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1/50 Questions

1. Which of the following statements are the part of the cell theory:
- a. only animals are composed of cells
- B. all cells consist of the same elements and molecules
- C. all cells come from existing cells
- D. all living things are made of cells
- E. cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living organisms
- F. cells must contain DNA
- G. all cells are surrounded by the plasma membrane
- H. all cells have the ability of storing and replicating the genetic information

About This Quiz

Explore the foundational aspects of cell biology in this quiz, covering cell theory, cellular structures, and basic properties of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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2.

2. Bacteria:
- A. are the simplest cellular organisms
- B. are prokaryotes
- C. may form multicellular organisms
- D. can only form unicellular organisms
- E. may have numerous membranous organelles
- F. have no membranous compartments within a cell
- G. contain large central vacuoles
- h. are usually surrounded by a strong cell wall
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. are the simplest cellular organisms
A. B. are prokaryotes
A. D. can only form unicellular organisms
A. F. have no membranous compartments within a cell
A. h. are usually surrounded by a strong cell wall

Explanation

Bacteria are considered the simplest cellular organisms because they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, making them prokaryotes. They can only form unicellular organisms, meaning they do not have the capability to form multicellular organisms. Bacteria also lack membranous compartments within a cell, indicating that they do not have specialized structures like mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, bacteria are usually surrounded by a strong cell wall, providing them with protection and structural support.

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3.

3. Which of the following statements are correct:
- A. DNA contains the four different bases A, G, U, and C
- B. nucleic acids contain sugar groups
- C. plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria
- D. cytosol is only present in eukaryotic cells
- E. ribosomes become linked by an mRNA molecule to form polyribosomes
- F. cytoplasmic membrane consists of phospholipid double layer and peripheral and integral proteins
- G. lysosomes digest only substances that have been taken up by endocytosis
- H. cell wall is permeable
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. nucleic acids contain sugar groups
A. E. ribosomes become linked by an mRNA molecule to form polyribosomes
A. F. cytoplasmic membrane consists of phospholipid double layer and peripheral and integral proteins
A. H. cell wall is permeable

Explanation

b. Nucleic acids, including DNA, contain sugar groups such as deoxyribose or ribose.
e. Ribosomes can become linked by an mRNA molecule to form polyribosomes, which allows for the simultaneous translation of multiple copies of the same protein.
f. The cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid double layer and contains peripheral and integral proteins.
h. The cell wall, found in plants and some other organisms, is permeable, allowing for the passage of certain substances.

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4.

5. Cytoplasmic membrane:
- A. is usually the only biomembrane in prokaryotic cells
- B. regulates the intake of substances into the cell
- C. is called plasmalemma
- D. is called nuclear membrane
- E. belongs to basic cellular surfaces
- F. contains receptors so cells can receive signals
- G. forms the environment for life and metabolic activity of organelles
- H. primarily provides mechanical protection of the cell
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. is usually the only biomembrane in prokaryotic cells
A. B. regulates the intake of substances into the cell
A. C. is called plasmalemma
A. E. belongs to basic cellular surfaces
A. F. contains receptors so cells can receive signals

Explanation

The cytoplasmic membrane is usually the only biomembrane in prokaryotic cells, as stated in option a. It is responsible for regulating the intake of substances into the cell, as mentioned in option b. The term "plasmalemma" is another name for the cytoplasmic membrane, which is stated in option c. The cytoplasmic membrane belongs to basic cellular surfaces, as mentioned in option e. It also contains receptors that allow cells to receive signals, as stated in option f. Therefore, options a, b, c, e, and f are all correct explanations for the given answer.

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5.

4. The basic cell surfaces of eukaryotic cells include:
- A. plasmalemma
- B. nuclear envelope
- C. cuticle
- D. pellicle
- E. cell wall
- F. cytoplasmic membrane
- G. slime capsule
- H. nuclear membrane
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. plasmalemma
A. E. cell wall
A. F. cytoplasmic membrane

Explanation

The correct answer is a. plasmalemma, e. cell wall, f. cytoplasmic membrane. These are the basic cell surfaces found in eukaryotic cells. The plasmalemma, also known as the plasma membrane, is the outermost boundary of the cell that separates the cell from its environment. The cell wall is a rigid structure that provides support and protection to the cell. The cytoplasmic membrane, also known as the endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. These three structures are essential for the functioning and survival of eukaryotic cells.

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6.

8. What is the name of the jelly-like substance inside the cell:
- A. cytoplasm
- B. cytokinesis
- C. cytosol
- D. plasma membrane
- E. matrix
- F. plasmalemma
- G. karyon
- H. karyolemma
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. cytoplasm
A. C. cytosol

Explanation

The jelly-like substance inside the cell is called cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid material that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Cytoplasm contains various organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes, and it is where many cellular processes, such as protein synthesis and metabolism, take place. Cytosol, on the other hand, refers specifically to the liquid component of the cytoplasm, excluding the organelles. Therefore, both options a and c are correct as they refer to different aspects of the same substance.

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7.

6. There are two basic types of cells:
- A. plant and animal
- B. nuclear and nucleus-free
- C. differentiated and non-differentiated
- D. prokaryotic and eukaryotic
- E. microscopic and submicroscopic
- F. simple and compound
- G. membrane and non-membrane
- H. somatic and germ
Correct Answer

A. D. prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Explanation

The correct answer is d. prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are more complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. This classification is based on the differences in the structure and organization of these two types of cells.

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8.

7. Which of the following organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells:
- A. mitochondria
- B. endoplasmic reticulum
- C. central vacuole
- D. Golgi apparatus
- E. chloroplasts
- F. nucleolus
- G. lysosomes
- H. ribosomes
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. central vacuole
A. E. chloroplasts

Explanation

Plant cells have a central vacuole, which is a large, membrane-bound organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. Animal cells do not have a central vacuole. Additionally, plant cells have chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. The other organelles listed (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nucleolus, lysosomes, and ribosomes) are found in both plant and animal cells.

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9.

11. Eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic ones:
- A. have membrane-bounded organelles
- B. do not have membrane-bounded organelles
- C. have a nucleus bounded by double membrane
- D. do not have nuclear envelope
- E. have circular nuclear chromosomes
- F. possess a nucleus
- G. have their internal space compartmentalized into organelles
- H. contain DNA as a store of genetic information
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. have membrane-bounded organelles
A. C. have a nucleus bounded by double membrane
A. F. possess a nucleus
A. G. have their internal space compartmentalized into organelles

Explanation

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having membrane-bounded organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, which perform specific functions within the cell. They also have a nucleus bounded by a double membrane, which contains the cell's DNA and serves as a control center for cellular activities. The presence of a nucleus is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. Additionally, eukaryotic cells have their internal space compartmentalized into organelles, allowing for efficient organization and separation of cellular processes.

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10.

9. Prokaryotic cells do not have:
- A. plastids
- B. membrane-bounded organelles
- C. ribosomes
- D. nucleus
- E. cytoplasmic membrane
- F. DNA
- G. nucleolus
- H. mitochondria
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. plastids
A. B. membrane-bounded organelles
A. D. nucleus
A. G. nucleolus
A. H. mitochondria

Explanation

Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bounded organelles such as plastids, nucleus, nucleolus, and mitochondria. They also do not have a cytoplasmic membrane. However, they do have ribosomes and DNA. Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells, which have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

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11.

10. Biomembranes consist of:
- A. a double layer of proteins and molecules of saccharides
- B. a double layer of lipids and integral and peripheral proteins
- C. a double layer of phospholipids and a double layer of saccharides
- D. a single layer of phospholipids and two layers of the molecules of proteins
- E. molecules of phospholipids which form a double layer and molecules of proteins
- F. the external protein layer and the internal lipid layer
- G. integral and peripheral lipids and molecules of proteins
- H. a double layer of phospholipids, in which molecules of proteins are immersed
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. a double layer of lipids and integral and peripheral proteins
A. E. molecules of phospholipids which form a double layer and molecules of proteins
A. H. a double layer of phospholipids, in which molecules of proteins are immersed

Explanation

Biomembranes consist of a double layer of lipids, specifically phospholipids, which form the main structural component of the membrane. This lipid bilayer is embedded with integral and peripheral proteins, which play various roles such as transport, signaling, and structural support. Additionally, the biomembranes also contain molecules of proteins that are immersed within the double layer of phospholipids, further contributing to the overall structure and function of the membrane.

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12.

12. Animal cells, unlike plant cells:
- A. are separated from the external environment by a cytoplasmic membrane
- B. contain lysosomes filled with enzymes that degrade polymers into their monomeric subunits in the cell
- C. contain vacuoles
- D. are surrounded by the polysaccharide cell walls
- E. may have plasmodesmata that connect neighbouring cells
- F. do not have any cell wall
- G. have a tonoplast
- H. may contain myofibrils, tonofibrils, neurofibrils
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. contain lysosomes filled with enzymes that degrade polymers into their monomeric subunits in the cell
A. F. do not have any cell wall
A. H. may contain myofibrils, tonofibrils, neurofibrils

Explanation

Animal cells contain lysosomes filled with enzymes that degrade polymers into their monomeric subunits in the cell. This is important for breaking down large molecules into smaller components that can be used by the cell for energy or building new molecules. Animal cells also do not have a cell wall, unlike plant cells which have a rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides. Additionally, animal cells may contain myofibrils, tonofibrils, and neurofibrils, which are all involved in the structure and function of muscle cells and nerve cells.

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13.

13. The cytoskeleton of a cell:
- A. enables for spatial division of organelles in the cell
- B. represents a static skeleton of the cell
- C. is employed in the process of diffusion
- D. is employed in the process of phagocytosis
- E. is employed in the process of pinocytosis
- F. is employed in the process of osmosis
- G. is composed of nucleoprotein fibres
- H. has kinetic, mechanical and supportive functions
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. enables for spatial division of organelles in the cell
A. D. is employed in the process of phagocytosis
A. E. is employed in the process of pinocytosis
A. H. has kinetic, mechanical and supportive functions

Explanation

The cytoskeleton of a cell enables for spatial division of organelles in the cell by providing a framework and structure that helps organize and separate the organelles. It is also employed in the process of phagocytosis, which is the engulfment and digestion of particles by a cell. Additionally, the cytoskeleton is employed in the process of pinocytosis, which is the engulfment of fluid or solutes by a cell. Lastly, the cytoskeleton has kinetic, mechanical, and supportive functions, meaning it is responsible for providing movement, mechanical support, and stability to the cell.

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14.

14. Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
- A. is the site of vitamin D synthesis
- B. is the site of lipid synthesis
- C. lacks ribosomes
- D. is the site of protein synthesis
- E. has the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes
- F. plays role in the intracellular transport of substances
- G. plays role in the intercellular transport of substances
- H. does not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell
Correct Answer(s)

A. D. is the site of protein synthesis
A. E. has the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes
A. F. plays role in the intracellular transport of substances
A. G. plays role in the intercellular transport of substances

Explanation

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of protein synthesis because it is studded with ribosomes on its outer side, which are responsible for the synthesis of proteins. It also plays a role in the intracellular and intercellular transport of substances, as it is involved in the movement of proteins and other molecules within the cell and between cells. It is a membrane-bounded organelle of the cell, unlike option h.

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15.

15. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
- A. does not have the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes
- B. is visible under the light microscope
- C. participates in the synthesis of lipids
- D. functions in lipid production and metabolism
- E. contains mainly hydrolytic enzymes
- F. has the inner side of membrane studded with ribosomes
- G. is the site of protein synthesis
- H. plays role in the intracellular transport of some substances
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. does not have the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes
A. C. participates in the synthesis of lipids
A. D. functions in lipid production and metabolism
A. H. plays role in the intracellular transport of some substances

Explanation

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have the outer side of the membrane studded with ribosomes. It participates in the synthesis of lipids and functions in lipid production and metabolism. Additionally, it plays a role in the intracellular transport of some substances.

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16.

16. Lysosomes:
- A. act in lytic processes in the cell
- B. are present in animal cells
- C. are present in prokaryotic cells
- D. are present in plant cells
- E. modify the substances synthesized on ribosomes, so they may be excreted out of the cell
- F. contain hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion
- G. transfer molecules between different compartments
- H. digest worn out organelles
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. act in lytic processes in the cell
A. B. are present in animal cells
A. F. contain hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion
A. H. digest worn out organelles

Explanation

Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion. They act in lytic processes in the cell, meaning they break down and digest various materials such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and organelles. Lysosomes are present in animal cells and are responsible for digesting worn out organelles, as mentioned in option h. Therefore, options a, b, f, and h are all correct explanations for lysosomes.

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17.

17. Mitochondria are:
- A. present only in eukaryotic cells
- B. organelles with two membranes
- C. energy centre of the cell
- D. present in some of the prokaryotic cells
- E. metabolic-respiratory centre of the cell
- F. synthetic centre of the cell
- G. present in numbers that directly correlate with the level of cell metabolic activity
- H. present only in animal cells
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. present only in eukaryotic cells
A. B. organelles with two membranes
A. C. energy centre of the cell
A. E. metabolic-respiratory centre of the cell
A. G. present in numbers that directly correlate with the level of cell metabolic activity

Explanation

Mitochondria are organelles that are present only in eukaryotic cells. They have two membranes and are known as the energy center of the cell. They are also responsible for metabolic-respiratory processes in the cell. The number of mitochondria present in a cell directly correlates with the level of cell metabolic activity.

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18.

18. Cell nucleus:
- A. is called as nucleoid in eukaryotic cells
- B. is called as nucleolus
- C. consists mainly of RNA and proteins
- D. of eukaryotic cells contains circular chromosomes
- E. contains the DNA and proteins, which form chromatin
- F. has nuclear envelope on the surface
- G. has plasmalemma on the surface
- H. is surrounded by double membrane
Correct Answer(s)

A. E. contains the DNA and proteins, which form chromatin
A. F. has nuclear envelope on the surface
A. H. is surrounded by double membrane

Explanation

The cell nucleus contains the DNA and proteins, which form chromatin. It also has a nuclear envelope on its surface and is surrounded by a double membrane.

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19.

19. Ribosomes:
- A. belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell
- B. can be seen using a light microscope
- C. are submicroscopic particles
- D. do not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell
- E. are only visible in an electron microscope
- F. are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- G. are macromolecular structures composed of DNA and proteins
- H. are macromolecular structures composed of rRNA and proteins
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. are submicroscopic particles
A. D. do not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell
A. E. are only visible in an electron microscope
A. H. are macromolecular structures composed of rRNA and proteins

Explanation

Ribosomes are submicroscopic particles that do not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell. They are only visible in an electron microscope. Ribosomes are macromolecular structures composed of rRNA and proteins.

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20.

20. Mitochondria:
- A. are organelles with single membrane
- B. are organelles with double membrane
- C. synthesize their own specific proteins
- D. have the molecules of the DNA in the matrix
- E. have the enzyme complex for the Krebs cycle in the matrix
- F. are filled with stroma
- G. represents a dynamic skeleton of the cell
- H. have enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation localized on the mitochondrial cristae
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. are organelles with double membrane
A. C. synthesize their own specific proteins
A. D. have the molecules of the DNA in the matrix
A. E. have the enzyme complex for the Krebs cycle in the matrix
A. H. have enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation localized on the mitochondrial cristae

Explanation

Mitochondria are organelles with a double membrane, meaning they have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. They also synthesize their own specific proteins, meaning they can produce proteins that are unique to them. The molecules of DNA are located in the matrix of the mitochondria, which is the innermost compartment. The enzyme complex for the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is present in the matrix of the mitochondria. Additionally, the enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final step in cellular respiration, are localized on the mitochondrial cristae, which are the folds of the inner membrane.

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21.

24. The cytoskeleton of the cell:
- A. belongs to membranous structures
- B. is necessary for all types of cellular active movements
- C. represents a dynamic structure of the cell
- D. represents a static structure of the cell
- E. belongs to fibrous structures
- F. belongs to non-living parts of the cell
- G. is formed by microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
- H. is formed by nucleoprotein fibres
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. is necessary for all types of cellular active movements
A. C. represents a dynamic structure of the cell
A. E. belongs to fibrous structures
A. G. is formed by microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Explanation

The cytoskeleton of the cell is necessary for all types of cellular active movements because it provides structural support and allows for the movement of cellular components. It represents a dynamic structure of the cell because it can constantly change and remodel itself to adapt to different cellular processes. It belongs to fibrous structures because it is composed of long, thread-like filaments. It is formed by microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, which are all components of the cytoskeleton and contribute to its function.

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22.

23. Dictyosomes:
- A. are part of chloroplasts
- B. comprise the Golgi apparatus
- C. are similar to lysosomes
- D. are part endoplasmic reticulum
- E. are present in prokaryotic cells
- F. are found in eukaryotic cells
- G. are part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm
- H. are stacks of flat, membrane bounded cisternae
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. comprise the Golgi apparatus
A. F. are found in eukaryotic cells
A. G. are part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm
A. H. are stacks of flat, membrane bounded cisternae

Explanation

Dictyosomes, also known as Golgi apparatus, are found in eukaryotic cells and are part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm. They are composed of stacks of flat, membrane bounded cisternae.

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23.

25. Nucleolus:
- A. is in the cytoplasm and consists of the RNA and proteins
- B. is in the nucleus and consists of the DNA and proteins
- C. is a permanent structure of the nucleus
- D. is made up of rRNA and proteins
- E. is a region where rRNA synthesis occurs
- F. is a structure which disappears during the cell division
- G. has a nucleolar envelope
- H. is localized into the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Correct Answer(s)

A. D. is made up of rRNA and proteins
A. E. is a region where rRNA synthesis occurs
A. F. is a structure which disappears during the cell division

Explanation

The nucleolus is a region within the nucleus of a cell. It is made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. It is responsible for the synthesis and assembly of ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis. The nucleolus is a dynamic structure that is involved in the production of ribosomes and therefore plays a crucial role in cellular processes. It disappears during cell division, as the nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleolus disassembles.

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24.

22. Golgi apparatus:
- A. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of proteins
- B. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
- C. is important for lysosome formation
- D. is important for formation of secretory vesicles
- E. is located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
- F. acts as storage compartment for nutrients and wastes of the cell
- G. is responsible for cell oxidations
- H. is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of proteins
A. B. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
A. C. is important for lysosome formation
A. D. is important for formation of secretory vesicles
A. H. is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is also important for lysosome formation and the formation of secretory vesicles. Additionally, it is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae.

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25.

26. Nucleus of eukaryotic cells:
- A. contains chromatin
- B. contains centriole
- C. is the control centre of the cell
- D. contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material
- E. has nuclear envelope made of one biomembrane only
- F. is present in all cells of our body
- G. is a submicroscopic structure
- H. occurs in all eukaryotic cells except some highly specialised ones
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. contains chromatin
A. C. is the control centre of the cell
A. D. contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material
A. H. occurs in all eukaryotic cells except some highly specialised ones

Explanation

The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains chromatin, which is a complex of DNA and proteins that make up the genetic material of the cell. It is also the control center of the cell, regulating all cellular activities and coordinating the cell's functions. Additionally, the nucleus contains the majority of the cell's genetic material, including the genes that determine the cell's characteristics and functions. However, the nucleus is not present in all cells of our body, as some highly specialized cells, such as red blood cells, do not have a nucleus.

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26.

27. Prokaryotic cell:
- A. may contain thylakoids
- B. may contain chloroplasts, e.g. cyanobacteria
- C. contains prokaryotic ribosomes
- D. has a cytoplasmic membrane
- E. has a nucleoid
- F. has the linear DNA molecules placed in cytoplasm
- G. has its internal space compartmentalized by membranes into organelles
- H. has homologous circular chromosomes placed in cytoplasm
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. may contain thylakoids
A. C. contains prokaryotic ribosomes
A. D. has a cytoplasmic membrane
A. E. has a nucleoid

Explanation

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by several features. They may contain thylakoids, which are membranous structures that are involved in photosynthesis. They also contain prokaryotic ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic cells have a cytoplasmic membrane, which separates the cell from its external environment. They also have a nucleoid, which is the region where the genetic material is located. However, prokaryotic cells do not have organelles that are compartmentalized by membranes, and their DNA molecules are typically circular and not linear.

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27.

28. Proteosynthesis can take place in:
- A. lysosomes
- B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- C. ribosomes
- D. mitochondria
- E. plasma membrane
- F. nucleus
- G. dictyosomes
- H. vacuoles
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. ribosomes
A. D. mitochondria

Explanation

Proteosynthesis, also known as protein synthesis, is the process by which cells build proteins. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP and do not directly participate in protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answers for proteosynthesis to take place are c. ribosomes and d. mitochondria.

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28.

29. These organelles store DNA in the cell:
- A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- B. vacuoles
- C. nucleus
- D. chloroplasts
- E. structural organelles of the cell
- F. mitochondria
- G. ribosomes
- H. nucleolus
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. nucleus
A. D. chloroplasts
A. F. mitochondria

Explanation

The correct answer is c. nucleus, d. chloroplasts, f. mitochondria. The nucleus is the main organelle responsible for storing DNA in the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that also store DNA. They are responsible for photosynthesis and converting sunlight into energy. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell and also store DNA. They are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.

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29.

30. The following do not belong to membranous organelles:
- A. ribosomes
- B. lysosomes
- C. bacterial nucleus
- D. mitochondria
- E. centriole
- F. cytoskeleton
- G. nucleolus
- H. vacuoles
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. ribosomes
A. C. bacterial nucleus
A. E. centriole
A. F. cytoskeleton
A. G. nucleolus

Explanation

Membranous organelles are organelles that are surrounded by a membrane. Vacuoles, lysosomes, and mitochondria are all examples of membranous organelles. Ribosomes, bacterial nucleus, centriole, cytoskeleton, and nucleolus do not have a membrane surrounding them, so they do not belong to the category of membranous organelles.

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30.

21. How many biomembranes do the mitochondria have:
- A. one
- B. two – one granular and one smooth
- C. two
- D. one or two according to the energy requirements of the cell
- E. two – the inner one folded and the outer one smooth
- F. two with mitochondrial pores
- G. one or two according to the type of the cell
- H. two – one permeable and one semipermeable
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. two
A. E. two – the inner one folded and the outer one smooth

Explanation

Mitochondria have two biomembranes. The inner membrane is folded, forming structures called cristae, which increase the surface area for chemical reactions involved in energy production. The outer membrane is smooth and surrounds the inner membrane, providing protection and support to the mitochondria. Therefore, the correct answers are c. two and e. two - the inner one folded and the outer one smooth.

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31.

31. The following belong to the membranous organelles:
- A. nucleolus
- B. centrosomes
- C. ribosomes
- D. chromosomes
- E. Golgi apparatus
- F. cytoskeleton
- G. lysosomes
- H. vacuoles
Correct Answer(s)

A. E. Golgi apparatus
A. G. lysosomes
A. H. vacuoles

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles are all examples of membranous organelles. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion outside of the cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste materials. These organelles are all surrounded by a membrane, which is a defining characteristic of membranous organelles.

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32.

33. Endocytosis:
- A. is e.g. pinocytosis
- B. involves rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton
- C. is a passive transport of substances into the cell
- D. is an active transport of substances into the cell
- E. is an active transport of substances out of the cell
- F. does not require any energy of ATP
- G. requires carrier proteins
- H. is e.g. phagocytosis
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. is e.g. pinocytosis
A. B. involves rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton
A. D. is an active transport of substances into the cell
A. H. is e.g. phagocytosis

Explanation

Endocytosis is a process in which the cell takes in substances from the external environment by engulfing them. It can occur through different mechanisms, such as pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis refers to the ingestion of fluid or dissolved substances by the cell, while phagocytosis involves the engulfment of solid particles. Endocytosis requires the rearrangement of the cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton to form a vesicle that brings the ingested substances into the cell. It is an active transport process that requires energy in the form of ATP. Additionally, endocytosis can involve carrier proteins to facilitate the transport of specific substances into the cell.

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33.

The following belong to the mitotic apparatus of the cell:
- A. centromeres
- B. chromosomes
- C. astrosphere
- D. centrioles
- E. polar bodies
- F. mitotic spindle
- G. chromatids
- H. nucleolus organizer regions
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. astrosphere
A. D. centrioles
A. F. mitotic spindle

Explanation

The mitotic apparatus of the cell consists of several structures that are involved in cell division. The astrosphere is a structure that forms during mitosis and is responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle. Centrioles are cylindrical structures that play a key role in the formation of the spindle fibers. The mitotic spindle is a network of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, options c, d, and f are all part of the mitotic apparatus.

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34.

34. Plant cell in hypertonic solution:
- A. loses water
- B. increases its pressure
- C. does not change the volume
- D. undergoes plasmolysis
- E. takes up water by osmosis
- F. increases its volume
- G. decreases its internal volume
- H. loses water and the plasma membrane detaches from the cell wall
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. loses water
A. D. undergoes plasmolysis
A. G. decreases its internal volume
A. H. loses water and the plasma membrane detaches from the cell wall

Explanation

In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the plant cell is higher than inside the cell. As a result, water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to lose water. This loss of water can lead to the cell undergoing plasmolysis, where the plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall. Additionally, the loss of water can cause the internal volume of the cell to decrease. In extreme cases, the plasma membrane may detach from the cell wall, resulting in the cell losing water and the plasma membrane detaching from the cell wall.

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35.

35. Diffusion and osmosis have in common that:
- A. both are an example of active transport of substances
- B. both require energy of ATP
- C. both are an example of passive transport of substances
- D. molecules move through cytoplasmic membrane from the place of lower concentration to the place of higher concentration
- E. in both rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton happens
- F. molecules move through cytoplasmic membrane from the place of higher concentration to the place of lower concentration
- G. both do not require energy of ATP
- H. in both rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton does not happen
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. both are an example of passive transport of substances
A. F. molecules move through cytoplasmic membrane from the place of higher concentration to the place of lower concentration
A. G. both do not require energy of ATP
A. H. in both rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton does not happen

Explanation

Diffusion and osmosis are both examples of passive transport of substances because they do not require the input of energy (ATP) to occur. In both processes, molecules move through the cytoplasmic membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Additionally, neither diffusion nor osmosis involve rearrangement of the cytoplasmic membrane or cytoskeleton.

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36.

43. Animal cell in the hypotonic solution:
- A. shrinks
- B. swells and bursts
- C. undergoes osmotic lysis
- D. undergoes plasmolysis
- E. does not change its volume
- F. takes on water by osmosis
- G. increases its volume
- H. loses water by osmosis
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. swells and bursts
A. C. undergoes osmotic lysis
A. F. takes on water by osmosis
A. G. increases its volume

Explanation

In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside the cell. This creates a concentration gradient that causes water to move into the cell through osmosis. As a result, the cell swells and increases in volume. If the influx of water is too much, the cell may burst, a process known as osmotic lysis. Therefore, options b, c, f, and g are all correct explanations for what happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution.

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37.

42. Cells make pseudopodia:
- A. during pinocytosis
- B. by means of the cytoskeleton
- C. during phagocytosis
- D. during osmosis
- E. by means of microfilaments
- F. for detection and engulfing of antigens, e.g. white blood cells
- G. during exocytosis
- H. during the passive transport of substances into the cell
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. by means of the cytoskeleton
A. C. during phagocytosis
A. E. by means of microfilaments
A. F. for detection and engulfing of antigens, e.g. white blood cells

Explanation

Cells make pseudopodia by means of the cytoskeleton, during phagocytosis, by means of microfilaments, and for detection and engulfing of antigens, e.g. white blood cells. Pseudopodia are temporary protrusions of the cell membrane that help in cell movement, engulfing particles, and detecting antigens. The cytoskeleton, including microfilaments, plays a crucial role in the formation and extension of pseudopodia during these processes.

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38.

41. The rate of simple diffusion through the cytoplasmic membrane is influenced by:
- A. size of the molecules – the larger, the faster
- B. the amount of ATP energy
- C. the activity of transport proteins
- D. the difference in molecule concentration inside and outside of the cell
- E. the concentration gradient
- F. temperature – the warmer, the faster
- G. enzymatic activity of the membrane
- H. the degree of differentiation of the cell
Correct Answer(s)

A. D. the difference in molecule concentration inside and outside of the cell
A. E. the concentration gradient
A. F. temperature – the warmer, the faster

Explanation

The rate of simple diffusion through the cytoplasmic membrane is influenced by the difference in molecule concentration inside and outside of the cell, the concentration gradient, and the temperature. The difference in molecule concentration creates a driving force for molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The concentration gradient refers to the difference in concentration between two areas, and a steeper gradient leads to faster diffusion. Temperature affects the kinetic energy of molecules, and higher temperatures increase their movement and therefore the rate of diffusion.

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39.

40. The following may pass across the biomembrane by diffusion:
- A. all the substances into the cell
- B. all the substances out of the cell
- C. gases
- D. ethanol
- E. oxygen across the alveolar walls into the blood
- F. small molecules that are hydrophobic
- G. water
- H. carbon dioxide from the blood into the tissue cells
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. gases
A. D. ethanol
A. E. oxygen across the alveolar walls into the blood
A. F. small molecules that are hydrophobic
A. G. water

Explanation

Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, are small molecules that can easily pass through the biomembrane by diffusion. Ethanol is also a small molecule that can diffuse across the biomembrane. Additionally, small hydrophobic molecules, like lipids, can pass through the biomembrane by diffusion. Water, being a small molecule, can also pass through the biomembrane by diffusion. Therefore, the correct options are c. gases, d. ethanol, e. oxygen across the alveolar walls into the blood, f. small molecules that are hydrophobic, and g. water.

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40.

39. Mark the incorrect answers:
- A. cytoskeleton is important for the diffusion and osmosis
- B. vacuoles play a significant role in metabolic processes of the animal cells
- C. microtubules contain tubulin
- D. microfilaments contain pectinion4
- E. mitotic spindle is formed between the centromeres
- F. plastid is a type of chloroplast
- G. microfilaments are important for cell shortening and microtubules for cell prolongation
- H. thylakoids occur predominantly in chlorophyll a
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. cytoskeleton is important for the diffusion and osmosis
A. B. vacuoles play a significant role in metabolic processes of the animal cells
A. D. microfilaments contain pectinion4
A. E. mitotic spindle is formed between the centromeres
A. F. plastid is a type of chloroplast
A. G. microfilaments are important for cell shortening and microtubules for cell prolongation
A. H. thylakoids occur predominantly in chlorophyll a
41.

38. Transport proteins of the plasma membrane:
- A. transport the substances in form of vesicles down the concentration gradient
- B. are universal for the transport of all substances
- C. are very specific to the transported substances
- D. specifically transport some of the substances into the cell
- E. are important in endocytosis
- F. play an important role in diffusion and osmosis
- G. transport the substances that are unable to pass into the cell by simple diffusion
- H. are used in facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer(s)

A. C. are very specific to the transported substances
A. D. specifically transport some of the substances into the cell
A. G. transport the substances that are unable to pass into the cell by simple diffusion
A. H. are used in facilitated diffusion

Explanation

Transport proteins of the plasma membrane are very specific to the transported substances, meaning that they are designed to only transport certain molecules or ions. They specifically transport some substances into the cell, meaning that they actively move these substances across the membrane. They also transport substances that are unable to pass into the cell by simple diffusion, meaning that they help regulate the movement of larger or charged molecules. Additionally, transport proteins are used in facilitated diffusion, which is a passive process where molecules move down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.

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42.

37. Hypotonic solution:
- A. is the solution with lower concentration of the solutes
- B. is the solution with higher concentration of the solutes
- C. causes the plasmolysis of plant cells
- D. causes the burst of animal cells
- E. causes the lysis of red blood cells
- F. causes detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall
- G. is e.g. distilled water
- H. causes osmotic water intake by the cell
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. is the solution with lower concentration of the solutes
A. D. causes the burst of animal cells
A. E. causes the lysis of red blood cells
A. G. is e.g. distilled water
A. H. causes osmotic water intake by the cell

Explanation

A hypotonic solution refers to a solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the surrounding medium. This causes water to move into the cell through osmosis, leading to the swelling and potential bursting of animal cells. In the case of red blood cells, the hypotonic solution causes them to lyse or burst due to the influx of water. Distilled water is an example of a hypotonic solution. Additionally, the hypotonic solution causes osmotic water intake by the cell, further contributing to the swelling and potential bursting of animal cells.

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43.

36. Passive transport of substances across cell membrane:
- A. does not require energy
- B. is e.g. the transfer of glucose and of amino acids against the concentration gradient
- C. is the transfer of substances against their concentration gradient
- D. is e.g. diffusion
- E. is e.g. osmosis
- F. is passage of solutes down their concentration gradient
- G. does not depend on the concentration gradient of the given substance
- H. is typical for the passage of water molecules, gases, ethanol
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. does not require energy
A. D. is e.g. diffusion
A. E. is e.g. osmosis
A. F. is passage of solutes down their concentration gradient
A. H. is typical for the passage of water molecules, gases, ethanol

Explanation

Passive transport refers to the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy. This includes processes such as diffusion (movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration), osmosis (movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane), and the passage of solutes down their concentration gradient. It is also typical for the passage of water molecules, gases, and ethanol.

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44.

50. Nuclear envelope:
- A. surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
- B. consists of two lipid bilayers - the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane
- C. surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in prokaryotic cells
- D. has many small openings called nuclear pores
- E. is the membrane that encloses the cell
- F. is double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome
- G. is permeable barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
- H. contains nuclear pores
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
A. B. consists of two lipid bilayers - the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane
A. D. has many small openings called nuclear pores
A. F. is double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome
A. H. contains nuclear pores

Explanation

The nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus, as stated in option a. It consists of two lipid bilayers - the inner nuclear membrane and the outer nuclear membrane, as mentioned in option b. It also has many small openings called nuclear pores, as mentioned in option d. Option f is also correct as it states that the nuclear envelope is a double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome. Lastly, option h is correct as it states that the nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores.

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45.

49. Vacuoles:
- A. are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
- B. are filled with cytosol
- C. can store waste
- D. carry out hydrolysis
- E. are much more important in prokaryotic cells
- F. serve as a storage organelles
- G. are a product of plant cell protoplast
- H. are filled with stroma
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
A. C. can store waste
A. D. carry out hydrolysis
A. F. serve as a storage organelles

Explanation

Vacuoles are organelles found in eukaryotic cells and are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. They serve as storage organelles and can store waste materials. Vacuoles also carry out hydrolysis, which is the breakdown of macromolecules by enzymes. They are more important in eukaryotic cells rather than prokaryotic cells. Plant cell protoplasts produce vacuoles. They are not filled with cytosol or stroma, as these are found in other organelles such as the cytoplasm and chloroplasts respectively.

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46.

48. Which of the following processes take place in chloroplasts:
- A. photosynthesis
- B. oxidative phosphorylation
- C. synthesis of their specific proteins
- D. glycolysis
- E. Krebs cycle
- F. detoxification of drugs and poisons
- G. synthesis of their own nucleic acids
- H. production of polysaccharides for plant cell walls
Correct Answer(s)

A. A. photosynthesis
A. C. synthesis of their specific proteins
A. G. synthesis of their own nucleic acids

Explanation

Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll, which captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Therefore, it is logical that photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. Additionally, chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, enabling them to synthesize their own proteins and nucleic acids. This explains why the correct answers are a. photosynthesis, c. synthesis of their specific proteins, and g. synthesis of their own nucleic acids.

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47.

47. Which of the following is the digestion centre of the animal cells:
- A. vesicles
- B. Golgi apparatus
- C. central vacuole
- D. cytoplasm
- E. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- F. rough endoplasmic reticulum
- G. lysosomes
- H. membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes
Correct Answer(s)

A. G. lysosomes
A. H. membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes

Explanation

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that are responsible for digestion within animal cells. These enzymes break down various molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, into smaller components that can be used by the cell. Lysosomes also play a role in the recycling of cellular components through a process called autophagy. Therefore, option g (lysosomes) and option h (membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes) are the correct answers for the digestion center of animal cells.

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48.

46. Cell wall:
- A. is selectively permeable
- B. is permeable for water and substances soluble in water
- C. forms an osmotic barrier of the plant cell
- D. is a product of the protoplast of the plant cell
- E. has a nourishment function
- F. maintains the shape of the cell
- G. is semipermeable
- H. of the bacterial cell contains pectin
Correct Answer(s)

A. B. is permeable for water and substances soluble in water
A. D. is a product of the protoplast of the plant cell
A. F. maintains the shape of the cell

Explanation

The cell wall is a rigid outer layer that surrounds the plant cell. It is primarily composed of cellulose and provides structural support to the cell. It is permeable for water and substances soluble in water, allowing them to pass through. It is also a product of the protoplast of the plant cell, meaning it is synthesized and secreted by the cell itself. Additionally, the cell wall maintains the shape of the cell, providing stability and protection.

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49.

45. Active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane is typical for the transport of:
- A. water
- B. gases
- C. ethanol
- D. calcium ions into the cells
- E. substances by means of transport proteins called solute pumps
- F. sodium ions against a concentration gradient
- G. potassium ions against a concentration gradient
- H. substances that does not require energy of ATP
Correct Answer(s)

A. D. calcium ions into the cells
A. E. substances by means of transport proteins called solute pumps
A. F. sodium ions against a concentration gradient
A. G. potassium ions against a concentration gradient

Explanation

Active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane refers to the process of moving substances against their concentration gradient, which requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. Calcium ions, as well as sodium and potassium ions, are transported into the cells through active transport mechanisms. This involves the use of transport proteins called solute pumps, which utilize ATP to move these ions across the membrane. Therefore, options d, e, f, and g are correct as they describe the typical characteristics of active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane.

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