Clinical Chemistry : Carbohydrates

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  • 1/30 Questions

    Primary source of Galactose in human diet:

    • Fruits
    • Meat
    • Milk
    • Cheese
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Clinical Chemistry : Carbohydrates - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    If a specimen for glucose measurement from a patient said to be showing signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis was collected in a tube containing Sodium Fluoride at 8AM today, the medical technologist can delay the measurement until:

    • 8AM tomorrow

    • 8AM the day after tomorrow

    • 8AM in another time zone

    • He/She cannot delay it

    Correct Answer
    A. He/She cannot delay it
    Explanation
    The preservation capacity of Sodium Fluoride for glucose is indeed 48 hours or 2 days. HOWEVER, a case of suspected diabetic ketoacidosis is considered an emergency, thus requiring STAT measurements that must be released in less than an hour.

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  • 3. 

    NADH formed in Pyruvate to Lactate Reactions is measured at:

    • 360 nm

    • 350 nm

    • 340 nm

    • 330 nm

    Correct Answer
    A. 340 nm
    Explanation
    The measurement of NADH formed in Pyruvate to Lactate Reactions is done at 340 nm. This is because NADH has a characteristic absorbance peak at this wavelength, allowing for its quantification. By measuring the absorbance at 340 nm, the concentration of NADH can be determined, providing insight into the activity of the Pyruvate to Lactate Reactions.

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  • 4. 

    Choose the incorrect metabolic process : description pair.

    • Glycolysis : metabolism of glucose to lactose for energy production

    • Gluconeogenesis : formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

    • Glycogenolysis : breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy use

    • Lipogenesis : conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids (calories)

    Correct Answer
    A. Glycolysis : metabolism of glucose to lactose for energy production
    Explanation
    The product of glycolysis is LACTATE and pyruvate, not lactose.

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  • 5. 

    This body system accounts for 60% of glucose utilization in the resting state.

    • Cardiopulmonary

    • Nervous

    • Muscular

    • Digestive

    Correct Answer
    A. Nervous
    Explanation
    Specifically the brain, the central nervous system unfortunately lacks fuel stores, thus constantly needing glucose for its efficiency. Lack of glucose may lead to decreased cognitive function, and studies have shown that it is a factor for triggering Alzheimer's Disease.

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  • 6. 

    Only patients with _______________ exhibit exaggerated plasma insulin concentrations.

    • Insulinomas

    • Insulinemias

    • All of the Above

    • None of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. Insulinomas
    Explanation
    Insulinemia is a general term for increased plasma concentrations of insulin. Insulinoma is a tumor of the Beta Cells of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans.

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  • 7. 

    This is the enzymatic test specific for β-D-Glucose.

    • Glucose Oxidase

    • Glucose Dehydrogenase

    • Glucose Isomerase

    • Hexokinase

    Correct Answer
    A. Glucose Oxidase
    Explanation
    Glucose oxidase is the correct answer because it is an enzyme that specifically acts on β-D-glucose. It catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to produce gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This enzymatic test is commonly used to measure glucose levels in various biological samples. Glucose dehydrogenase, glucose isomerase, and hexokinase are not specific for β-D-glucose and have different functions in glucose metabolism.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following is a monosaccharide, a simple carbohydrate?

    • Sucrose

    • Lactose

    • Glucose

    • Maltose

    Correct Answer
    A. Glucose
    Explanation
    Glucose is a monosaccharide, the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of just one sugar unit. It is a primary source of energy for cells. In contrast, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are disaccharides, made up of two monosaccharide molecules bonded together. Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose, lactose is made of glucose and galactose, and maltose is two glucose units. Monosaccharides like glucose are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates.

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  • 9. 

    What are the antibodies associated with Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

    • Islet Cell Autoantibodies

    • Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies

    • Tyrosine Phosphatase Autoantibodies

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the Above
    Explanation
    An addition to the list is Insulin Autoantibodies. All of these directly destroy the Beta Cells of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans, thus a complete deficiency of Insulin, which is the case with Type I Diabetes Mellitus.

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  • 10. 

    The Tolbutamide Tolerance Test is used in the investigation of fasting hypoglycemia. How is it taken by the patient?

    • Orally

    • Anally

    • Intravenously

    • Sublingually

    Correct Answer
    A. Orally
    Explanation
    The Tolbutamide Tolerance Test is a diagnostic test used to investigate fasting hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels. It involves administering tolbutamide, a drug that stimulates insulin secretion, to evaluate the insulin response and subsequent changes in blood glucose levels. The usual route for taking tolbutamide in this test is orally. By monitoring the patient's blood glucose levels over a period of time after administering the tolbutamide, healthcare professionals can assess insulin sensitivity and diagnose underlying causes of hypoglycemia. This test is valuable for investigating conditions like insulinoma or other disorders impacting glucose metabolism.

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  • 11. 

    This is the most specific non-enzymatic method for glucose.

    • Dubowski Method

    • Salkowski Method

    • Nelson-Somogyi Method

    • Neocuproine Method

    Correct Answer
    A. Dubowski Method
    Explanation
    Also known as the Ortho-Toluidine Method, the Dubowski Method has this reaction:

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  • 12. 

    A component of dietary fiber, this is an/these are indigestible polymer/s of glucose found in food.

    • Inulin

    • Lignin

    • Dextrin

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the Above
    Explanation
    All of the options mentioned - inulin, lignin, and dextrin - are components of dietary fiber that are indigestible polymers of glucose found in food. Inulin is a type of soluble fiber found in many plants, lignin is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of plants, and dextrin is a type of soluble fiber produced from starch. Therefore, all of these options are correct as they are examples of indigestible glucose polymers found in food.

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  • 13. 

    The Micral Test determines microalbuminuria, a diagnostic marker of early Diabetic Nephropathy. What is the level nadir for microalbuminuria?

    • 30-300 µg/mg of creatinine

    • 30 µg/mg of creatinine

    • 300 µg/mg of creatinine

    • None of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. 30 µg/mg of creatinine
    Explanation
    In clinical terminology, "level nadir" is the lowest level in any numerical range. 30-300 µg/mg of creatinine denotes microalbuminuria, and in that range, 30 is defined as the level nadir for microalbuminuria. There is no medical term for the highest level, but in ordinary linguistics, the opposite of nadir is zenith.

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  • 14. 
    In Hexokinase Method for glucose, the metabolite being directly measured depends on the source of G6PD. If ____________ is the source, NADH production is measured. If __________ is the source, NADPH production is measured. - ProProfs

    In Hexokinase Method for glucose, the metabolite being directly measured depends on the source of G6PD. If ____________ is the source, NADH production is measured. If __________ is the source, NADpH production is measured.

    • Yeast ; a bacterium, Leuconostoc acetavulum

    • Yeast ; a bacterium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides

    • A bacterium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ; yeast

    • A bacterium, Leuconostoc acetavulum ; yeast

    Correct Answer
    A. A bacterium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ; yeast
    Explanation
    In the Hexokinase Method for glucose, the metabolite being directly measured depends on the source of G6PD. If a bacterium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, is the source, NADPH production is measured. If yeast is the source, NADH production is measured.

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  • 15. 

    This is the simplest carbohydrate.

    • Formaldehyde

    • Glutaraldehyde

    • Glycol Aldehyde

    • Glucose

    Correct Answer
    A. Glycol Aldehyde
    Explanation
    Glycol aldehyde is the simplest carbohydrate because it is the smallest molecule that can be classified as a carbohydrate. It consists of a carbon chain with a carbonyl group (aldehyde) and two hydroxyl groups (alcohol). This structure meets the criteria for a carbohydrate, which is a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are not carbohydrates as they do not have the required carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ratio. Glucose is a more complex carbohydrate compared to glycol aldehyde.

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  • 16. 

    Choose the incorrect glucose metabolic regulator : function pair.

    • Glucagon : primary hyperglycemic hormone

    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone : secondary glycogenolytic hormone

    • Cortisol : primary lipolytic hormone

    • Thyroxine : primary gluconeogenetic hormone

    Correct Answer
    A. Thyroxine : primary gluconeogenetic hormone
    Explanation
    The primary gluconeogenetic hormone is GLUCAGON, not Thyroxine.

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  • 17. 

    The first enzyme that degrades polymers of glucose to dextrins and disaccharides:

    • Dextran

    • Disaccharidases

    • Amylopsin

    • Ptyalin

    Correct Answer
    A. Ptyalin
    Explanation
    Dextran is an endogenous polysaccharide used to treat post-surgical hypovolemia. // Disaccharidases (e.g. Maltase, Sucrase, and Lactase) exist in the brush border of the small intestines and, as the term denotes, degrades disaccharides (e.g. Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose, respectively), into glucose. // Amylopsin is also known as Pancreatic Amylase, which degrades remaining polymers of glucose not degenerated by Salivary Amylase.

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  • 18. 

    Bial's Test is for:

    • Glucose Measurement

    • Sucrose Measurement

    • Maltose Measurement

    • Pentose Measurement

    Correct Answer
    A. Pentose Measurement
    Explanation
    Maltose and other reducing sugars can be determined by the Clinitest. However, Clinitest cannot detect Sucrose, a non-reducing sugar.

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  • 19. 

    This is a Glycogen Storage Disease that is distinguished from other GSDs by the manifestation of rickets in affected patients:

    • Type I / Von Gierke Disease

    • Type IV / Andersen's Disease

    • Type VI / Hers Disease

    • Type XI / Fanconi-Bickel Disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Type XI / Fanconi-Bickel Disease
    Explanation
    Type I GSD is characterized by hypoglycemic seizures.

    Type IV GSD is characterized by findings of amylopectin-like material in tissues, thus its other name, Amylopectinosis.

    Type VI GSD is the only GSD with a specific genetic marker: the PYGL gene, detected by sequence analysis.
     

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  • 20. 

    What is the hypersensitivity type of Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

    • I

    • II

    • III

    • IV

    Correct Answer
    A. IV
    Explanation
    Type I DM is a T-Cell Mediated autoimmune disease.

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  • 21. 

    A group of friends who were happy because they can finally go to internship had a beer drinking session last Monday. Unfortunately, nearly all of them were hangover throughout Tuesday, so only one of them, Jizan, went for the annual check-up in the afternoon. What will he expect?

    • His Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase levels will be increased.

    • His glucose levels will be decreased.

    • His triglyceride levels will not be falsely altered.

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. His glucose levels will be decreased.
    Explanation
    Jizan is experiencing alcohol-induced hypoglycemia, usually seen in the setting of a history of drinking alcohol of 50-300 grams without food intake for the preceding 6 to 36 hours.

    Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase levels are increased ONLY in CHRONIC active alcoholism.

    Alcoholism was also shown to cause an increase triglyceride levels, particularly beer.

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  • 22. 

    The conversion of glucose to lactate and vice versa is also known as the:

    • Cori-Forbes Cycle

    • Cori Cycle

    • Forbes Cycle

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. Cori Cycle
    Explanation
    The conversion of glucose to lactate and vice versa is known as the Cori Cycle. This cycle occurs in the liver and muscles during anaerobic conditions when there is a lack of oxygen. Glucose is converted to lactate in the muscles, which is then transported to the liver. In the liver, lactate is converted back to glucose through a series of reactions. This cycle allows for the regeneration of glucose and the removal of lactate, maintaining energy production during anaerobic conditions.

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  • 23. 

    A deficiency of Fructose-1-Diphosphate Aldolase B causes:

    • Essential Fructosuria

    • Hereditary F16D Deficiency

    • Fructose Intolerance

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. Fructose Intolerance
    Explanation
    Essential Fructosuria is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme Fructokinase.

    F16D in Option #2 is Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase.

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  • 24. 

    The critical hyperglycemic level is:

    • ≥ 200 mg/dL

    • ≥ 300 mg/dL

    • ≥ 400 mg/dL

    • ≥ 450 mg/dL

    Correct Answer
    A. ≥ 400 mg/dL
    Explanation
    ≥ 200 mg/dL ( ≥ 11.1 mmol/L ) in Random Blood Sugar and 2-Hour OGTT is a diagnostic criterion for Diabetes Mellitus.

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  • 25. 

    A medical technologist, Dan, received chemistry samples, including one from a patient, coded 556969, at basal state at 8AM for FBS testing. Unfortunately, Dan had to troubleshoot the chemistry analyzer, thus having to delay all chemistry tests for the AM shift. As a preventive measure, he refrigerated all the samples and endorsed them to the PM shifter, Ces. Ces managed to measure the glucose level of patient 556969 at 3PM, which was 120 mg/dL. If you were Ces, will you release the result as 120 mg/dL?

    • Yes, because the FBS level of patient 556969 is really 120 mg/dL.

    • No, because the actual FBS level of patient 556969 is 169 mg/dL.

    • No, because the actual FBS level of patient 556969 is 127 mg/dL.

    • No, because the actual FBS level of patient 556969 is 134 mg/dL.

    Correct Answer
    A. No, because the actual FBS level of patient 556969 is 134 mg/dL.
    Explanation
    The actual FBS level of patient 556969 is 169 mg/dL IF the specimen was unpreserved. Note that any delay of glucose will lead to a decrease of 7 mg/dL per hour if unpreserved.

    It is noted, however, that the specimen in question, among others, was refrigerated by Dan. Therefore, the decrease in glucose per hour is only 2 mg/dL. When the glucose level was finally determined, 7 hours have passed since its collection time. Therefore, the net reduction of glucose level is 14 mg/dL, hence the 120 mg/dL result in the analyzer.

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  • 26. 

    Statement 1: The screening test for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is the 2-hour OGTT. Statement 2: The diagnostic test for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is the 3-hour OGTT.

    • Statement 1 is correct; Statement 2 is wrong.

    • Statement 1 is wrong; Statement 2 is correct.

    • Both statements are correct.

    • Both statements are wrong.

    Correct Answer
    A. Statement 1 is wrong; Statement 2 is correct.
    Explanation
    The screening test for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is the 1-hour OGTT.

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  • 27. 

    What is secreted by the F cells of the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans?

    • Pancreatic Amylase

    • Somatostatin

    • Pancreatic Polypeptide

    • Insulin

    Correct Answer
    A. Pancreatic Polypeptide
    Explanation
    Pancreatic Amylase is secreted by the Acinar Cells of the Pancreas. // Somatostatin, also known as the Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone, and Insulin, the primary AND ONLY hypoglycemic hormone, are secreted by the Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans (specifically and respectively the Delta and Beta Cells).

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  • 28. 

    What is the meaning of % as the unit for HBA1c?

    • Fraction of Hemoglobin A1c

    • Fraction of Hemoglobin A1

    • Fraction of Hemoglobin A

    • Fraction of Hemoglobin

    Correct Answer
    A. Fraction of Hemoglobin
    Explanation
    Basically, if the HBA1c level of an individual is, say, 6.5%, it means that HBA1c comprises 6.5% of total hemoglobin levels in the blood. This level (and above) is a diagnostic marker of Diabetes Mellitus.

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  • 29. 

    The Lactate-to-Pyruvate Ratio is an indicator of redox status and also a sensitive test to determine overdose from what antiretroviral medication?

    • Vancomycin

    • Resorcinol

    • Theophylline

    • Zidovudine

    Correct Answer
    A. Zidovudine
    Explanation
    Vancomycin is an antibiotic for serious staphylococcal infections when the penicillins and cephalosporins cannot be used.

    In Seliwanoff's Test for Fructose Determination, Resorcinol is the reagent added to hydroxymethyl furfural, the product from fructose and hydrochloric acid. After such addition, a red compound is produced.

    Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

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  • 30. 

    What is the major regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis?

    • Pyruvate Kinase

    • Pyruvate Decarboxylase

    • Pyruvate Convertase

    • Pyruvate Carboxylase

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyruvate Carboxylase
    Explanation
    Pyruvate Kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis.

    Pyruvate Carboxylase is the enzyme that shunts excess pyruvate from glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff) to gluconeogenesis. Pyruvate is converted into oxaloacetate, which is then converted to glucose. A deficiency of this enzyme can cause lactic acidosis, because the excess pyruvate will be converted into lactate instead.

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  • Sep 13, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Jun 07, 2018
    Quiz Created by
    Hasmin Pascasio
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