Anatomy And Physiology II Test III

Heart disease is the number one killer in America because it is responsible for the highest number of deaths compared to other causes listed. Heart disease refers to a range of conditions that affect the heart's structure and function, including coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and heart failure. These conditions can be caused by various factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Heart disease is a major public health concern and efforts are continuously made to raise awareness about prevention and early detection to reduce its impact on mortality rates.

The dermis is the middle layer of the skin, which contains various nerve receptors. These receptors are responsible for detecting and transmitting sensory information to the brain. Among these receptors are those that detect pain, temperature, and vibration sense. Therefore, it is true that the dermis of the skin contains nerve receptors for these sensations.

Rhinitis refers to the inflammation of the nasal passages' mucosa, which can be triggered by an allergic response. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, and itching. Therefore, the statement "Rhinitis is inflammation of the mucosa that lines the nasal passages often triggered by allergy response" is true.

Middle ear infections, also known as otitis media, can indeed lead to hearing loss. This is because the infection causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the middle ear, which can interfere with the movement of the tiny bones responsible for transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear. This disruption in sound transmission can result in temporary or even permanent hearing loss, depending on the severity and duration of the infection. Therefore, it is accurate to say that middle ear infections can lead to hearing loss.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin layer of tissue that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. It plays a crucial role in the process of hearing by vibrating in response to sound waves, which then transmit the vibrations to the middle ear bones. From there, the vibrations are further transmitted to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Therefore, it is correct to say that the tympanic membrane separates the outer ear from the inner ear.

Tinnitus is a medical condition characterized by hearing sounds, such as ringing or buzzing, in the ears without any external source. Therefore, the statement "Tinnitus means ringing in the ear" is true as it accurately defines the condition.

Pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the clear tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergies, or irritants. Symptoms of pink eye include redness, itching, tearing, and discharge from the eye. Therefore, the statement "Pink eye affects the conjunctiva" is true, as pink eye specifically targets and affects the conjunctiva.

Vertigo is the correct answer because it refers to the sensation of spinning or dizziness, often accompanied by a loss of balance. It can be caused by various factors such as inner ear problems, migraines, or certain medications. Vertigo is different from a headache, angina (chest pain), and tinnitus (ringing in the ears), as it specifically relates to the perception of movement or spinning.

Angioplasty is a medical procedure used to widen narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. It involves inserting a stent, which is a small mesh tube, into the affected artery to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the heart. Therefore, the statement "Angioplasty involves placing a stent in a coronary artery" is true.

Blood that accumulates in the pericardial cavity can lead to a condition called cardiac tamponade. This occurs when there is excessive fluid or blood in the pericardial space, which can compress the heart and interfere with its ability to pump blood effectively. Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that requires immediate intervention to relieve the pressure on the heart and restore normal cardiac function. Therefore, the statement "Blood that accumulates in the pericardial cavity is known as cardiac tamponade" is true.

Glaucoma is a condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye, which can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness if left untreated. This explanation fits with the given question, as it clearly states that glaucoma is a condition where pressure builds up in the eye and can potentially cause blindness.

The structure labeled A is the vena cava. The vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. It has two main branches, the superior vena cava which receives blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava which receives blood from the lower body.

The white part of the eye is known as the sclera. The sclera is the tough, protective outer layer of the eye that covers most of the eyeball. It is made up of dense connective tissue and helps to maintain the shape of the eye. The sclera also provides attachment points for the muscles that move the eye, and it helps to protect the delicate structures inside the eye from injury.

Otitis externa is commonly referred to as "swimmers ear." This condition is an inflammation of the ear canal, typically caused by water remaining in the ear after swimming or bathing. It can also be caused by bacterial or fungal infections. Symptoms include pain, itching, and sometimes discharge from the ear. The term "swimmers ear" is used because it is a common condition among swimmers due to the increased exposure to water.

CABG, or coronary artery bypass grafting, is a surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel, usually a vein, is taken from another part of the body and used to create a new pathway for blood flow to the heart. This is done to bypass blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. The statement is true because CABG does involve using a vein from another part of the body to install in the heart.

Umami is one of the five basic tastes, along with sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. It is often described as a savory or meaty taste. Umami is primarily associated with the taste of glutamate, an amino acid that occurs naturally in many foods such as meat, fish, vegetables, and dairy products. Therefore, the statement that umami is the sense of taste that involves glutamates is true.

The structure labeled B represents the lens. The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure located behind the iris and the anterior chamber of the eye. It helps to focus light onto the retina, allowing for clear vision. The lens can change its shape, a process controlled by the ciliary muscles, in order to adjust the focal length and accommodate for near or far objects.

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that plays a crucial role in the immune response by attacking and destroying bacteria. They are the most abundant type of WBC and are known for their ability to engulf and digest bacteria through a process called phagocytosis. Neutrophils are highly effective in combating bacterial infections and are an essential component of the body's defense mechanism against microbial invaders.

Floaters are small specks or spots that float across a person's field of vision. They are often seen as black or gray dots, lines, or cobweb-like shapes. In the case of retinal detachment, floaters are a common symptom. This occurs because the retina, which is responsible for capturing light and sending visual signals to the brain, becomes detached from the back of the eye. As a result, the person may see floaters due to the presence of debris or blood in the vitreous, the gel-like substance that fills the eye. Dizziness and headache are not typically associated with retinal detachment, so they are not the correct symptoms in this case.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that play a crucial role in the immune response against viruses. They are responsible for identifying and destroying virus-infected cells in the body. Unlike neutrophils and basophils, which are also types of WBCs, lymphocytes specifically target viruses. Therefore, the correct answer is lymphocytes.

Gas exchange takes place in the capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and have thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the blood and surrounding tissues. The close proximity of the capillaries to the cells allows for efficient diffusion of gases, ensuring that oxygen is delivered to the tissues and carbon dioxide is removed. Arterioles and venules are larger blood vessels that connect the arteries and veins to the capillaries, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

The structure labeled C above represents the iris. The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is responsible for controlling the size of the pupil and regulating the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris contains muscles that can contract or expand to adjust the size of the pupil, allowing more or less light to enter the eye.

The structure labeled D is the mitral valve. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. It consists of two flaps or cusps that open and close to regulate the flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle. This valve prevents the backflow of blood into the atrium when the ventricle contracts, ensuring that blood flows in only one direction through the heart.

The back part of the inside of the eye ball is known as the retina. The retina is a layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye and contains cells that are sensitive to light. It plays a crucial role in the process of vision by converting light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The other options listed, conjunctiva, sclera, and choroid, are also parts of the eye, but they are not specifically located at the back part of the inside of the eye ball.

Uncontrolled diabetes can affect the eye most commonly as retinopathy. Retinopathy is a condition where the blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye, become damaged. High levels of blood sugar in diabetes can cause these blood vessels to swell, leak, or become blocked, leading to vision problems. This can result in blurred vision, difficulty seeing at night, and even vision loss if left untreated. Regular eye exams and good blood sugar control are important in preventing and managing diabetic retinopathy.

An aneurysm is a medical condition characterized by the dilation or bulging of an artery. This occurs when the artery wall weakens and cannot withstand the pressure of blood flow, causing it to expand. If left untreated, an aneurysm can rupture, leading to severe complications and potentially life-threatening consequences. Therefore, the statement that a dilation of an artery is known as an aneurysm is true.

The right atrium receives blood from the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart. The right atrium is one of the four chambers of the heart and is responsible for receiving this deoxygenated blood before it is pumped into the right ventricle and then to the lungs for oxygenation.

Arteriosclerosis is the correct answer because it refers to the hardening and thickening of the arteries. This condition occurs when the arteries lose their elasticity and become stiff, leading to reduced blood flow. It is commonly associated with aging and can increase the risk of various cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis, on the other hand, specifically refers to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which is a common cause of arteriosclerosis. Scleroderma is a different medical condition characterized by the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.

The snail-shaped structure of the eye is known as the cochlea. The cochlea is a spiral-shaped organ located in the inner ear and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. It plays a crucial role in the sense of hearing. The tympanic membrane, ossicles, and middle ear are all parts of the ear, but they are not specifically related to the snail-shaped structure of the cochlea.

In heart block, a pacemaker is not always needed. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked, causing an abnormal heart rhythm. The severity of heart block can vary, and not all cases require a pacemaker. Treatment for heart block depends on the type and severity of the condition. In some cases, medications or other interventions may be sufficient to manage the condition without the need for a pacemaker. Therefore, the statement that a pacemaker is always needed in heart block is false.

The correct answer is tricuspid because the question is asking for the name of the valve labeled B in a structured diagram. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart, and it has three cusps or flaps. This valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium during the contraction of the heart.

The given statement is false. An aneurysm rupture in a cerebral artery is not known as MI (Myocardial Infarction). MI refers to a heart attack, which occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked. A cerebral artery aneurysm rupture, on the other hand, refers to the bursting of a weakened area in a blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding into the surrounding area. These are two different medical conditions affecting different organs.

The left ventricle is the correct answer because it is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It has thicker walls compared to the other chambers of the heart, allowing it to generate higher pressure to push the blood out into the arteries. This pressure is what determines the blood pressure in the body. The right ventricle, left atrium, and right atrium have different functions in the circulation of blood and do not directly contribute to determining blood pressure.

The structure labeled E represents the anterior chamber. The anterior chamber is the fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris. It contains a clear fluid called aqueous humor, which helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and provides nutrients to the cornea and lens. This chamber plays a crucial role in maintaining the intraocular pressure and overall health of the eye.

Living in high altitude can cause polycythemia, which is an increase in the number of red blood cells. At higher altitudes, the concentration of oxygen in the air is lower, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to the body's tissues. In response, the body produces more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels. This increase in red blood cells can result in polycythemia.

The structure labeled D above is the retina. The retina is a layer of tissue located at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for converting light into electrical signals. It is essential for vision as it sends these signals to the brain through the optic nerve, allowing us to perceive images. The other options, choroid, fovea, and sclera, are also parts of the eye, but they are not specifically labeled as D in the given question.

The structure labeled F is the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and branches out to supply blood to various organs and tissues.

Polycythemia is the correct answer because it refers to an increased number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bloodstream. This condition can occur due to various reasons, such as bone marrow disorders or certain medical conditions. The excess RBCs can cause the blood to become thicker and lead to complications like blood clots. Erythropenia, on the other hand, refers to a decreased number of RBCs, thrombocytosis refers to an increased number of platelets, and "none" is not a medical term related to RBC count.

A heart attack occurs when there is complete blockage of one of the coronary arteries, leading to a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. This can cause symptoms such as dizziness and chest pain that may radiate to the left shoulder. Ischemia refers to a reduced blood flow to a particular part of the body, which can be a precursor to a heart attack. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to blockages and increase the risk of a heart attack. Cardiomyositis is inflammation of the heart muscle and is not directly related to a complete blockage of a coronary artery.

The aorta receives blood from the left ventricle. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries this oxygen-rich blood to all the organs and tissues.

The structure labeled A is the vitreous humor because it is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the posterior chamber of the eye, helping to maintain the shape of the eye and transmit light to the retina. The anterior chamber refers to the space between the cornea and the iris, while the ventricle of the eye is not a recognized anatomical structure. Therefore, neither of these options is correct.

The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is known as the mitral valve. This valve consists of two flaps or cusps that open and close to allow blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle and prevent backflow. It is also known as the bicuspid valve due to its two cusps. The mitral valve ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the atrium to the ventricle, and plays a crucial role in maintaining proper blood circulation within the heart.