Kosice - Biology - 1 To 50

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  • 1/50 Questions

    1. Which of the following statements are the part of the cell theory:

    •  a. only animals are composed of cells
    • B. all cells consist of the same elements and molecules
    • C. all cells come from existing cells
    • D. all living things are made of cells
    • E. cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living organisms
    • F. cells must contain DNA
    • G. all cells are surrounded by the plasma membrane
    • H. all cells have the ability of storing and replicating the genetic information
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About This Quiz

Explore the foundational aspects of cell biology in this quiz, covering cell theory, cellular structures, and basic properties of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Kosice - Biology - 1 To 50 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    6. There are two basic types of cells:

    • A. plant and animal

    • B. nuclear and nucleus-free

    • C. differentiated and non-differentiated

    • D. prokaryotic and eukaryotic

    • E. microscopic and submicroscopic

    • F. simple and compound

    • G. membrane and non-membrane

    • H. somatic and germ

    Correct Answer
    A. D. prokaryotic and eukaryotic
    Explanation
    The correct answer is d. prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are more complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. This classification is based on the differences in the structure and organization of these two types of cells.

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  • 3. 

    11. Eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic ones:

    • A. have membrane-bounded organelles

    • B. do not have membrane-bounded organelles

    • C. have a nucleus bounded by double membrane

    • D. do not have nuclear envelope

    • E. have circular nuclear chromosomes

    • F. possess a nucleus

    • G. have their internal space compartmentalized into organelles

    • H. contain DNA as a store of genetic information

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. have membrane-bounded organelles
    A. C. have a nucleus bounded by double membrane
    A. F. possess a nucleus
    A. G. have their internal space compartmentalized into organelles
    Explanation
    Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having membrane-bounded organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, which perform specific functions within the cell. They also have a nucleus bounded by a double membrane, which contains the cell's DNA and serves as a control center for cellular activities. The presence of a nucleus is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. Additionally, eukaryotic cells have their internal space compartmentalized into organelles, allowing for efficient organization and separation of cellular processes.

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  • 4. 

    16. Lysosomes:

    • A. act in lytic processes in the cell

    • B. are present in animal cells

    • C. are present in prokaryotic cells

    • D. are present in plant cells

    • E. modify the substances synthesized on ribosomes, so they may be excreted out of the cell

    • F. contain hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion

    • G. transfer molecules between different compartments

    • H. digest worn out organelles

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. act in lytic processes in the cell
    A. B. are present in animal cells
    A. F. contain hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion
    A. H. digest worn out organelles
    Explanation
    Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes used for intracellular digestion. They act in lytic processes in the cell, meaning they break down and digest various materials such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and organelles. Lysosomes are present in animal cells and are responsible for digesting worn out organelles, as mentioned in option h. Therefore, options a, b, f, and h are all correct explanations for lysosomes.

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  • 5. 

    18. Cell nucleus:

    • A. is called as nucleoid in eukaryotic cells

    • B. is called as nucleolus

    • C. consists mainly of RNA and proteins

    • D. of eukaryotic cells contains circular chromosomes

    • E. contains the DNA and proteins, which form chromatin

    • F. has nuclear envelope on the surface

    • G. has plasmalemma on the surface

    • H. is surrounded by double membrane

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. E. contains the DNA and proteins, which form chromatin
    A. F. has nuclear envelope on the surface
    A. H. is surrounded by double membrane
    Explanation
    The cell nucleus contains the DNA and proteins, which form chromatin. It also has a nuclear envelope on its surface and is surrounded by a double membrane.

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  • 6. 

    22. Golgi apparatus:

    • A. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of proteins

    • B. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

    • C. is important for lysosome formation

    • D. is important for formation of secretory vesicles

    • E. is located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

    • F. acts as storage compartment for nutrients and wastes of the cell

    • G. is responsible for cell oxidations

    • H. is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging of proteins
    A. B. is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
    A. C. is important for lysosome formation
    A. D. is important for formation of secretory vesicles
    A. H. is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae
    Explanation
    The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is also important for lysosome formation and the formation of secretory vesicles. Additionally, it is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae.

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  • 7. 

    28. Proteosynthesis can take place in:

    • A. lysosomes

    • B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • C. ribosomes

    • D. mitochondria

    • E. plasma membrane

    • F. nucleus

    • G. dictyosomes

    • H. vacuoles

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. ribosomes
    A. D. mitochondria
    Explanation
    Proteosynthesis, also known as protein synthesis, is the process by which cells build proteins. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP and do not directly participate in protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answers for proteosynthesis to take place are c. ribosomes and d. mitochondria.

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  • 8. 

    30. The following do not belong to membranous organelles:

    • A. ribosomes

    • B. lysosomes

    • C. bacterial nucleus

    • D. mitochondria

    • E. centriole

    • F. cytoskeleton

    • G. nucleolus

    • H. vacuoles

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. ribosomes
    A. C. bacterial nucleus
    A. E. centriole
    A. F. cytoskeleton
    A. G. nucleolus
    Explanation
    Membranous organelles are organelles that are surrounded by a membrane. Vacuoles, lysosomes, and mitochondria are all examples of membranous organelles. Ribosomes, bacterial nucleus, centriole, cytoskeleton, and nucleolus do not have a membrane surrounding them, so they do not belong to the category of membranous organelles.

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  • 9. 

    31. The following belong to the membranous organelles:

    • A. nucleolus

    • B. centrosomes

    • C. ribosomes

    • D. chromosomes

    • E. Golgi apparatus

    • F. cytoskeleton

    • G. lysosomes

    • H. vacuoles

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. E. Golgi apparatus
    A. G. lysosomes
    A. H. vacuoles
    Explanation
    The Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles are all examples of membranous organelles. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport within the cell or secretion outside of the cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste materials. These organelles are all surrounded by a membrane, which is a defining characteristic of membranous organelles.

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  • 10. 

    33. Endocytosis:

    • A. is e.g. pinocytosis

    • B. involves rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton

    • C. is a passive transport of substances into the cell

    • D. is an active transport of substances into the cell

    • E. is an active transport of substances out of the cell

    • F. does not require any energy of ATP

    • G. requires carrier proteins

    • H. is e.g. phagocytosis

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. is e.g. pinocytosis
    A. B. involves rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton
    A. D. is an active transport of substances into the cell
    A. H. is e.g. phagocytosis
    Explanation
    Endocytosis is a process in which the cell takes in substances from the external environment by engulfing them. It can occur through different mechanisms, such as pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis refers to the ingestion of fluid or dissolved substances by the cell, while phagocytosis involves the engulfment of solid particles. Endocytosis requires the rearrangement of the cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton to form a vesicle that brings the ingested substances into the cell. It is an active transport process that requires energy in the form of ATP. Additionally, endocytosis can involve carrier proteins to facilitate the transport of specific substances into the cell.

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  • 11. 

    35. Diffusion and osmosis have in common that:

    • A. both are an example of active transport of substances

    • B. both require energy of ATP

    • C. both are an example of passive transport of substances

    • D. molecules move through cytoplasmic membrane from the place of lower concentration to the place of higher concentration

    • E. in both rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton happens

    • F. molecules move through cytoplasmic membrane from the place of higher concentration to the place of lower concentration

    • G. both do not require energy of ATP

    • H. in both rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton does not happen

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. both are an example of passive transport of substances
    A. F. molecules move through cytoplasmic membrane from the place of higher concentration to the place of lower concentration
    A. G. both do not require energy of ATP
    A. H. in both rearrangement of cytoplasmic membrane and cytoskeleton does not happen
    Explanation
    Diffusion and osmosis are both examples of passive transport of substances because they do not require the input of energy (ATP) to occur. In both processes, molecules move through the cytoplasmic membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Additionally, neither diffusion nor osmosis involve rearrangement of the cytoplasmic membrane or cytoskeleton.

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  • 12. 

    43. Animal cell in the hypotonic solution:

    • A. shrinks

    • B. swells and bursts

    • C. undergoes osmotic lysis

    • D. undergoes plasmolysis

    • E. does not change its volume

    • F. takes on water by osmosis

    • G. increases its volume

    • H. loses water by osmosis

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. swells and bursts
    A. C. undergoes osmotic lysis
    A. F. takes on water by osmosis
    A. G. increases its volume
    Explanation
    In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside the cell. This creates a concentration gradient that causes water to move into the cell through osmosis. As a result, the cell swells and increases in volume. If the influx of water is too much, the cell may burst, a process known as osmotic lysis. Therefore, options b, c, f, and g are all correct explanations for what happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution.

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  • 13. 

    36. Passive transport of substances across cell membrane:

    • A. does not require energy

    • B. is e.g. the transfer of glucose and of amino acids against the concentration gradient

    • C. is the transfer of substances against their concentration gradient

    • D. is e.g. diffusion

    • E. is e.g. osmosis

    • F. is passage of solutes down their concentration gradient

    • G. does not depend on the concentration gradient of the given substance

    • H. is typical for the passage of water molecules, gases, ethanol

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. does not require energy
    A. D. is e.g. diffusion
    A. E. is e.g. osmosis
    A. F. is passage of solutes down their concentration gradient
    A. H. is typical for the passage of water molecules, gases, ethanol
    Explanation
    Passive transport refers to the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy. This includes processes such as diffusion (movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration), osmosis (movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane), and the passage of solutes down their concentration gradient. It is also typical for the passage of water molecules, gases, and ethanol.

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  • 14. 

    2. Bacteria:

    • A. are the simplest cellular organisms

    • B. are prokaryotes

    • C. may form multicellular organisms

    • D. can only form unicellular organisms

    • E. may have numerous membranous organelles

    • F. have no membranous compartments within a cell

    • G. contain large central vacuoles

    •  h. are usually surrounded by a strong cell wall

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. are the simplest cellular organisms
    A. B. are prokaryotes
    A. D. can only form unicellular organisms
    A. F. have no membranous compartments within a cell
    A.  h. are usually surrounded by a strong cell wall
    Explanation
    Bacteria are considered the simplest cellular organisms because they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, making them prokaryotes. They can only form unicellular organisms, meaning they do not have the capability to form multicellular organisms. Bacteria also lack membranous compartments within a cell, indicating that they do not have specialized structures like mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, bacteria are usually surrounded by a strong cell wall, providing them with protection and structural support.

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  • 15. 

    4. The basic cell surfaces of eukaryotic cells include:

    • A. plasmalemma

    • B. nuclear envelope

    • C. cuticle

    • D. pellicle

    • E. cell wall

    • F. cytoplasmic membrane

    • G. slime capsule

    • H. nuclear membrane

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. plasmalemma
    A. E. cell wall
    A. F. cytoplasmic membrane
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a. plasmalemma, e. cell wall, f. cytoplasmic membrane. These are the basic cell surfaces found in eukaryotic cells. The plasmalemma, also known as the plasma membrane, is the outermost boundary of the cell that separates the cell from its environment. The cell wall is a rigid structure that provides support and protection to the cell. The cytoplasmic membrane, also known as the endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. These three structures are essential for the functioning and survival of eukaryotic cells.

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  • 16. 

    7. Which of the following organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells:

    • A. mitochondria

    • B. endoplasmic reticulum

    • C. central vacuole

    • D. Golgi apparatus

    • E. chloroplasts

    • F. nucleolus

    • G. lysosomes

    • H. ribosomes

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. central vacuole
    A. E. chloroplasts
    Explanation
    Plant cells have a central vacuole, which is a large, membrane-bound organelle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. Animal cells do not have a central vacuole. Additionally, plant cells have chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. The other organelles listed (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nucleolus, lysosomes, and ribosomes) are found in both plant and animal cells.

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  • 17. 

    10. Biomembranes consist of:

    • A. a double layer of proteins and molecules of saccharides

    • B. a double layer of lipids and integral and peripheral proteins

    • C. a double layer of phospholipids and a double layer of saccharides

    • D. a single layer of phospholipids and two layers of the molecules of proteins

    • E. molecules of phospholipids which form a double layer and molecules of proteins

    • F. the external protein layer and the internal lipid layer

    • G. integral and peripheral lipids and molecules of proteins

    • H. a double layer of phospholipids, in which molecules of proteins are immersed

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. a double layer of lipids and integral and peripheral proteins
    A. E. molecules of phospholipids which form a double layer and molecules of proteins
    A. H. a double layer of phospholipids, in which molecules of proteins are immersed
    Explanation
    Biomembranes consist of a double layer of lipids, specifically phospholipids, which form the main structural component of the membrane. This lipid bilayer is embedded with integral and peripheral proteins, which play various roles such as transport, signaling, and structural support. Additionally, the biomembranes also contain molecules of proteins that are immersed within the double layer of phospholipids, further contributing to the overall structure and function of the membrane.

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  • 18. 

    8. What is the name of the jelly-like substance inside the cell:

    • A. cytoplasm

    • B. cytokinesis

    • C. cytosol

    • D. plasma membrane

    • E. matrix

    • F. plasmalemma

    • G. karyon

    • H. karyolemma

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. cytoplasm
    A. C. cytosol
    Explanation
    The jelly-like substance inside the cell is called cytoplasm. It is a semi-fluid material that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. Cytoplasm contains various organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes, and it is where many cellular processes, such as protein synthesis and metabolism, take place. Cytosol, on the other hand, refers specifically to the liquid component of the cytoplasm, excluding the organelles. Therefore, both options a and c are correct as they refer to different aspects of the same substance.

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  • 19. 

    13. The cytoskeleton of a cell:

    • A. enables for spatial division of organelles in the cell

    • B. represents a static skeleton of the cell

    • C. is employed in the process of diffusion

    • D. is employed in the process of phagocytosis

    • E. is employed in the process of pinocytosis

    • F. is employed in the process of osmosis

    • G. is composed of nucleoprotein fibres

    • H. has kinetic, mechanical and supportive functions

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. enables for spatial division of organelles in the cell
    A. D. is employed in the process of phagocytosis
    A. E. is employed in the process of pinocytosis
    A. H. has kinetic, mechanical and supportive functions
    Explanation
    The cytoskeleton of a cell enables for spatial division of organelles in the cell by providing a framework and structure that helps organize and separate the organelles. It is also employed in the process of phagocytosis, which is the engulfment and digestion of particles by a cell. Additionally, the cytoskeleton is employed in the process of pinocytosis, which is the engulfment of fluid or solutes by a cell. Lastly, the cytoskeleton has kinetic, mechanical, and supportive functions, meaning it is responsible for providing movement, mechanical support, and stability to the cell.

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  • 20. 

    14. Rough endoplasmic reticulum:

    • A. is the site of vitamin D synthesis

    • B. is the site of lipid synthesis

    • C. lacks ribosomes

    • D. is the site of protein synthesis

    • E. has the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes

    • F. plays role in the intracellular transport of substances

    • G. plays role in the intercellular transport of substances

    • H. does not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. D. is the site of protein synthesis
    A. E. has the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes
    A. F. plays role in the intracellular transport of substances
    A. G. plays role in the intercellular transport of substances
    Explanation
    The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of protein synthesis because it is studded with ribosomes on its outer side, which are responsible for the synthesis of proteins. It also plays a role in the intracellular and intercellular transport of substances, as it is involved in the movement of proteins and other molecules within the cell and between cells. It is a membrane-bounded organelle of the cell, unlike option h.

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  • 21. 

    15. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

    • A. does not have the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes

    • B. is visible under the light microscope

    • C. participates in the synthesis of lipids

    • D. functions in lipid production and metabolism

    • E. contains mainly hydrolytic enzymes

    • F. has the inner side of membrane studded with ribosomes

    • G. is the site of protein synthesis

    • H. plays role in the intracellular transport of some substances

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. does not have the outer side of membrane studded with ribosomes
    A. C. participates in the synthesis of lipids
    A. D. functions in lipid production and metabolism
    A. H. plays role in the intracellular transport of some substances
    Explanation
    Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have the outer side of the membrane studded with ribosomes. It participates in the synthesis of lipids and functions in lipid production and metabolism. Additionally, it plays a role in the intracellular transport of some substances.

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  • 22. 

    17. Mitochondria are:

    • A. present only in eukaryotic cells

    • B. organelles with two membranes

    • C. energy centre of the cell

    • D. present in some of the prokaryotic cells

    • E. metabolic-respiratory centre of the cell

    • F. synthetic centre of the cell

    • G. present in numbers that directly correlate with the level of cell metabolic activity

    • H. present only in animal cells

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. present only in eukaryotic cells
    A. B. organelles with two membranes
    A. C. energy centre of the cell
    A. E. metabolic-respiratory centre of the cell
    A. G. present in numbers that directly correlate with the level of cell metabolic activity
    Explanation
    Mitochondria are organelles that are present only in eukaryotic cells. They have two membranes and are known as the energy center of the cell. They are also responsible for metabolic-respiratory processes in the cell. The number of mitochondria present in a cell directly correlates with the level of cell metabolic activity.

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  • 23. 

    19. Ribosomes:

    • A. belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell

    • B. can be seen using a light microscope

    • C. are submicroscopic particles

    • D. do not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell

    • E. are only visible in an electron microscope

    • F. are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • G. are macromolecular structures composed of DNA and proteins

    • H. are macromolecular structures composed of rRNA and proteins

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. are submicroscopic particles
    A. D. do not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell
    A. E. are only visible in an electron microscope
    A. H. are macromolecular structures composed of rRNA and proteins
    Explanation
    Ribosomes are submicroscopic particles that do not belong to membrane-bounded organelles of the cell. They are only visible in an electron microscope. Ribosomes are macromolecular structures composed of rRNA and proteins.

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  • 24. 

    24. The cytoskeleton of the cell:

    • A. belongs to membranous structures

    • B. is necessary for all types of cellular active movements

    • C. represents a dynamic structure of the cell

    • D. represents a static structure of the cell

    • E. belongs to fibrous structures

    • F. belongs to non-living parts of the cell

    • G. is formed by microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

    • H. is formed by nucleoprotein fibres

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. is necessary for all types of cellular active movements
    A. C. represents a dynamic structure of the cell
    A. E. belongs to fibrous structures
    A. G. is formed by microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
    Explanation
    The cytoskeleton of the cell is necessary for all types of cellular active movements because it provides structural support and allows for the movement of cellular components. It represents a dynamic structure of the cell because it can constantly change and remodel itself to adapt to different cellular processes. It belongs to fibrous structures because it is composed of long, thread-like filaments. It is formed by microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, which are all components of the cytoskeleton and contribute to its function.

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  • 25. 

    23. Dictyosomes:

    • A. are part of chloroplasts

    • B. comprise the Golgi apparatus

    • C. are similar to lysosomes

    • D. are part endoplasmic reticulum

    • E. are present in prokaryotic cells

    • F. are found in eukaryotic cells

    • G. are part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm

    • H. are stacks of flat, membrane bounded cisternae

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. comprise the Golgi apparatus
    A. F. are found in eukaryotic cells
    A. G. are part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm
    A. H. are stacks of flat, membrane bounded cisternae
    Explanation
    Dictyosomes, also known as Golgi apparatus, are found in eukaryotic cells and are part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm. They are composed of stacks of flat, membrane bounded cisternae.

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  • 26. 

    26. Nucleus of eukaryotic cells:

    • A. contains chromatin

    • B. contains centriole

    • C. is the control centre of the cell

    • D. contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material

    • E. has nuclear envelope made of one biomembrane only

    • F. is present in all cells of our body

    • G. is a submicroscopic structure

    • H. occurs in all eukaryotic cells except some highly specialised ones

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. contains chromatin
    A. C. is the control centre of the cell
    A. D. contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material
    A. H. occurs in all eukaryotic cells except some highly specialised ones
    Explanation
    The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contains chromatin, which is a complex of DNA and proteins that make up the genetic material of the cell. It is also the control center of the cell, regulating all cellular activities and coordinating the cell's functions. Additionally, the nucleus contains the majority of the cell's genetic material, including the genes that determine the cell's characteristics and functions. However, the nucleus is not present in all cells of our body, as some highly specialized cells, such as red blood cells, do not have a nucleus.

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  • 27. 

    34. Plant cell in hypertonic solution:

    • A. loses water

    • B. increases its pressure

    • C. does not change the volume

    • D. undergoes plasmolysis

    • E. takes up water by osmosis

    • F. increases its volume

    • G. decreases its internal volume

    • H. loses water and the plasma membrane detaches from the cell wall

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. loses water
    A. D. undergoes plasmolysis
    A. G. decreases its internal volume
    A. H. loses water and the plasma membrane detaches from the cell wall
    Explanation
    In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the plant cell is higher than inside the cell. As a result, water moves out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to lose water. This loss of water can lead to the cell undergoing plasmolysis, where the plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall. Additionally, the loss of water can cause the internal volume of the cell to decrease. In extreme cases, the plasma membrane may detach from the cell wall, resulting in the cell losing water and the plasma membrane detaching from the cell wall.

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  • 28. 

    42. Cells make pseudopodia:

    • A. during pinocytosis

    • B. by means of the cytoskeleton

    • C. during phagocytosis

    • D. during osmosis

    • E. by means of microfilaments

    • F. for detection and engulfing of antigens, e.g. white blood cells

    • G. during exocytosis

    • H. during the passive transport of substances into the cell

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. by means of the cytoskeleton
    A. C. during phagocytosis
    A. E. by means of microfilaments
    A. F. for detection and engulfing of antigens, e.g. white blood cells
    Explanation
    Cells make pseudopodia by means of the cytoskeleton, during phagocytosis, by means of microfilaments, and for detection and engulfing of antigens, e.g. white blood cells. Pseudopodia are temporary protrusions of the cell membrane that help in cell movement, engulfing particles, and detecting antigens. The cytoskeleton, including microfilaments, plays a crucial role in the formation and extension of pseudopodia during these processes.

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  • 29. 

    39. Mark the incorrect answers:

    • A. cytoskeleton is important for the diffusion and osmosis

    • B. vacuoles play a significant role in metabolic processes of the animal cells

    • C. microtubules contain tubulin

    • D. microfilaments contain pectinion4

    • E. mitotic spindle is formed between the centromeres

    • F. plastid is a type of chloroplast

    • G. microfilaments are important for cell shortening and microtubules for cell prolongation

    • H. thylakoids occur predominantly in chlorophyll a

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. cytoskeleton is important for the diffusion and osmosis
    A. B. vacuoles play a significant role in metabolic processes of the animal cells
    A. D. microfilaments contain pectinion4
    A. E. mitotic spindle is formed between the centromeres
    A. F. plastid is a type of chloroplast
    A. G. microfilaments are important for cell shortening and microtubules for cell prolongation
    A. H. thylakoids occur predominantly in chlorophyll a
  • 30. 

    44. Animal cell in the hypertonic solution:

    • A. shrinks

    • B. actively transports water molecules out of the cell

    • C. bursts

    • D. loses water

    • E. undergoes plasmolysis

    • F. decreases its volume

    • G. needs energy of ATP to transfer water molecules

    • H. does not change

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. shrinks
    A. D. loses water
    A. F. decreases its volume
    Explanation
    When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. As a result, water molecules move out of the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to lose water. This loss of water leads to the shrinking of the cell and a decrease in its volume. Therefore, options a, d, and f are correct explanations for an animal cell in a hypertonic solution.

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  • 31. 

    3. Which of the following statements are correct:

    • A. DNA contains the four different bases A, G, U, and C

    • B. nucleic acids contain sugar groups

    • C. plants have chloroplasts and therefore can live without mitochondria

    • D. cytosol is only present in eukaryotic cells

    • E. ribosomes become linked by an mRNA molecule to form polyribosomes

    • F. cytoplasmic membrane consists of phospholipid double layer and peripheral and integral proteins

    • G. lysosomes digest only substances that have been taken up by endocytosis

    • H. cell wall is permeable

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. nucleic acids contain sugar groups
    A. E. ribosomes become linked by an mRNA molecule to form polyribosomes
    A. F. cytoplasmic membrane consists of phospholipid double layer and peripheral and integral proteins
    A. H. cell wall is permeable
    Explanation
    b. Nucleic acids, including DNA, contain sugar groups such as deoxyribose or ribose.
    e. Ribosomes can become linked by an mRNA molecule to form polyribosomes, which allows for the simultaneous translation of multiple copies of the same protein.
    f. The cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid double layer and contains peripheral and integral proteins.
    h. The cell wall, found in plants and some other organisms, is permeable, allowing for the passage of certain substances.

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  • 32. 

    20. Mitochondria:

    • A. are organelles with single membrane

    • B. are organelles with double membrane

    • C. synthesize their own specific proteins

    • D. have the molecules of the DNA in the matrix

    • E. have the enzyme complex for the Krebs cycle in the matrix

    • F. are filled with stroma

    • G. represents a dynamic skeleton of the cell

    • H. have enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation localized on the mitochondrial cristae

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. are organelles with double membrane
    A. C. synthesize their own specific proteins
    A. D. have the molecules of the DNA in the matrix
    A. E. have the enzyme complex for the Krebs cycle in the matrix
    A. H. have enzymes of the oxidative phosphorylation localized on the mitochondrial cristae
    Explanation
    Mitochondria are organelles with a double membrane, meaning they have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. They also synthesize their own specific proteins, meaning they can produce proteins that are unique to them. The molecules of DNA are located in the matrix of the mitochondria, which is the innermost compartment. The enzyme complex for the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is present in the matrix of the mitochondria. Additionally, the enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final step in cellular respiration, are localized on the mitochondrial cristae, which are the folds of the inner membrane.

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  • 33. 

    27. Prokaryotic cell:

    • A. may contain thylakoids

    • B. may contain chloroplasts, e.g. cyanobacteria

    • C. contains prokaryotic ribosomes

    • D. has a cytoplasmic membrane

    • E. has a nucleoid

    • F. has the linear DNA molecules placed in cytoplasm

    • G. has its internal space compartmentalized by membranes into organelles

    • H. has homologous circular chromosomes placed in cytoplasm

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. may contain thylakoids
    A. C. contains prokaryotic ribosomes
    A. D. has a cytoplasmic membrane
    A. E. has a nucleoid
    Explanation
    Prokaryotic cells are characterized by several features. They may contain thylakoids, which are membranous structures that are involved in photosynthesis. They also contain prokaryotic ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic cells have a cytoplasmic membrane, which separates the cell from its external environment. They also have a nucleoid, which is the region where the genetic material is located. However, prokaryotic cells do not have organelles that are compartmentalized by membranes, and their DNA molecules are typically circular and not linear.

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  • 34. 

    29. These organelles store DNA in the cell:

    • A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • B. vacuoles

    • C. nucleus

    • D. chloroplasts

    • E. structural organelles of the cell

    • F. mitochondria

    • G. ribosomes

    • H. nucleolus

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. nucleus
    A. D. chloroplasts
    A. F. mitochondria
    Explanation
    The correct answer is c. nucleus, d. chloroplasts, f. mitochondria. The nucleus is the main organelle responsible for storing DNA in the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that also store DNA. They are responsible for photosynthesis and converting sunlight into energy. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell and also store DNA. They are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.

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  • 35. 

    21. How many biomembranes do the mitochondria have:

    • A. one

    • B. two – one granular and one smooth

    • C. two

    • D. one or two according to the energy requirements of the cell

    • E. two – the inner one folded and the outer one smooth

    • F. two with mitochondrial pores

    • G. one or two according to the type of the cell

    • H. two – one permeable and one semipermeable

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. two
    A. E. two – the inner one folded and the outer one smooth
    Explanation
    Mitochondria have two biomembranes. The inner membrane is folded, forming structures called cristae, which increase the surface area for chemical reactions involved in energy production. The outer membrane is smooth and surrounds the inner membrane, providing protection and support to the mitochondria. Therefore, the correct answers are c. two and e. two - the inner one folded and the outer one smooth.

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  • 36. 

    41. The rate of simple diffusion through the cytoplasmic membrane is influenced by:

    • A. size of the molecules – the larger, the faster

    • B. the amount of ATP energy

    • C. the activity of transport proteins

    • D. the difference in molecule concentration inside and outside of the cell

    • E. the concentration gradient

    • F. temperature – the warmer, the faster

    • G. enzymatic activity of the membrane

    • H. the degree of differentiation of the cell

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. D. the difference in molecule concentration inside and outside of the cell
    A. E. the concentration gradient
    A. F. temperature – the warmer, the faster
    Explanation
    The rate of simple diffusion through the cytoplasmic membrane is influenced by the difference in molecule concentration inside and outside of the cell, the concentration gradient, and the temperature. The difference in molecule concentration creates a driving force for molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The concentration gradient refers to the difference in concentration between two areas, and a steeper gradient leads to faster diffusion. Temperature affects the kinetic energy of molecules, and higher temperatures increase their movement and therefore the rate of diffusion.

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  • 37. 

    40. The following may pass across the biomembrane by diffusion:

    • A. all the substances into the cell

    • B. all the substances out of the cell

    • C. gases

    • D. ethanol

    • E. oxygen across the alveolar walls into the blood

    • F. small molecules that are hydrophobic

    • G. water

    • H. carbon dioxide from the blood into the tissue cells

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. gases
    A. D. ethanol
    A. E. oxygen across the alveolar walls into the blood
    A. F. small molecules that are hydrophobic
    A. G. water
    Explanation
    Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, are small molecules that can easily pass through the biomembrane by diffusion. Ethanol is also a small molecule that can diffuse across the biomembrane. Additionally, small hydrophobic molecules, like lipids, can pass through the biomembrane by diffusion. Water, being a small molecule, can also pass through the biomembrane by diffusion. Therefore, the correct options are c. gases, d. ethanol, e. oxygen across the alveolar walls into the blood, f. small molecules that are hydrophobic, and g. water.

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  • 38. 

    38. Transport proteins of the plasma membrane:

    • A. transport the substances in form of vesicles down the concentration gradient

    • B. are universal for the transport of all substances

    • C. are very specific to the transported substances

    • D. specifically transport some of the substances into the cell

    • E. are important in endocytosis

    • F. play an important role in diffusion and osmosis

    • G. transport the substances that are unable to pass into the cell by simple diffusion

    • H. are used in facilitated diffusion

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. are very specific to the transported substances
    A. D. specifically transport some of the substances into the cell
    A. G. transport the substances that are unable to pass into the cell by simple diffusion
    A. H. are used in facilitated diffusion
    Explanation
    Transport proteins of the plasma membrane are very specific to the transported substances, meaning that they are designed to only transport certain molecules or ions. They specifically transport some substances into the cell, meaning that they actively move these substances across the membrane. They also transport substances that are unable to pass into the cell by simple diffusion, meaning that they help regulate the movement of larger or charged molecules. Additionally, transport proteins are used in facilitated diffusion, which is a passive process where molecules move down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.

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  • 39. 

    37. Hypotonic solution:

    • A. is the solution with lower concentration of the solutes

    • B. is the solution with higher concentration of the solutes

    • C. causes the plasmolysis of plant cells

    • D. causes the burst of animal cells

    • E. causes the lysis of red blood cells

    • F. causes detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall

    • G. is e.g. distilled water

    • H. causes osmotic water intake by the cell

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. is the solution with lower concentration of the solutes
    A. D. causes the burst of animal cells
    A. E. causes the lysis of red blood cells
    A. G. is e.g. distilled water
    A. H. causes osmotic water intake by the cell
    Explanation
    A hypotonic solution refers to a solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the surrounding medium. This causes water to move into the cell through osmosis, leading to the swelling and potential bursting of animal cells. In the case of red blood cells, the hypotonic solution causes them to lyse or burst due to the influx of water. Distilled water is an example of a hypotonic solution. Additionally, the hypotonic solution causes osmotic water intake by the cell, further contributing to the swelling and potential bursting of animal cells.

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  • 40. 

    50. Nuclear envelope:

    • A. surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells

    • B. consists of two lipid bilayers - the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane

    • C. surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in prokaryotic cells

    • D. has many small openings called nuclear pores

    • E. is the membrane that encloses the cell

    • F. is double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome

    • G. is permeable barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

    • H. contains nuclear pores

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
    A. B. consists of two lipid bilayers - the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane
    A. D. has many small openings called nuclear pores
    A. F. is double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome
    A. H. contains nuclear pores
    Explanation
    The nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus, as stated in option a. It consists of two lipid bilayers - the inner nuclear membrane and the outer nuclear membrane, as mentioned in option b. It also has many small openings called nuclear pores, as mentioned in option d. Option f is also correct as it states that the nuclear envelope is a double membrane that encloses the nuclear genome. Lastly, option h is correct as it states that the nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores.

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  • 41. 

    47. Which of the following is the digestion centre of the animal cells:

    • A. vesicles

    • B. Golgi apparatus

    • C. central vacuole

    • D. cytoplasm

    • E. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • F. rough endoplasmic reticulum

    • G. lysosomes

    • H. membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. G. lysosomes
    A. H. membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes
    Explanation
    Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that are responsible for digestion within animal cells. These enzymes break down various molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, into smaller components that can be used by the cell. Lysosomes also play a role in the recycling of cellular components through a process called autophagy. Therefore, option g (lysosomes) and option h (membrane organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes) are the correct answers for the digestion center of animal cells.

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  • 42. 

    45. Active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane is typical for the transport of:

    • A. water

    • B. gases

    • C. ethanol

    • D. calcium ions into the cells

    • E. substances by means of transport proteins called solute pumps

    • F. sodium ions against a concentration gradient

    • G. potassium ions against a concentration gradient

    • H. substances that does not require energy of ATP

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. D. calcium ions into the cells
    A. E. substances by means of transport proteins called solute pumps
    A. F. sodium ions against a concentration gradient
    A. G. potassium ions against a concentration gradient
    Explanation
    Active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane refers to the process of moving substances against their concentration gradient, which requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. Calcium ions, as well as sodium and potassium ions, are transported into the cells through active transport mechanisms. This involves the use of transport proteins called solute pumps, which utilize ATP to move these ions across the membrane. Therefore, options d, e, f, and g are correct as they describe the typical characteristics of active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane.

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  • 43. 

    5. Cytoplasmic membrane:

    • A. is usually the only biomembrane in prokaryotic cells

    • B. regulates the intake of substances into the cell

    • C. is called plasmalemma

    • D. is called nuclear membrane

    • E. belongs to basic cellular surfaces

    • F. contains receptors so cells can receive signals

    • G. forms the environment for life and metabolic activity of organelles

    • H. primarily provides mechanical protection of the cell

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. is usually the only biomembrane in prokaryotic cells
    A. B. regulates the intake of substances into the cell
    A. C. is called plasmalemma
    A. E. belongs to basic cellular surfaces
    A. F. contains receptors so cells can receive signals
    Explanation
    The cytoplasmic membrane is usually the only biomembrane in prokaryotic cells, as stated in option a. It is responsible for regulating the intake of substances into the cell, as mentioned in option b. The term "plasmalemma" is another name for the cytoplasmic membrane, which is stated in option c. The cytoplasmic membrane belongs to basic cellular surfaces, as mentioned in option e. It also contains receptors that allow cells to receive signals, as stated in option f. Therefore, options a, b, c, e, and f are all correct explanations for the given answer.

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  • 44. 

    9. Prokaryotic cells do not have:

    • A. plastids

    • B. membrane-bounded organelles

    • C. ribosomes

    • D. nucleus

    • E. cytoplasmic membrane

    • F. DNA

    • G. nucleolus

    • H. mitochondria

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. plastids
    A. B. membrane-bounded organelles
    A. D. nucleus
    A. G. nucleolus
    A. H. mitochondria
    Explanation
    Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bounded organelles such as plastids, nucleus, nucleolus, and mitochondria. They also do not have a cytoplasmic membrane. However, they do have ribosomes and DNA. Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells, which have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.

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  • 45. 

    12. Animal cells, unlike plant cells:

    • A. are separated from the external environment by a cytoplasmic membrane

    • B. contain lysosomes filled with enzymes that degrade polymers into their monomeric subunits in the cell

    • C. contain vacuoles

    • D. are surrounded by the polysaccharide cell walls

    • E. may have plasmodesmata that connect neighbouring cells

    • F. do not have any cell wall

    • G. have a tonoplast

    • H. may contain myofibrils, tonofibrils, neurofibrils

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. B. contain lysosomes filled with enzymes that degrade polymers into their monomeric subunits in the cell
    A. F. do not have any cell wall
    A. H. may contain myofibrils, tonofibrils, neurofibrils
    Explanation
    Animal cells contain lysosomes filled with enzymes that degrade polymers into their monomeric subunits in the cell. This is important for breaking down large molecules into smaller components that can be used by the cell for energy or building new molecules. Animal cells also do not have a cell wall, unlike plant cells which have a rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides. Additionally, animal cells may contain myofibrils, tonofibrils, and neurofibrils, which are all involved in the structure and function of muscle cells and nerve cells.

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  • 46. 

    The following belong to the mitotic apparatus of the cell:

    • A. centromeres

    • B. chromosomes

    • C. astrosphere

    • D. centrioles

    • E. polar bodies

    • F. mitotic spindle

    • G. chromatids

    • H. nucleolus organizer regions

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. C. astrosphere
    A. D. centrioles
    A. F. mitotic spindle
    Explanation
    The mitotic apparatus of the cell consists of several structures that are involved in cell division. The astrosphere is a structure that forms during mitosis and is responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle. Centrioles are cylindrical structures that play a key role in the formation of the spindle fibers. The mitotic spindle is a network of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, options c, d, and f are all part of the mitotic apparatus.

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  • 47. 

    49. Vacuoles:

    • A. are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast

    • B. are filled with cytosol

    • C. can store waste

    • D. carry out hydrolysis

    • E. are much more important in prokaryotic cells

    • F. serve as a storage organelles

    • G. are a product of plant cell protoplast

    • H. are filled with stroma

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
    A. C. can store waste
    A. D. carry out hydrolysis
    A. F. serve as a storage organelles
    Explanation
    Vacuoles are organelles found in eukaryotic cells and are surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. They serve as storage organelles and can store waste materials. Vacuoles also carry out hydrolysis, which is the breakdown of macromolecules by enzymes. They are more important in eukaryotic cells rather than prokaryotic cells. Plant cell protoplasts produce vacuoles. They are not filled with cytosol or stroma, as these are found in other organelles such as the cytoplasm and chloroplasts respectively.

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  • 48. 

    48. Which of the following processes take place in chloroplasts:

    • A. photosynthesis

    • B. oxidative phosphorylation

    • C. synthesis of their specific proteins

    • D. glycolysis

    • E. Krebs cycle

    • F. detoxification of drugs and poisons

    • G. synthesis of their own nucleic acids

    • H. production of polysaccharides for plant cell walls

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A. photosynthesis
    A. C. synthesis of their specific proteins
    A. G. synthesis of their own nucleic acids
    Explanation
    Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll, which captures sunlight and converts it into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Therefore, it is logical that photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts. Additionally, chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, enabling them to synthesize their own proteins and nucleic acids. This explains why the correct answers are a. photosynthesis, c. synthesis of their specific proteins, and g. synthesis of their own nucleic acids.

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  • 49. 

    25. Nucleolus:

    • A. is in the cytoplasm and consists of the RNA and proteins

    • B. is in the nucleus and consists of the DNA and proteins

    • C. is a permanent structure of the nucleus

    • D. is made up of rRNA and proteins

    • E. is a region where rRNA synthesis occurs

    • F. is a structure which disappears during the cell division

    • G. has a nucleolar envelope

    • H. is localized into the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. D. is made up of rRNA and proteins
    A. E. is a region where rRNA synthesis occurs
    A. F. is a structure which disappears during the cell division
    Explanation
    The nucleolus is a region within the nucleus of a cell. It is made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. It is responsible for the synthesis and assembly of ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis. The nucleolus is a dynamic structure that is involved in the production of ribosomes and therefore plays a crucial role in cellular processes. It disappears during cell division, as the nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleolus disassembles.

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