NRP Certification Practice Test!

Explanation
Basal crepitations are not a feature of right heart failure. Right heart failure typically presents with symptoms such as jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen). Basal crepitations, on the other hand, are crackling sounds heard in the lungs and are more commonly associated with conditions such as pneumonia or pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, basal crepitations do not fit the clinical picture of right heart failure.

Explanation
In Lynch syndrome, there is a higher risk of developing certain types of cancers, including colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, gastric, and breast cancer. However, the most common type of extra-colonic tumor in Lynch syndrome is endometrial cancer. This is because Lynch syndrome is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, which can lead to the accumulation of errors in DNA replication and an increased risk of developing tumors, particularly in the endometrium. Therefore, endometrial cancer is the most likely extra-colonic tumor to occur in Lynch syndrome.

Explanation
Pyruvate carboxylase is the correct answer because it catalyzes the anaplerotic reaction. Anaplerotic reactions are responsible for replenishing the intermediates of the citric acid cycle, which are used for energy production. Pyruvate carboxylase specifically converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase are not involved in anaplerotic reactions, but rather in other metabolic processes.

Explanation
The recent addition in the NRP guideline is the use of ECG monitoring during resuscitation. This means that healthcare providers should now consider using ECG monitoring to assess the heart rate and rhythm of newborns during resuscitation efforts. This addition is important as it allows for more accurate monitoring of the newborn's condition and helps guide appropriate interventions during resuscitation.

Explanation
The atticoantral variety of chronic suppurative otitis media is characterized by infection and destruction of the middle ear and mastoid bone. Mastoidectomy is the surgical removal of infected mastoid air cells and is considered the treatment of choice for this condition. It helps to eradicate the infection, improve drainage, and prevent complications such as mastoid abscess or meningitis. Medical management may be used in less severe cases, but it may not fully resolve the infection. Underlay myringoplasty and insertion of ventilation tube are not appropriate treatments for this specific type of otitis media.

Explanation
The given fundus image is suggestive of retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that leads to the degeneration of the retina, causing vision loss and night blindness. This condition is characterized by the presence of dark pigment deposits in the retina, which can be seen in the fundus image.

Explanation
GABA-B is the correct answer because it is a type of metabotropic receptor for the neurotransmitter GABA. Metabotropic receptors are a class of receptors that are indirectly linked to ion channels and use second messenger systems to initiate a cellular response. GABA-B receptors are primarily located in the central nervous system and are involved in inhibitory neurotransmission, modulation of synaptic transmission, and regulation of neuronal excitability. GABA-A receptors, on the other hand, are ionotropic receptors that directly control chloride ion channels and are responsible for fast inhibitory neurotransmission. GABA-C receptors are a less well-understood subtype of GABA receptors, primarily found in the retina.

Explanation
Heteropagus is the correct answer because it refers to a rare condition where one individual is parasitic and dependent on the other for survival. In this condition, one twin is fully formed and functioning, while the other twin is incompletely formed and attached to the fully formed twin. This condition is also known as parasitic twinning.

Explanation
The correct answer is non seminomatous germ cell tumor metastasis. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs refers to a type of lung cancer that arises from the squamous cells in the lungs. Lung abscess is a localized collection of pus within the lung tissue. Exposure defects is not a recognized medical term. Non seminomatous germ cell tumor metastasis refers to the spread of a type of tumor that arises from the germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. In this case, the x-ray is likely showing evidence of metastasis from a non seminomatous germ cell tumor.