Histology Lecture 12 (Blood #1)

RBCs, or red blood cells, do not have a nucleus or organelles. This is because during their maturation process, RBCs expel their nucleus and other organelles to make more space for hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen. This allows RBCs to have a biconcave shape and maximize their oxygen-carrying capacity. Therefore, RBCs are unique among cells in the body as they lack a nucleus and organelles.

The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are part of the immune system and help to fight off infections and diseases. Platelets are small cell fragments that are involved in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

Platelets are also known as thrombocytes. Thrombocytes are small, colorless cell fragments found in the blood. They play a crucial role in blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. Platelets adhere to the site of injury and form a plug, which helps in the formation of a blood clot. Therefore, thrombocytes is the correct term used to refer to platelets.

During intrauterine life, the formation of red blood cells (RBCs) occurs in a sequential manner. Firstly, RBCs are formed in the yolk sac, which is an extraembryonic membrane. Afterward, the liver and spleen take over the production of RBCs. Finally, as the fetus develops further, the bone marrow becomes the primary site for RBC production. This sequential development of RBC formation in different organs is a characteristic of the embryonic and fetal stages of life.

Blood is classified as a type of connective tissue because it is composed of cells that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. This matrix is made up of plasma, which is the largest component of blood. Unlike other plasma contents, blood cells do not come out of capillary pores. Blood serves as a carrier for transporting various substances throughout the body, and it also contains alpha and beta globulins.

Centrifugation of blood separates it into three distinct layers: the top layer consists of plasma, the middle layer contains white blood cells and platelets, and the bottom layer is made up of red blood cells. This separation is based on the differences in density and size of the blood components, allowing for the isolation and analysis of specific components.

The upper layer of blood consists of plasma. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances such as hormones, nutrients, waste products, and antibodies. It also helps in regulating body temperature and maintaining blood pressure. Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume and is crucial for transporting essential components throughout the body.

Blood is considered a dynamic tissue because it is constantly moving and circulating throughout the body. It carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from various organs and tissues. The movement of blood is facilitated by the pumping action of the heart and the network of blood vessels. Additionally, blood undergoes continuous changes, such as the production of new blood cells and the removal of old or damaged cells, making it a dynamic and active tissue in maintaining overall body function.

RBCs, or red blood cells, have the characteristic of concentrating hemoglobin in them. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen to the body's tissues and gives RBCs their red color. RBCs contain more than 250 million hemoglobin molecules, which allows them to efficiently transport oxygen throughout the body. This characteristic is essential for the proper functioning of RBCs and the delivery of oxygen to cells.

Centrifugation of blood is a process that separates its components based on their density. By spinning the blood in a centrifuge, the heavier components, such as red blood cells, are forced to settle at the bottom, while the lighter components, such as plasma, remain at the top. The hematocrit of a patient refers to the percentage of red blood cells in their blood. Therefore, centrifugation of blood is used to calculate the hematocrit of a patient by measuring the volume of red blood cells compared to the total volume of blood.

The question is asking about the center of RBC's (red blood cells) in terms of thickness. The correct answer is 1m thick. This suggests that the center of RBC's is 1m in thickness.

RBCs pass through spirally due to their biconcave shape. This unique shape allows RBCs to be flexible and change their shape as they move through narrow blood vessels, such as capillaries. The biconcave shape increases the surface area of the RBC, allowing for efficient gas exchange and the ability to carry oxygen to tissues. Additionally, the biconcave shape helps RBCs to stack together, forming rouleaux, which enables them to flow smoothly through blood vessels.

The middle layer of blood, known as the buffy coat, consists of platelets and white blood cells (WBCs). This layer is formed when blood is centrifuged, causing the heavier components like red blood cells to settle at the bottom and the lighter components like plasma to rise to the top. The buffy coat, located between the red blood cells and plasma, contains the platelets and WBCs, which play important roles in clotting and immune response, respectively.

The hemoglobin appears red/blue because of its iron content. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It contains iron, which binds to oxygen molecules, giving the blood its red color. When oxygenated, hemoglobin appears bright red, and when deoxygenated, it appears darker, sometimes appearing blue in certain lighting conditions. The iron content in hemoglobin is responsible for its ability to transport oxygen and give blood its characteristic color.

Blood accounts for approximately 8% of the body weight in both men and women. In women, this amounts to about 5 liters, while in men it ranges from 5.5 to 6 liters.

The alpha and beta globulins are synthesized by the liver. The liver is responsible for producing various proteins, including globulins, which are important for various functions in the body such as transport, immunity, and blood clotting. The gallbladder is involved in storing and releasing bile, the pharynx is a part of the throat, and the larynx is involved in the production of sound. Therefore, the liver is the correct answer as it is the organ responsible for synthesizing alpha and beta globulins.

Hematocrit refers to the percentage of the total blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells (RBCs). In men, the normal hematocrit level is around 45%, while in women it is around 42%. This measurement is important in determining the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and can be used to diagnose conditions such as anemia or polycythemia.

Colloid osmotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by proteins, such as albumin, in the blood vessels. This pressure helps to prevent the leakage of fluid from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissues, thus preventing edema (swelling) and maintaining blood volume.

The correct answer is "Plasma in blood" because the extracellular matrix refers to the non-cellular components found outside of cells, and in the case of blood, plasma is the liquid component that makes up the extracellular matrix. It contains various proteins, electrolytes, hormones, and waste products, and acts as a medium for transporting nutrients, gases, and other substances throughout the body. RBCs, thrombocytes, and platelets are cellular components of blood and not considered part of the extracellular matrix.

The liquid component of blood is called plasma, which makes up 55% of the whole blood in men and 58% in women.

Plasma proteins play a crucial role in establishing an osmotic gradient between blood and interstitial fluid. This gradient helps in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes between these two compartments. It is essential for various physiological processes such as regulating blood pressure, maintaining tissue hydration, and facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste products. Additionally, plasma proteins also contribute to the immune system by interacting with their derivatives and other components to form a defense mechanism against bacterial invasion. They also aid in cleaning up debris and promoting tissue repair.

Spectrin is a structural protein that helps maintain the biconcave shape of red blood cells. It forms a network of filaments along the inner surface of the cell membrane, providing support and stability. Without spectrin, red blood cells would lose their characteristic shape and become more fragile, leading to a shorter lifespan and potential health issues.

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Its structure consists of four protein chains called globulin, which are arranged in a quaternary structure. Each globulin chain is associated with a heme group, which contains iron and allows hemoglobin to bind to oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is "Globulin and heme" as it accurately describes the components of hemoglobin's structure.

Globin is a protein that is made up of four polypeptides, specifically two alpha chains and two beta chains. These chains come together to form a complex protein structure. This structure is important for the function of globin, as it allows it to bind and transport oxygen in the blood. The presence of four polypeptides in globin is essential for its proper functioning.

When CO (carbon monoxide) is inhaled, it binds with hemoglobin in the blood. This binding is much stronger than the binding of oxygen (O2) to hemoglobin. As a result, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is significantly reduced, leading to carbon monoxide poisoning. This can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, confusion, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening.

The correct answer is that the most important function of RBC's is transportation of O2 and CO2, and is carried by hemoglobin. RBC's, or red blood cells, contain hemoglobin which binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the body's tissues. At the same time, RBC's also pick up carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the tissues and transport it back to the lungs to be exhaled. This process is essential for the exchange of gases in the body and maintaining proper oxygen levels.

The formation of red blood cells, also known as erythropoiesis, occurs in the bone marrow. In adults, the bone marrow is primarily found in the upper ends of long limb bones such as the femur (thigh bone) and humerus (upper arm bone). These bones provide a suitable environment for the production and maturation of red blood cells, ensuring a constant supply of oxygen-carrying cells in the bloodstream.

The blood reflects the whole picture of the body because it carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from various organs and tissues. By analyzing the blood, we can assess the overall health and functioning of the body. This is why it is important to know both the normal and abnormal physiological rates, as they can provide valuable information about any potential health issues or imbalances.

Plasma proteins contribute to blood viscosity. Blood viscosity refers to the thickness or stickiness of blood. Plasma proteins, such as albumin and fibrinogen, play a role in maintaining the viscosity of blood. They help regulate the flow of blood and prevent excessive bleeding or clotting. This function is important for proper circulation and maintaining the balance of fluids in the body.

Albumins are a type of protein found in the blood that play a crucial role in transporting many substances throughout the body. They act as carriers for various molecules such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, ensuring their efficient delivery to different tissues and organs. This function of albumins is vital for maintaining homeostasis and supporting various physiological processes in the body.

Globulins, specifically gamma globulins, refer to a group of proteins found in the blood that include antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the body. They play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing and neutralizing these antigens, helping to protect the body against infections. Therefore, the statement "Are antibodies" accurately describes the role of gamma globulins in the immune system. The other statements about dilating blood vessels and increasing their permeability are not directly related to globulins or antibodies.

RBCs, or red blood cells, have a biconcave shape, meaning they are concave on both sides. They have a size of 8X2X1 microns. This unique shape allows RBCs to have a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which facilitates the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. The biconcave shape also allows RBCs to be flexible and squeeze through narrow capillaries.

RBCs, or red blood cells, have a lifespan of approximately 120 days. After this time, they are mostly removed by the spleen. This means that the spleen plays a crucial role in clearing out old or damaged RBCs from the bloodstream.

The formation of RBC's, or red blood cells, occurs in the bone marrow of adults. The bone marrow is found within the spongy tissue inside the bones, including the ribs. Therefore, the correct answer is ribs.

Colloid osmotic pressure refers to the establishment of an osmotic gradient between blood and interstitial fluid. This pressure is created by the presence of large molecules, such as proteins, in the blood that cannot easily cross the capillary walls. As a result, these molecules exert an osmotic force that draws water from the interstitial fluid into the blood, helping to maintain fluid balance and prevent excessive fluid loss from the blood vessels.

The formation of red blood cells, also known as erythropoiesis, primarily occurs in the bone marrow of adults. However, in certain situations, such as severe anemia or in response to low oxygen levels, extramedullary hematopoiesis can occur. This means that red blood cell production can also take place outside of the bone marrow, including in the sternum. Therefore, the correct answer is sternum.

RBCs, or red blood cells, are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. The given answer states that RBCs count about 5 (million/mm3) in males, and less than that in females. This is because males generally have a higher RBC count compared to females. This difference is due to the hormone testosterone, which stimulates the production of RBCs. Additionally, females may have a lower RBC count due to menstrual blood loss. Therefore, the given answer accurately reflects the characteristic of RBC count in males and females.

The correct answer is "Red bone marrow present in most bones." Red blood cells (RBCs) are formed in the red bone marrow, which is found in the spongy part of most bones in the body. This process is known as hematopoiesis and is responsible for the production of all blood cells, including RBCs. White bone marrow, on the other hand, is mainly composed of fat cells and does not play a significant role in RBC formation.

Enzymes of the erythrocytes refer to the enzymes that are present in red blood cells. Glycolytic enzymes and carbonic anhydrase are examples of such enzymes. Glycolytic enzymes are involved in the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis, which is the primary energy source for red blood cells. Carbonic anhydrase plays a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance by catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions. These enzymes are essential for the proper functioning of red blood cells and contribute to various metabolic processes within the cells.

Hemoglobin can bind with carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen ions (H+) and carbon monoxide (CO). These molecules can bind to different sites on the hemoglobin molecule, affecting its ability to transport oxygen. CO2 is produced as a waste product in cellular respiration and needs to be transported to the lungs for exhalation. H+ ions are involved in the regulation of pH in the blood. CO is a toxic gas that can bind to hemoglobin, preventing it from carrying oxygen effectively.

The formation of RBC's, or red blood cells, occurs in the pelvis.

Albumins are a type of protein that is found in the plasma of the blood. One of their main functions is to maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma. This means that albumins help to regulate the movement of fluids between the blood vessels and the surrounding tissues. They do this by attracting water molecules and preventing them from leaving the blood vessels. This helps to maintain the proper balance of fluids in the body and prevents excessive fluid loss. Therefore, albumins make the greatest contribution to the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the main cells of the blood. They make up approximately 45% of the whole blood in men and 42% in women. This is because women tend to have a slightly lower red blood cell count compared to men. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide.

Hemoglobin (Hb) contributes to the transport of CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs. CO2 is produced as a waste product in the tissues and needs to be removed from the body. Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, binds to CO2 and carries it back to the lungs, where it can be exhaled. This process allows for the efficient removal of CO2 from the body and helps maintain the balance of gases in the bloodstream.

The red blood cell can pass through the blood vessels in a spiral way. This is because the red blood cell is flexible and can change its shape to fit through narrow spaces. As it moves through the blood vessels, it can twist and turn, allowing it to navigate through the smaller diameter of the vessels. This spiral movement helps the red blood cell to efficiently transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

The plasma components include water, electrolytes, waste products, gases, hormones, plasma proteins, and nutrients.

Plasma proteins are the largest of the plasma contents and they do not come out of capillary pores. This means that they remain within the blood vessels and do not leak into the surrounding tissues. These proteins play various important roles in the body, such as maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting substances, and regulating immune responses. Their large size prevents them from easily passing through the small pores of the capillaries, ensuring that they stay within the bloodstream.

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Gamma globulins are a type of protein that are produced by lymphocytes, specifically B-cells, in response to the presence of foreign substances in the body. These proteins, also known as antibodies, play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and binding to specific antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, to help neutralize and eliminate them. Therefore, lymphocytes (antibodies) are responsible for the production of gamma globulins.

Carbonic Anhydrase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs. It converts CO2 into bicarbonate ions (HCO- 3), which are then transported in the blood to the lungs for elimination. This conversion is essential for maintaining the balance of CO2 in the body and ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.