Psych Study Guide: Chapter 11

Ina's refusal to admit that she needs glasses to drive despite not being able to read street signs exemplifies the defense mechanism of denial. Denial is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person refuses to acknowledge or accept a reality or truth that causes discomfort or anxiety. In this case, Ina is likely experiencing anxiety or discomfort about needing glasses, so she denies the problem altogether.

Albert Bandura would say that Dan most likely has low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to succeed in specific situations. Dan's doubts about his ability to succeed in college and his lack of confidence in his abilities suggest that he has low self-efficacy. This low self-efficacy is reflected in his tendency to focus on his mistakes and his readiness to quit when faced with setbacks at work.

Freud's psychosexual stages of development are based on the idea that children go through different stages of sexual development, each with its own focus of pleasure. The correct ordering of these stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. In the oral stage, infants derive pleasure from sucking and oral stimulation. The anal stage follows, where children experience pleasure from controlling and expelling feces. The phallic stage is characterized by the development of sexual desires towards the opposite-sex parent. The latency stage is a period of relative calm and sexual repression. Finally, the genital stage occurs during adolescence and adulthood, where sexual desires are focused on the genitals and mature sexual relationships are formed.

An external locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control, while an internal locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that an individual's personality develops throughout their lifespan. This theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions and experiences in shaping one's identity. According to Erikson, individuals go through different stages of development, each characterized by a unique psychosocial crisis that must be resolved in order to successfully progress to the next stage. This theory highlights the continuous growth and development of personality, influenced by various social and environmental factors, rather than being solely determined in childhood or by introversion/extroversion.

The collective unconscious refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. This concept, proposed by Carl Jung, suggests that there are inherited archetypes and symbols that are shared among all individuals, regardless of culture or upbringing. These unconscious elements influence our thoughts, behaviors, and experiences, and can be seen in myths, dreams, and cultural practices. The collective unconscious is seen as a reservoir of shared human experiences and knowledge that shapes our understanding of the world.

Phrenology is the correct answer because it refers to the early science that attempted to establish a relationship between a person's personality and the measurements of different parts of their skull. This pseudoscience believed that the shape and size of specific areas of the skull were indicative of a person's character traits and mental abilities. While phrenology has been discredited and is no longer considered a valid scientific approach, it played a significant role in the development of modern psychology.

The correct answer is "inferiority." This refers to a complex in which an individual feels inadequate and believes that they do not meet the expectations or standards set by others or society. This feeling of lacking worth can lead to low self-esteem and a constant comparison to others, resulting in a sense of inferiority.

Based on the given information, Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. These traits align with the characteristics of an introvert. Introverts tend to gain energy from spending time alone, prefer quieter and more thoughtful communication styles, and often avoid being the center of attention. Therefore, Carl Jung would classify Ingrid as an introvert.

Based on the given information, Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. These characteristics align with the traits of an extrovert. Extroverts are typically outgoing, sociable, and energized by being around others. They tend to be more impulsive and spontaneous in their actions and prefer verbal communication to express themselves. Therefore, Carl Jung would describe Eli as an extrovert.

The correct answer is the Big Five Model of Personality. The Big Five Model of Personality is a widely accepted framework that categorizes personality traits into five dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These dimensions are considered to be the fundamental aspects of personality and provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's personality traits and characteristics. The Big Five Model is extensively used in research, psychology, and personality assessment to study and analyze various aspects of human personality.

According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the highest need. Self-actualization refers to the fulfillment of one's potential and the desire to become the best version of oneself. It involves personal growth, self-discovery, and the pursuit of meaningful goals. Maslow believed that once individuals have met their basic physiological and psychological needs, they strive for self-actualization, which includes creativity, problem-solving, and a sense of purpose and fulfillment in life. This need represents the pinnacle of human development and the ultimate goal of personal growth and fulfillment.

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the Five Factor Model. This model is a widely accepted framework used to describe and measure personality traits. It suggests that these five dimensions capture the majority of individual differences in personality. Openness refers to being open to new experiences and ideas, conscientiousness refers to being organized and responsible, extroversion refers to being outgoing and sociable, agreeableness refers to being cooperative and empathetic, and neuroticism refers to being prone to negative emotions. The Five Factor Model provides a comprehensive understanding of personality and is widely used in research and assessment.

According to Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory, the oral stage occurs from birth to around 18 months. During this stage, pleasure is derived from activities related to the mouth, such as sucking, biting, and chewing. If an adult engages in behaviors like smoking, drinking, overeating, or nail-biting, it suggests fixation at the oral stage. This means that they may have unresolved conflicts or unresolved oral needs from their early childhood, leading to the continuation of oral-focused behaviors in adulthood.

Marcos is most likely using the coping strategy of "moving against people." This is evident from his behavior of being mean to other children, calling them names, and behaving aggressively towards them. Additionally, his manipulation of peers to get what he wants also aligns with the idea of moving against people, as he is trying to exert control and power over others.

Carl Jung would most likely say that the stories about a hero going on a quest exemplify the archetype. Archetypes are universal, symbolic patterns or images that are present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. The hero's quest is a recurring theme in mythology and literature across cultures, representing the journey of self-discovery, transformation, and the overcoming of challenges. Jung believed that archetypes are deeply ingrained in our psyche and influence our thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.

Carl Jung referred to the persona as the mask we adopt. The persona represents the social mask or the role that an individual presents to the outside world. It is the public image or identity that we create to fit into society and to meet the expectations and demands of others. The persona helps us navigate social interactions and maintain a certain image or reputation. It is not the true self but rather a constructed identity that may differ from our inner thoughts, feelings, and desires.

Trait theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. This approach focuses on the belief that individuals possess certain enduring traits or qualities that influence their behavior across different situations. Trait theory emphasizes the measurement and categorization of these traits to understand and predict human behavior. It suggests that our personality can be described and understood through a set of consistent and stable traits that define our unique characteristics and behaviors.

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is a psychological assessment tool that uses symmetrical inkblot cards to uncover a person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. It is administered by a psychologist to gain insight into a client's thought processes, emotions, and personality traits. The test relies on the client's interpretation of the inkblots, which can provide valuable information about their psychological state and underlying issues.

Freud's theory of development was heavily influenced by his perception regarding the climate of sexual repression. He believed that societal attitudes towards sex and sexuality played a significant role in shaping an individual's psychological development. Freud argued that repressive societal norms and taboos surrounding sexuality led to the formation of unconscious desires and conflicts, which in turn influenced an individual's behavior and personality. This perception of sexual repression was a central aspect of Freud's psychoanalytic theory and his understanding of human development.

An archetype is a primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experience. It represents a universal pattern or symbol that is deeply ingrained in the collective unconscious of humanity. Archetypes are often found in myths, fairy tales, and religious texts, and they serve as a common foundation for understanding and interpreting human experiences and behaviors across different cultures and time periods. They tap into deep-seated emotions and instincts that are shared by all humans, making them powerful and relatable symbols.

Carl Jung supported the view that humans share a collective unconscious. He believed that there is a deep layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all individuals, which he called the collective unconscious. According to Jung, this collective unconscious contains universal symbols and archetypes that are inherited and shape our thoughts, behaviors, and experiences. Jung's concept of the collective unconscious is an important aspect of his analytical psychology and distinguishes his theories from other psychodynamic theorists.

Jill's coping strategy of seeking affection and reassurance from her parents when she feels anxious indicates that she is most likely using the coping strategy of moving toward people. This means that she relies on her relationships with others to help her feel secure and reduce her anxiety.

An archetype is a pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies. Archetypes are universal symbols or themes that are present in the myths, stories, and beliefs of different cultures throughout history. They represent fundamental aspects of the human experience and are often associated with specific roles or characters, such as the hero, the mother, or the trickster. These archetypal patterns help us understand and interpret the world around us, as they tap into deep-seated, shared human experiences and emotions.

This best exemplifies a Freudian slip. A Freudian slip is when a person unintentionally says something that reveals their subconscious thoughts or desires. In this case, Asa's slip of the tongue by saying "my smother" instead of "my mother" could suggest that he has feelings of being overwhelmed or suffocated by his mother's overbearing nature.

In Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, individuals are faced with the task of generativity vs. stagnation. This stage typically occurs during middle adulthood, and it involves a focus on contributing to society and leaving a lasting impact. People in this stage may strive to make a positive difference in their community, nurture and guide younger generations, and establish a sense of purpose and fulfillment in their lives. On the other hand, if individuals are unable to fulfill this task, they may experience feelings of stagnation, a lack of productivity, and a sense of unfulfilled potential.

Kim's belief that external factors (the difficulty of the math test, the professor passing every student, and the manager not liking him) are responsible for his outcomes suggests an external locus of control. This means that Kim believes that external forces or luck, rather than his own actions or abilities, determine the outcomes in his life.

The advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality is that they can be scientifically tested. This means that researchers can use empirical methods to gather data and evidence to support or refute their theories and hypotheses. By using scientific methods, researchers can ensure that their findings are objective, reliable, and replicable, which adds credibility to the field of personality psychology. This also allows for the development of evidence-based interventions and treatments for individuals with personality-related issues.

Selective migration suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. This means that individuals actively select a location that aligns with their preferences, such as climate, culture, job opportunities, or social environment. It implies that people migrate not only for economic reasons but also for personal satisfaction and well-being. This concept acknowledges the role of individual choice and agency in the decision-making process of migration.

Albert Bandura is the correct answer because he is the psychologist who developed the social-cognitive theory. This theory suggests that individuals learn through observing others and imitating their behaviors. Bandura's research on observational learning and self-efficacy has had a significant impact on the field of psychology. He proposed that individuals' thoughts, beliefs, and expectations play a crucial role in their behavior and that they can actively shape their own actions and experiences.

The given sentence states that "unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality." To make the sentence most true, the word "socialization" should be changed to "sexuality" because Freud believed that our personality is influenced by unconscious drives related to sex and aggression, not by childhood socialization. Thus, changing "socialization" to "sexuality" aligns with Freud's theories and makes the sentence more accurate.

Sigmund Freud proposed that individuals who are dominated by their id might display narcissistic and impulsive tendencies. The id represents the primitive and instinctual part of the mind, seeking immediate gratification and pleasure without considering the consequences or societal norms. Therefore, individuals who are primarily driven by their id may prioritize their own desires and act impulsively, potentially exhibiting narcissistic behaviors as they focus on their own needs and disregard others.

In Freud's theory, the tip of the iceberg is often used to represent the conscious level of consciousness. This is because the conscious mind contains thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that we are aware of in our everyday lives. Just like the tip of the iceberg is visible above the water, the conscious mind is accessible and within our awareness. It is the level of consciousness where we process information, make decisions, and engage in rational thinking.

Traits are stable and enduring personal characteristics that define an individual's behavior and personality. They are consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that remain relatively stable over time and across different situations. Unlike habits, which are specific actions or behaviors that are repeated regularly, traits encompass a broader range of characteristics that shape an individual's overall personality. Tendencies and types are not as accurate as traits in describing stable and enduring personal characteristics.

Freud believed that during the anal stage of psychosexual development, which occurs between the ages of 1 to 3 years, parents play a crucial role in shaping a child's personality. If parents are too lenient during this stage, the child may not develop proper toilet training and self-control. This can lead to the child becoming messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Based on the given information, Carl Jung would suggest that Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. Carl Jung's theory of persona suggests that individuals have different masks or personas that they present to the world in different situations. In this case, Max is able to adapt his behavior and self-presentation to match the requirements of the job interview, showing professionalism and formality. This aligns with the concept of persona in Jungian psychology.

The correct answer is Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel. These three psychologists are considered the primary contributors to social-cognitive theory. Albert Bandura is known for his work on observational learning and self-efficacy. Julian Rotter developed the concept of locus of control, which is an important aspect of social-cognitive theory. Walter Mischel is known for his research on personality and the concept of the person-situation interaction. Together, these three psychologists have made significant contributions to our understanding of how individuals perceive and interact with their social environment.

Congruence is the state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. This means that there is a harmony between how we perceive ourselves and how we aspire to be. Congruence reflects a positive self-concept and a sense of authenticity, where individuals feel genuine and true to themselves. It is the opposite of incongruence, which refers to a mismatch between our real and ideal selves. Egotism, on the other hand, refers to an excessive focus on oneself and self-importance.

Personality is defined in the textbook as the long-standing traits and patterns that drive individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways. This definition emphasizes the enduring nature of personality, suggesting that it is not easily changed and remains consistent over time. It also highlights the idea that personality influences various aspects of an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, providing a comprehensive understanding of what personality entails.

Self-efficacy refers to our level of confidence in our own abilities. It is the belief in our capability to successfully execute and accomplish tasks, goals, or challenges. It involves having trust in our skills, knowledge, and capacity to overcome obstacles and achieve desired outcomes. Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in motivation, goal-setting, and perseverance in the face of difficulties. It influences our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, shaping our responses to various situations and determining our overall performance and success in different domains of life.

The Rorschach test involves interpreting ambiguous inkblot images, while the Thematic Apperception Test involves interpreting pictures that are more clear and unambiguous. Therefore, the correct answer is inkblot; picture.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a psychological assessment tool that consists of a series of true and false questions. It is used to evaluate an individual's clinical profile and assess their personality traits, psychopathology, and mental health. The MMPI is widely used in clinical settings and research studies to provide valuable information about an individual's psychological functioning.

Skinner, like other behaviorists, believed that personality is shaped by rewards and punishments. This means that individuals learn and develop their personality based on the consequences of their actions. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning suggests that behaviors that are reinforced or rewarded are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are punished are less likely to be repeated. Therefore, according to Skinner, the environment, specifically the consequences of behavior, plays a significant role in influencing personality.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test in which people are presented with ambiguous images. This means that the test involves showing individuals pictures or scenes that do not have a clear or obvious meaning. The purpose of this is to allow the person taking the test to project their own thoughts, feelings, and interpretations onto the images. By analyzing the individual's responses to the images, psychologists can gain insight into their unconscious thoughts, desires, and motivations.

The correct answer is latency. During the latency period, sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on other pursuits such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports. This is a stage in psychosexual development described by Sigmund Freud, where sexual energy is sublimated into other activities and children are not actively exploring their sexuality.

Reciprocal determinism refers to the bidirectional relationship between behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context. This means that our behavior can influence our thoughts and perceptions, and vice versa. Additionally, the situation or environment in which we find ourselves can also impact our behavior and cognitive processes. Therefore, all three factors - behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context - interact and influence each other in a reciprocal manner.

The most central question to the marshmallow test is "Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?" This question directly relates to the main objective of the marshmallow test, which is to measure a child's ability to delay gratification. The test aims to assess self-control and the ability to resist immediate temptations for the sake of a greater reward in the future. Therefore, this question is the most relevant and central to the marshmallow test.

Tammy's positive view of challenges and her determination to overcome setbacks indicate that she has a high self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully accomplish tasks and achieve goals. Tammy's ability to recover quickly and work towards overcoming the setback of not passing her first teaching praxis demonstrates her confidence in her own abilities and her belief that she can become a good teacher. This aligns with Albert Bandura's concept of self-efficacy, which emphasizes the importance of individuals' beliefs in their own capabilities in determining their behavior and motivation.

Heritability refers to the extent to which genetic factors contribute to individual differences in a trait or characteristic. It measures the proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors rather than environmental factors. Therefore, heritability describes the proportion of difference among people that is due to genetics. Personality, temperament, and trait are related concepts but do not specifically capture the genetic component of individual differences.

In Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, the developmental task is to develop a sense of independence in many tasks. During this stage, children start to assert their independence and autonomy by making choices and taking on tasks by themselves. If they are successful in this stage, they develop a sense of autonomy and confidence. However, if they experience excessive criticism or control from caregivers, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt in their abilities.