Final Examination - Reading

To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record

To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous

To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous

To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster

The location of the impact site in Mexico was kept secret by geologists from 1980 to 1990.

It was a well-known fact that the impact had occurred in the Yucatán region.

Geologists knew that there had been an impact before they knew where it had occurred.

The Yucatán region was chosen by geologists as the most probable impact site because of its climate.

They discovered a large crater in the Yucatán region of Mexico.

They found a unique layer of sediment worldwide.

They were alerted by archaeologists who had been excavating in the Yucatán region.

They located a meteorite with a mass of over a trillion tons.

Digging out

Extending

Destroying

Covering up

Changed

Exposed

Destroyed

Covered

A large amount of dust blocked sunlight from Earth.

Earth became cold and dark for several months.

New elements were formed in Earth’s crust.

Large quantities of nitric acid were produced.

Identified after careful study

Identified without certainty

Occasionally identified

Easily identified

The most important factor for the survival of a species is its ability to compete and adapt to gradual changes in its environment.

The ability of a species to compete and adapt to a gradually changing environment is not the only ability that is essential for survival.

Since most extinctions of species are due to major meteorite impacts, the ability to survive such impacts is the most important factor for the survival of a species.

The factors that are most important for the survival of a species vary significantly from one species to another.

Until recently, nobody realized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.

In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased.

Since most violent events on Earth occur randomly, nobody can predict when or where they will happen.

A few decades ago, Earth became the target of random violent events originating in outer space.

Expand

Separate

Straighten out

Combine

The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.

Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.

The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s.

The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.

Remains

Sites

Requirements

Sources

Temporary

Small

Multiple

Familiar

To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’ outflow channels

To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars’ outflow channels were formed

To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form

To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains

What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?

Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?

Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?

During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?

But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.

But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.

But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.

But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.

Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.

The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.

Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars’ surface for long periods of time.

The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.

Clues

Features

Arguments

Effects

A

B

C

D

The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.

Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.

Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.

Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.

Administrative and legal systems

The presence of the military

common language

Transportation networks

Thinking about

Fixation on

Interest in

Attitude toward

Expansion by sea invasion

Territorial expansion

Expansion from one original settlement

Expansion through invading armies

To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest

To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders

To give an example of a Greek leader whom Romans

To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military

Accepted

Combined

Introduced

Encouraged

Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.

They held different values than the people of Rome.

Agriculture played a significant role in their society.

They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts.

Comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals

Identifying which characteristics of Roman civilization were copied from Greece

Explaining how the differences between Rome and Greece developed as time passed

Contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization

They could read and write the Greek language.

They frequently wrote poetry and plays.

They focused their writing on military matters.

They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.

A

B

C

D

Sudden

Bearable

Infrequent

Unexpected

It leads to a potentially deadly disease in adults.

It is associated with a possibly permanent rash.

It is easily transmittable by an infected individual.

It has been virtually eradicated in the modern world.

U.S. parents believed that having chickenpox benefited their children.

U.S. parents believed that chickenpox led to immunity against most sickness.

U.S. parents wanted to make sure that their children developed chickenpox.

U.S. parents did not think that other vaccinations were needed after chickenpox.

They took longer than expected.

They cost a lot of money to complete.

They took a long time to finish.

They were ultimately successful

It typically attacks adults who are over 60 years old.

It is linked to a serious disease that occurs more commonly in adults.

It likely is not a serious enough threat to human health to require a vaccine.

It is completely eradicated from the body after chickenpox occurs.

A scientifically approved medicine to eliminate chickenpox

A preferred method of chickenpox rash and fever treatment

A way to increase the effectiveness of the chickenpox vaccine

A strategy for parents to avoid vaccinating their child altogether

They believed that the virus was weak and not especially harmful

They thought that scientists did not have enough data to reach a conclusion

They were unsure about the utility of the vaccine given its expected duration

They were convinced it was potentially very toxic, particularly for older children

It was 10 times higher

It was consistently rising

It declined over time

It fluctuated over several decades

Dangerous

Widespread

Infectious

Contaminated

A

B

C

D