Final Examination - Reading

The word "pose" in the passage is closest in meaning to "present" because both words convey the idea of introducing or offering something for consideration. In the context of the passage, "pose" suggests that something is being put forward or presented as a question or problem.

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The word "fostered" in the passage refers to the act of promoting or supporting something. This is similar in meaning to the word "encouraged," as both words imply providing assistance or nurturing to help something grow or develop.

The paragraph does not mention anything about the duration or cost of the clinical trials for the chickenpox vaccine. However, it does mention that the trials were ultimately successful, indicating that the vaccine was effective.

Many parents did not choose the chickenpox vaccine because they were unsure about the utility of the vaccine given its expected duration.

The paragraph suggests that geologists were aware of the occurrence of the impact before they knew its exact location.

In paragraphs 5 and 6, it is mentioned that leading Roman soldiers had to be educated and were expected to read and write Greek. This suggests that they were able to read and write the Greek language, supporting the statement "They could read and write the Greek language."

In paragraph 4 of the passage, the sentence "They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum" is given. The question asks where the missing sentence would best fit. Since the given sentence talks about the Romans esteeming symbols of power, the missing sentence should provide further information or examples related to this topic. Looking at the options, option B is the best fit as it adds more information about the Romans' admiration for Roman power by mentioning their reverence for Roman statues.

The author includes the information about dinosaurs flourishing for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappearing to explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. This suggests that the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs after such a long period of flourishing raises curiosity and interest among paleontologists, leading them to study and investigate the cause of this mass extinction event.

The word "consumed" in the passage indicates that something has been completely destroyed. This suggests that whatever was consumed no longer exists or is in a state of ruin. The other options, such as changed, exposed, and covered, do not convey the same sense of complete destruction as the word "consumed."

The phrase "tentatively identified" suggests that something has been identified, but with a lack of certainty or confidence. It implies that there is a possibility of it being incorrect or subject to change. Therefore, "identified without certainty" is the closest meaning to the phrase.

The highlighted sentence states that the regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans in their attempt to unify their realm. The correct answer, "Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together," accurately captures this idea by comparing the unifying effect of control to the structural elements that hold walls together. This answer maintains the focus on the concept of unification and the role of control in achieving it, without changing the meaning or leaving out any essential information.

The word "tolerable" in the passage indicates that something is able to be endured or suffered. It suggests that although the situation may not be ideal, it is still manageable or bearable. Therefore, the closest meaning to "tolerable" among the given options is "bearable".

The sentence "Meanwhile, some continue to remain unconvinced, citing a supposed potential of the vaccine to do harm." would fit best in position B. This is because it provides a contrasting viewpoint to the passage and adds to the discussion by mentioning the concerns of those who are skeptical about the vaccine.

The word "miniature" in the passage is closest in meaning to "small." This can be inferred from the context of the passage, where the word is used to describe something that is smaller in size or scale.

The correct answer expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence by stating that detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity instead of water. This captures the main point that some people believe the terraces were not formed by water, but rather by geological forces. The other answer choices either change the meaning or leave out essential information.

The passage states that at the end of the Cretaceous period, a large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth, causing it to become cold and dark for several months. It also mentions that large quantities of nitric acid were produced. However, there is no mention of new elements being formed in Earth's crust. Therefore, the correct answer is that new elements were not formed in Earth's crust.

The paragraph states that the controls that held together the Roman world include administrative and legal systems, the presence of the military, and transportation networks. However, it does not mention anything about a common language being a control that held the Roman world together.

The author mentions "Alexander the Great" in the passage to acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest.

Scientists determined that a large meteorite had impacted Earth by finding a unique layer of sediment worldwide.

The word "excavating" in the passage refers to the act of digging out. This means that it involves removing or uncovering something by digging or digging into the ground. The other options, extending, destroying, and covering up, do not accurately capture the meaning of "excavating" as they imply different actions or outcomes.

Paragraph 6 supports the statement that the ability of a species to compete and adapt to a gradually changing environment is not the only ability that is essential for survival.

Varicella Zoster is linked to a serious disease that occurs more commonly in adults. This means that the virus can cause a more severe illness in adults compared to children. The paragraph does not mention anything about the virus attacking adults over 60 years old, the seriousness of the threat to human health, or the complete eradication of the virus after chickenpox occurs.

According to paragraph 5, before the chickenpox vaccine became widely used, the rates of chickenpox were 10 times higher.

The given sentence states that Earth is subject to random violent events from space that were not expected a few decades ago. The correct answer, "Until recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space," accurately conveys this information by emphasizing that the understanding of Earth's exposure to such events is a recent development. The other options either change the meaning or do not include the essential information that the understanding is recent.

The correct answer is "It is easily transmittable by an infected individual." This is supported by the phrase "highly contagious" in the paragraph, which indicates that the virus can easily be transmitted from one person to another. The other options are not mentioned in the paragraph.

The word "merge" in the passage refers to combining or joining two or more things together. It implies bringing different elements together to form a unified whole. Therefore, "combine" is the closest word in meaning to "merge" as it also suggests the act of uniting or bringing together separate parts into a single entity.

The word "relics" in the passage refers to something that is left over or remaining, indicating that it is closest in meaning to "remains".

The author includes the information about the volume of water flowing through the Amazon River per second to highlight the immense size of the water flow. This comparison is used to emphasize the magnitude of the water flow that may have occurred on Mars through its outflow channels.

The word "hints" in the passage refers to information or suggestions that can help someone understand or solve a problem. This is similar to the meaning of "clues," which are pieces of evidence or information that can lead to the discovery of something. Therefore, "clues" is the closest synonym for "hints" in this context.

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Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture played a significant role in the society of the people of Latium.

In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by contrasting its characteristics with those of Greek civilization. The author highlights the differences between the two civilizations, emphasizing how Roman civilization differed from and stood apart from Greek civilization. This helps to provide a clearer understanding of the unique aspects of Roman civilization.

U.S. parents believed that chickenpox benefited their children.

The author uses 'booster shots' as an example of a way to increase the effectiveness of the chickenpox vaccine. This suggests that booster shots are given after the initial vaccination to enhance and prolong the immune response against chickenpox.

The word "prevalent" in the passage refers to something that is widespread or commonly found. It does not mean dangerous, infectious, or contaminated. Therefore, the closest meaning to "prevalent" is "widespread".

The discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggests that large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.

The 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest that the climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water. This implies that the ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon and that liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time. Additionally, the data suggest that the ancient oceans on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.

The phrase "obsession with" indicates a strong and intense focus on something. "Fixation on" has a similar meaning, suggesting a preoccupation or an excessive attachment to a particular thing. This implies that the person or subject in the passage is overly fixated or obsessed with something, rather than simply having a general interest or casual attitude towards it.

The paragraph states that Rome's early development involved territorial expansion, expansion from one original settlement, and expansion through invading armies. However, there is no mention of expansion by sea invasion. Therefore, expansion by sea invasion was not characteristic of Rome's early development.