanation

The correct answer is a) pericardium. The pericardium is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It is a double-layered sac that contains a fluid-filled space between the layers, which helps to reduce friction as the heart beats. The pericardium also helps to hold the heart in place within the chest cavity and protects it from external forces. The other options (b) pleura, (c) myocardium, (d) mediastinum, and (e) endocardium do not refer to the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.

Rate this question:
3.

The apex of the heart is normally pointed
- A) at the midline
- B) to the left of the midline
- C) to the right of the midline
- D) is different for males and females
- E) posteriorly
Correct Answer

A. B) to the left of the midline

Explanation

The apex of the heart is normally pointed to the left of the midline. This is because the heart is located slightly to the left side of the chest, so its apex naturally points towards the left. This positioning allows for efficient pumping of blood to the rest of the body.

Rate this question:
4.

Trauma to the pericardium associated with bleeding into the pericardial cavity, might cause
- A) myocarditis
- B) endocarditis
- C) cardiac tamponade
- D) rapid heart rate
- E) none of these
Correct Answer

A. C) cardiac tamponade

Explanation

Trauma to the pericardium can cause bleeding into the pericardial cavity, leading to cardiac tamponade. Cardiac tamponade occurs when there is excessive fluid or blood accumulation in the pericardial sac, which compresses the heart and impairs its ability to pump effectively. This can result in decreased cardiac output and potentially life-threatening symptoms such as low blood pressure and decreased perfusion to vital organs. Myocarditis refers to inflammation of the heart muscle, endocarditis refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, and rapid heart rate is a nonspecific symptom that can occur in various cardiac conditions.

Rate this question:
5.

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart?
- A) Synovial fluid
- B) Endocardium
- C) Pleural fluid
- D) Pericardial fluid
- E) Capillary endothelium
Correct Answer

A. D) Pericardial fluid

Explanation

Pericardial fluid is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart. This fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the membranes to slide smoothly over each other during the heart's contractions and relaxations. This helps to prevent damage to the heart and allows it to function properly.

Rate this question:
6.

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also considered to be the
- A) epicardium
- B) myocardium
- C) endocardium
- D) fibrous pericardium
- E) None of the answer selections is correct 5
Correct Answer

A. A) epicardium

Explanation

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is considered to be the epicardium because the epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is also known as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. It is a thin, transparent layer that covers the surface of the heart and is composed of connective tissue and a layer of mesothelial cells.

Rate this question:
7.

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?
- A) Epicardium
- B) Pericardium
- C) Myocardium
- D) Endocardium
- E) Hypocardium
Correct Answer

A. C) Myocardium

Explanation

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. This layer is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body. The myocardium is thicker in the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle, as the left ventricle needs to generate more force to pump blood to the rest of the body.

Rate this question:

1
8.

A patient presents with a fever, heart murmur, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, loss of appetite and night sweats. As a physician, your diagnosis would be that of endocarditis typically caused by
- A) a virus
- B) an autoimmune condition
- C) a bacterial infection
- D) exposure to radiation
- E) cancer
Correct Answer

A. C) a bacterial infection

Explanation

The patient's symptoms, including fever, heart murmur, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, loss of appetite, and night sweats, are consistent with endocarditis. Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, typically caused by bacteria. The other options, such as a virus, autoimmune condition, exposure to radiation, or cancer, are not commonly associated with endocarditis. Therefore, the most likely diagnosis in this case would be endocarditis caused by a bacterial infection.

Rate this question:

1
9.

Cardiac tamponade may develop following a case of
- A) myocarditis
- B) endocarditis
- C) palpitation
- D) pericarditis
- E) tachycardia
Correct Answer

A. D) pericarditis

Explanation

Cardiac tamponade is a condition where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, causing compression of the heart and impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. Pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium, can lead to the development of cardiac tamponade. When the pericardium becomes inflamed, it can produce excess fluid, which can accumulate and lead to cardiac tamponade. Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart), palpitation (awareness of one's heartbeat), and tachycardia (abnormally fast heart rate) are not directly associated with the development of cardiac tamponade.

Rate this question:

1
10.

The coronary sulcus marks the external boundary between the [dropdown 1] and the [dropdown 2]
- Dropdown 1 Choices:
- Auricles
- Coronary arteries
- Coronary sinus
- Superior atria
- Dropdown 2 Choices:
- Apex
- Auricles
- Base
- Inferior ventricles
Correct Answer(s)

A. Superior atria
A. Inferior ventricles

Explanation

The coronary sulcus marks the external boundary between the superior atria and the inferior ventricles.

Rate this question:
11.

Pectinate muscles extend from the atrial internal wall into the pouch-like structures that increase the total filling capacity of the atrium. These structure are the
- A) ventricles
- B) coronary sulci
- C) fossa ovalis
- D) interatrial septa
- E) auricles
Correct Answer

A. E) auricles

Explanation

The pectinate muscles extend from the atrial internal wall into the pouch-like structures that increase the total filling capacity of the atrium. These structures are known as auricles.

Rate this question:
12.

Identify the groove found on the surface of the heart that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles.
- A) Coronary sulcus
- B) Anterior interventricular sulcus
- C) Posterior interventricular sulcus
- D) Coronary sinus
- E) Anterior intraventricular sulcus
Correct Answer

A. B) Anterior interventricular sulcus

Explanation

The groove found on the surface of the heart that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles is called the anterior interventricular sulcus.

Rate this question:

1
13.

Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles.
- A) Pectinate muscles
- B) Trabeculae carneae
- C) Coronary sulci
- D) Papillary muscles
- E) Chordae tendinae
Correct Answer

A. A) Pectinate muscles

Explanation

The correct answer is a) Pectinate muscles. Pectinate muscles are muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles. They are responsible for increasing the surface area of the atrium, allowing for more efficient contraction and blood flow. Trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles, not the atrium. Coronary sulci are grooves on the surface of the heart that contain blood vessels. Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae are structures found in the ventricles that help to anchor the atrioventricular valves.

Rate this question:

1
14.

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
- A) Bicuspid valve
- B) Interventricular septum
- C) Tricuspid valve
- D) Mitral valve
- E) Ascending aorta
Correct Answer

A. C) Tricuspid valve

Explanation

Blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle and consists of three flaps or cusps. When the right atrium contracts, the tricuspid valve opens, allowing blood to flow into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium. This one-way flow of blood ensures efficient circulation and prevents backflow.

Rate this question:

2
15.

What type of tissue comprises the valves of the heart?
- A) Dense connective tissue
- B) Areolar connective tissue
- C) Hyaline cartilage
- D) Cardiac muscle tissue
- E) Adipose tissue
Correct Answer

A. A) Dense connective tissue

Explanation

The valves of the heart are composed of dense connective tissue. This type of tissue is characterized by its high density of collagen fibers, which provide strength and support. The valves need to be strong and flexible in order to open and close properly and maintain the flow of blood in the heart. Dense connective tissue is well-suited for this role as it can withstand the constant pressure and movement of the heart.

Rate this question:
16.

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures?
- A) Right atrium
- B) Interventricular septum
- C) Bicuspid valve
- D) Aortic semilunar valve
- E) Pulmonary semilunar valve
Correct Answer

A. D) Aortic semilunar valve

Explanation

Blood leaving the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The aortic semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, and it prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricle. Therefore, the correct answer is d) Aortic semilunar valve.

Rate this question:

1
17.

Identify the structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.
- A) Fossa ovalis
- B) Foramen ovale
- C) Trabeculae carneae
- D) Descending aorta
- E) Ductus arteriosus
Correct Answer

A. E) Ductus arteriosus

Explanation

The structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta is the ductus arteriosus. This is a temporary blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, bypassing the lungs. The ductus arteriosus is essential in the fetal circulatory system because the lungs are not yet functioning, and it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the non-functioning lungs and go directly to the body. After birth, the ductus arteriosus typically closes and becomes a ligament.

Rate this question:
18.

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly
- A) into arteries.
- B) into capillaries.
- C) into veins.
- D) through an atrioventricular valve.
- E) through the apex.
Correct Answer

A. A) into arteries.

Explanation

When the ventricles of the heart contract, blood is pumped out of the heart and into the arteries. The arteries are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is a) into arteries.

Rate this question:
19.

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly
- A) into auricles.
- B) into arteries.
- C) into veins
- D) through atrioventricular valves
- E) through semilunar valves.
Correct Answer

A. D) through atrioventricular valves

Explanation

When the atria of the heart contract, blood moves from the atria into the ventricles. This movement of blood is facilitated by the atrioventricular valves, which open to allow the blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. Therefore, the correct answer is d) through atrioventricular valves.

Rate this question:
20.

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
- A) Tricuspid valve
- B) Bicuspid valve
- C) Pulmonary semilunar valve
- D) Aortic semilunar valve
- E) Mitral valve
Correct Answer

A. C) Pulmonary semilunar valve

Explanation

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle. This valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and it opens to allow blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs for oxygenation. After the blood is oxygenated, it returns to the heart and enters the left atrium, passing through the mitral valve to enter the left ventricle. Therefore, the pulmonary semilunar valve is responsible for ensuring that blood flows in one direction, preventing backflow into the right ventricle.

Rate this question:
21.

Which of the following chambers of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
- A) Left atrium and left ventricle
- B) Left atrium only
- C) Right atrium and right ventricle
- D) Right ventricle only
- E) Left atrium and right ventricle
Correct Answer

A. C) Right atrium and right ventricle

Explanation

The right atrium and right ventricle of the heart contain deoxygenated blood. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava, and then it contracts to pump the blood into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

Rate this question:
22.

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?
- A) Coronary artery
- B) Coronary vein
- C) Coronary sinus
- D) Vena cava
- E) Myocardial vein
Correct Answer

A. A) Coronary artery

Explanation

The coronary artery is the blood vessel that is responsible for distributing oxygenated blood to the myocardium. The myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart, and it requires a constant supply of oxygen to function properly. The coronary artery branches off from the aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The other options, such as the coronary vein, coronary sinus, vena cava, and myocardial vein, do not play a role in distributing oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

Rate this question:

1
23.

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by
- A) desmosomes.
- B) tight junctions.
- C) gap junctions.
- D) interneurons.
- E) chordae tendinae.
Correct Answer

A. C) gap junctions.

Explanation

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by gap junctions. Gap junctions are specialized protein channels that allow for the direct passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. This allows for the rapid spread of electrical signals throughout the cardiac muscle, ensuring coordinated contraction of the heart. Desmosomes and tight junctions are types of cell junctions that provide mechanical strength and prevent leakage between cells, but they do not allow for electrical communication. Interneurons and chordae tendinae are not involved in the electrical connection between cardiac muscle fibers.

Rate this question:

1
24.

Which of the following types of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?
- A) Smooth muscle
- B) Skeletal muscle
- C) Cardiac muscle
- D) All the muscle types contain approximately the same number.
- E) Mitochondria are not found in muscle cells.
Correct Answer

A. C) Cardiac muscle

Explanation

Cardiac muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell. Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP, and cardiac muscle cells require a constant supply of energy to contract and pump blood throughout the body. Therefore, cardiac muscle cells have a high number of mitochondria to meet their energy demands.

Rate this question:
25.

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provides a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?
- A) Systemic circuit
- B) Intercalated discs
- C) Cardiovascular center
- D) Cardiac conduction system
- E) Pulmonary circuit
Correct Answer

A. D) Cardiac conduction system

Explanation

The correct answer is d) Cardiac conduction system. The cardiac conduction system is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that coordinate the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. It includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. These structures ensure that each cycle of cardiac excitation progresses through the heart in a coordinated and efficient manner, allowing for the synchronized contraction of the atria and ventricles.

Rate this question:
26.

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?
- A) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node
- B) Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His
- C) Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His
- D) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
- E) Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers
Correct Answer

A. D) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

Explanation

The correct answer is d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers. The sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart is as follows: The impulse starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. From there, it travels to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which acts as a gateway to the ventricles. The impulse then passes through the Bundle of His, which is a specialized pathway that conducts the electrical signals to the ventricles. Finally, the impulse spreads through the Purkinje fibers, which are specialized muscle fibers that cause the ventricles to contract.

Rate this question:
27.

In comparison to skeletal muscle fibers, the contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for [___] period of time.
- A longer
- A shorter
- A variable
- The same
Correct Answer

A. A longer

Explanation

The contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for a longer period of time compared to skeletal muscle fibers. This is because the heart needs to maintain a constant and rhythmic contraction to pump blood effectively, while skeletal muscles only need to contract for short periods of time for movement.

Rate this question:
28.

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the
- A) cardiac output.
- B) cardiac input.
- C) stroke volume.
- D) heart rate.
- E) pulse pressure.
Correct Answer

A. A) cardiac output.

Explanation

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the cardiac output. This is the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart and circulated throughout the body in one minute. It is an important measure of the heart's efficiency and is influenced by both the stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat) and the heart rate (the number of times the heart beats per minute). Therefore, the correct answer is a) cardiac output.

Rate this question:
29.

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?
- A) filling
- B) systole
- C) repolarization
- D) diastole
- E) fibrillation
Correct Answer

A. B) systole

Explanation

During the cardiac cycle, the term "systole" refers to the period of time when a chamber of the heart contracts and the pressure within the chamber rises. This is a crucial phase as it allows for the ejection of blood from the chamber into the arteries. The other options, such as filling, repolarization, diastole, and fibrillation, do not specifically describe this particular phase of contraction and pressure increase.

Rate this question:
30.

The period of atrial systole lasts about [dropdown 1] while the period of ventricular systole lasts approximately [dropdown 2].
- Dropdown 1 Choices:
- 0.4 second
- 0.3 second
- 0.1 second
- 0.6 second
- Dropdown 2 Choices:
- 0.4 second
- 0.3 second
- 0.1 second
- 0.6 second
Correct Answer(s)

A. 0.1 second
A. 0.3 second

Explanation

The period of atrial systole lasts about 0.1 second while the period of ventricular systole lasts approximately 0.3 second.

Rate this question:
31.

During which of the following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?
- A) atrial diastole
- B) ventricular diastole
- C) atrial systole
- D) ventricular systole
- E) the volume is about the same during each period
Correct Answer

A. D) ventricular systole

Explanation

During ventricular systole, the ventricles of the heart contract, forcing blood out of the heart and into the arteries. This is the period when the largest volume of blood enters the arteries. Atrial diastole is the period when the atria are relaxed and filling with blood, but this blood has not yet been pumped into the arteries. Ventricular diastole is the period when the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood, but again, this blood has not yet been pumped into the arteries. Atrial systole is the period when the atria contract, but only a small amount of blood is pumped into the ventricles. Therefore, the correct answer is d) ventricular systole.

Rate this question:
32.

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows which of the events listed below?
- A) Valvular stenosis
- B) Semilunar valves opening
- C) Atrioventricular valves closing
- D) Semilunar valves closing
- E) Atrioventricular valves opening
Correct Answer

A. D) Semilunar valves closing

Explanation

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows the closing of the semilunar valves. This sound is produced when the aortic and pulmonary valves close, preventing the backflow of blood into the ventricles. The closure of these valves marks the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of diastole. The sound is heard as a low-pitched "dubb" sound and can be auscultated during the second heart sound.

Rate this question:
33.

Which of the following correctly describes ventricular ejection? Select all that apply.
- A) occurs when semilunar valves are open
- B) occurs when semilunar valves are closed
- C) lasts for about 0.25 second
- D) lasts for about 0.1 second
- E) occurs when atrioventricular valves are open
- F) occurs when atrioventricular valves are closed
Correct Answer(s)

A. A) occurs when semilunar valves are open
A. C) lasts for about 0.25 second
A. F) occurs when atrioventricular valves are closed

Explanation

Ventricular ejection occurs when the semilunar valves are open, allowing blood to be ejected from the ventricles into the arteries. It lasts for about 0.25 seconds. During ventricular ejection, the atrioventricular valves are closed to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.

Rate this question:
34.

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?
- A) Cardiac accelerator nerves
- B) Atrioventricular node
- C) Cardiovascular center
- D) Sinoatrial node
- E) Bundle of His
Correct Answer

A. D) Sinoatrial node

Explanation

The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart. It is responsible for initiating action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart. The SA node is located in the upper part of the right atrium and generates electrical impulses at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute, which sets the rhythm for the entire heart. This makes it the structure that initiates the heart's contraction at a constant rate.

Rate this question:
35.

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?
- A) Cardiac accelerator nerve
- B) Hypoglossal nerve
- C) Spinal accessory
- D) Vagus nerve
- E) Phrenic nerve
Correct Answer

A. D) Vagus nerve

Explanation

Stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces heart rate. The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that plays a significant role in regulating the parasympathetic nervous system. When stimulated, the vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which slows down the heart rate by inhibiting the electrical activity of the heart. This is why the correct answer is d) Vagus nerve.

Rate this question:
36.

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?
- A) Increased norepinephrine release
- B) Increased thyroid hormone release
- C) Increased potassium levels in plasma
- D) Increased calcium levels in plasma
- E) Increased sympathetic stimulation
Correct Answer

A. C) Increased potassium levels in plasma

Explanation

Increased potassium levels in plasma can lead to a decreased heart rate because high levels of potassium can disrupt the electrical signals in the heart, causing it to beat more slowly. This condition is known as hyperkalemia and can result in bradycardia, or a slow heart rate.

Rate this question:
37.

An increase in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood leads to a change in the chemical composition of the blood. This input would be received by which part of the brain that regulates heart rate?
- A) Midbrain
- B) Cerebrum
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Cerebellum
- E) Thalamus
Correct Answer

A. C) Medulla oblongata

Explanation

An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood is detected by chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is responsible for regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate and breathing. When carbon dioxide levels rise, the medulla oblongata sends signals to increase the heart rate in order to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues. Therefore, the medulla oblongata is the part of the brain that would receive this input and regulate heart rate.

Rate this question:
38.

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?
- A) R wave
- B) T wave
- C) S wave
- D) P wave
- E) Q wave
Correct Answer

A. B) T wave

Explanation

The T wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles. During repolarization, the ventricles are resetting and preparing for the next heartbeat. This wave is typically a small, rounded wave that follows the QRS complex. The T wave is important in assessing the overall health and function of the heart, as abnormalities in its shape, size, or timing can indicate underlying cardiac conditions.

Rate this question:
39.

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?
- A) increased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility
- B) decreased preload, decreased afterload, decreased contractility
- C) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility
- D) decreased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility
- E) increased preload, increased afterload, decreased contractility
Correct Answer

A. C) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

Explanation

Increased preload, decreased afterload, and increased contractility would all lead to increased stroke volume. Preload refers to the amount of blood that fills the ventricles during diastole, and increasing preload would lead to a greater stretch of the ventricles and a more forceful contraction during systole, resulting in increased stroke volume. Decreased afterload, which is the resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood, would also allow for a more efficient ejection of blood and increased stroke volume. Finally, increased contractility, or the strength of the ventricular contraction, would directly lead to an increase in stroke volume.

Rate this question:
40.

Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG) waves represents atrial depolarization?
- A) R wave
- B) T wave
- C) S wave
- D) P wave
- E) Q wave
Correct Answer

A. D) P wave

Explanation

The P wave represents atrial depolarization in an electrocardiogram (ECG). Depolarization refers to the electrical activation of the heart muscle, causing it to contract. In the case of the P wave, it represents the depolarization of the atria, which is the first step in the cardiac cycle. The other options (R wave, T wave, S wave, and Q wave) represent different phases of the cardiac cycle or depolarization/repolarization of other parts of the heart, but not specifically atrial depolarization.

Rate this question:
41.

Prior to physical activity, the heart rate may climb. This anticipatory increase is caused by nerve impulses traveling to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata that originate in the
- A) cerebral cortex
- B) hypothalamus
- C) baroreceptors
- D) limbic system
- E) proprioceptors
Correct Answer

A. D) limbic system

Explanation

The limbic system is responsible for regulating emotions and behavior. It sends nerve impulses to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata, which in turn increases the heart rate in anticipation of physical activity. This is because the limbic system is involved in the activation of the "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for action. The cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, baroreceptors, and proprioceptors are not directly involved in this anticipatory increase in heart rate.

Rate this question:
42.

The formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) is
- A) heart rate multiplied by cardiac reserve
- B) heart rate multiplied by end diastolic volume
- C) heart rate multiplied by stroke volume
- D) end diastolic volume multiplied by cardiac reserve
- E) venous return multiplied by stroke volume
Correct Answer

A. C) heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

Explanation

The correct answer is c) heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (number of heartbeats per minute) by the stroke volume (volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat). This formula represents the relationship between heart rate and stroke volume in determining cardiac output.

Rate this question:
43.

Positive inotropic agents often promote inflow of which cation to increase contractility of the heart?
- A) sodium
- B) potassium
- C) magnesium
- D) phosphorus
- E) calcium
Correct Answer

A. E) calcium

Explanation

Positive inotropic agents increase the contractility of the heart by promoting the inflow of calcium ions. Calcium plays a crucial role in the contraction of cardiac muscle cells. When calcium enters the cells, it binds to specific proteins, triggering a series of events that lead to the contraction of the heart muscle. Therefore, an increase in the inflow of calcium ions enhances the force of contraction, resulting in increased contractility of the heart.

Rate this question:
44.

Two hormones that increase heart rate are [dropdown 1] and [dropdown 2].
- Dropdown 1 Choices:
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Growth hormone
- Testosterone
- Thyroid hormone
- Dropdown 2 Choices:
- Acetylcholine
- Epinephrine
- Insulin
- Melatonin
Correct Answer(s)

A. Thyroid hormone
A. Epinephrine

Explanation

Thyroid hormone is a hormone that increases heart rate by stimulating the production of adrenergic receptors in the heart, making it more responsive to the effects of epinephrine. Epinephrine is another hormone that increases heart rate by binding to adrenergic receptors in the heart and increasing the strength and frequency of contractions. Together, thyroid hormone and epinephrine work to increase heart rate and promote cardiovascular function.

Rate this question:
45.

Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because
- A) they produce less epinephrine.
- B) they eat more protein and vitamins.
- C) their hearts operate more efficiently due to training
- D) they take in less oxygen than average individuals
- E) they put out more carbon dioxide than average individuals
Correct Answer

A. C) their hearts operate more efficiently due to training

Explanation

Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because their hearts operate more efficiently due to training. Regular exercise and training can strengthen the heart muscle, improve its ability to pump blood, and increase its overall efficiency. This leads to a higher cardiac reserve, which means that the heart can pump more blood and supply more oxygen to the muscles during intense physical activity. This increased efficiency allows athletes to perform at higher levels and endure longer periods of exercise without experiencing fatigue or cardiovascular strain.

Rate this question:
46.

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the [dropdown 1] ventricle into the [dropdown 2] each minute.
- Dropdown 1 choices:
- Left
- Right
- Left or right
- Both left and right
- Dropdown 2 choices:
- Aorta
- Pulmonary trunk
- Aorta or pulmonary trunk
Correct Answer(s)

A. Left or right
A. Aorta or pulmonary trunk

Explanation

The correct answer is "left or right" because cardiac output refers to the total volume of blood ejected from both the left and right ventricles of the heart. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, which supplies the systemic circulation, and it also pumps deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, both the left and right ventricles contribute to the overall cardiac output.

Rate this question:

1
47.

The difference between a person’s maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the
- A) stroke volume.
- B) peripheral resistance
- C) afterload.
- D) cardiac reserve.
- E) venous return.
Correct Answer

A. D) cardiac reserve.

Explanation

The difference between a person's maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the cardiac reserve. Cardiac reserve refers to the ability of the heart to increase its output in response to increased demand, such as during exercise or stress. It represents the additional capacity of the heart to pump more blood when needed. Stroke volume, peripheral resistance, afterload, and venous return are all related to cardiac function but do not specifically refer to the difference between maximum and resting cardiac output.

Rate this question:
48.

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?
- A) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.
- B) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle.
- C) Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow.
- D) Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle.
- E) Prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.
Correct Answer

A. A) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.

Explanation

The foramen ovale is a hole in the fetal heart that allows blood to bypass the lungs. During fetal life, the lungs are not yet functional, so oxygenation of the blood occurs through the placenta. The foramen ovale acts as a shunt, allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the non-functioning lungs and flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium. This oxygenated blood is then pumped out to the rest of the body. After birth, when the lungs become functional, the foramen ovale closes, redirecting blood flow through the pulmonary circulation.

Rate this question:
49.

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cycle in which
- A) the semilunar valves are open.
- B) ventricular repolarization occurs.
- C) atrial depolarization occurs.
- D) oxygenated blood leaves the heart into the systemic circulation.
- E) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.
Correct Answer

A. E) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

Explanation

During the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, the ventricles contract and their pressure increases. However, the ventricular volume remains the same because both the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed, preventing any blood from entering or leaving the ventricles. This phase allows for the build-up of pressure within the ventricles before the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected into the systemic circulation during ventricular ejection.

Rate this question:

Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 21, 2023 +

Our quizzes are rigorously reviewed, monitored and continuously updated by our expert board to maintain accuracy, relevance, and timeliness.

Current Version
Mar 21, 2023

Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team
Jul 06, 2019

Quiz Created by
Michelle Bojorquez

Heart & Cardiovascular System Anatomy Exam Review

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?

Quiz Preview

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

The apex of the heart is normally pointed

Trauma to the pericardium associated with bleeding into the pericardial cavity, might cause

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart?

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also considered to be the

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

A patient presents with a fever, heart murmur, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, loss of appetite and night sweats. As a physician, your diagnosis would be that of endocarditis typically caused by

Cardiac tamponade may develop following a case of

The coronary sulcus marks the external boundary between the [dropdown 1] and the [dropdown 2]

Pectinate muscles extend from the atrial internal wall into the pouch-like structures that increase the total filling capacity of the atrium. These structure are the

Identify the groove found on the surface of the heart that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles.

Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles.

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

What type of tissue comprises the valves of the heart?

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures?

Identify the structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

Which of the following chambers of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by

Which of the following types of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provides a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

In comparison to skeletal muscle fibers, the contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for [___] period of time.

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

The period of atrial systole lasts about [dropdown 1] while the period of ventricular systole lasts approximately [dropdown 2].

During which of the following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows which of the events listed below?

Which of the following correctly describes ventricular ejection? Select all that apply.

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?

An increase in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood leads to a change in the chemical composition of the blood. This input would be received by which part of the brain that regulates heart rate?

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?

Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG) waves represents atrial depolarization?

Prior to physical activity, the heart rate may climb. This anticipatory increase is caused by nerve impulses traveling to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata that originate in the

The formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) is

Positive inotropic agents often promote inflow of which cation to increase contractility of the heart?

Two hormones that increase heart rate are [dropdown 1] and [dropdown 2].

Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the [dropdown 1] ventricle into the [dropdown 2] each minute.

The difference between a person’s maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cycle in which