Clinical Chemistry And Serology (Updated To Include Hemostasis And Cytology)
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What is ALB an acronym for?
About This Quiz
This quiz covers key topics in Clinical Chemistry and Serology, including hemostasis and cytology. It assesses knowledge on albumin levels, sample handling, serum properties, and the impact of diet on BUN concentration, essential for professionals in medical laboratory settings.
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- 2.
Serum can be frozen or refrigerated.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Serum can indeed be frozen or refrigerated. Freezing or refrigerating serum helps to preserve its stability and prolong its shelf life. This is particularly important for biological samples and medical applications where maintaining the integrity of the serum is crucial. By freezing or refrigerating serum, the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms can be inhibited, preventing degradation and maintaining its quality. Therefore, it is true that serum can be frozen or refrigerated.Rate this question:
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- 3.
A serum sample is obtained by placing blood in an EDTA or sodium citrate tube and allowing it to clot before spinning it down.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
Tube should have no additives.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What is TBIL an acronym for?
Correct Answer
total bilirubinExplanation
TBIL is an acronym for total bilirubin. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. It is processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Total bilirubin refers to the overall amount of bilirubin in the blood, including both direct and indirect bilirubin. Measuring TBIL levels is important in diagnosing and monitoring liver and gallbladder disorders, as elevated levels can indicate liver dysfunction or obstruction of the bile ducts.Rate this question:
- 5.
BUN stands for
Correct Answer
Blood urea nitrogenExplanation
BUN stands for Blood urea nitrogen, which is a medical test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism. This test is commonly used to evaluate kidney function and to diagnose or monitor kidney disease. By measuring the BUN levels, healthcare professionals can assess how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. Therefore, BUN is an acronym used in the medical field to refer to Blood urea nitrogen.Rate this question:
- 6.
What does ALKP stand for?
Correct Answer
Alkaline PhosphataseExplanation
ALKP stands for Alkaline Phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, bones, and intestines. It is involved in the process of removing phosphate groups from molecules, and its levels in the blood can be measured to assess liver and bone health.Rate this question:
- 7.
_________ in the urine of a dog is considered a sensitive indicator of liver disease.
Correct Answer
BilirubinExplanation
Bilirubin in the urine of a dog is considered a sensitive indicator of liver disease because bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. Normally, the liver processes and excretes bilirubin, but when the liver is damaged or not functioning properly, it may not be able to effectively remove bilirubin from the body. As a result, bilirubin can accumulate in the bloodstream and be excreted in the urine, indicating liver dysfunction or disease.Rate this question:
- 8.
What serum protein helps evaluate hydration, hemorrhage, intestinal, liver, and kidney disease?
Correct Answer
Albumin
ALBExplanation
Albumin is a serum protein that helps evaluate hydration, hemorrhage, intestinal, liver, and kidney disease. It is commonly used as a marker to assess the overall nutritional status and fluid balance in the body. Low levels of albumin may indicate dehydration or fluid loss, while high levels may indicate liver or kidney disease. Therefore, measuring albumin levels can provide valuable information about various health conditions related to hydration, bleeding, and organ function.Rate this question:
- 9.
ALT was formerly known as
Correct Answer
SGPTExplanation
ALT, which stands for alanine aminotransferase, was previously known as SGPT, which stands for serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. ALT is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and is used as a marker for liver health. The name change from SGPT to ALT reflects a more accurate description of the enzyme's function and its role in various metabolic processes.Rate this question:
- 10.
Hyperbilirubinemia can cause
Correct Answer
JaundiceExplanation
Hyperbilirubinemia is a medical condition characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. When there is an excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood, it can lead to jaundice. Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and eyes, which occurs when bilirubin builds up in the body. Therefore, hyperbilirubinemia can cause jaundice.Rate this question:
- 11.
When RBCs die, heme is metabolized to ____________ and is carried to the liver.
Correct Answer
bilirubinExplanation
When red blood cells (RBCs) die, heme, which is a component of hemoglobin, is broken down and metabolized into bilirubin. Bilirubin is then transported to the liver where it undergoes further processing and is eventually excreted in the bile. This process is a normal part of the breakdown and recycling of RBCs in the body.Rate this question:
- 12.
Decreased number of platelets.
Correct Answer
ThrombocytopeniaExplanation
Thrombocytopenia refers to a decreased number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are crucial for blood clotting, and when their count is low, it can lead to difficulties in clot formation and an increased risk of bleeding. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by various factors, such as certain medications, infections, autoimmune disorders, or bone marrow disorders. It is important to diagnose and manage thrombocytopenia promptly to prevent complications associated with abnormal bleeding.Rate this question:
- 13.
Increased BUN concentration may be present if a meal was high in ___________.
Correct Answer
ProteinExplanation
Increased BUN concentration may be present if a meal was high in protein. BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen, which is a waste product formed when the body breaks down proteins. When protein intake is high, more protein is broken down, leading to an increase in BUN levels. Therefore, if a meal is high in protein, it can result in an elevated BUN concentration.Rate this question:
- 14.
The end product of protein metabolism is ______ and is excreted primarily by the kidneys.
Correct Answer
UreaExplanation
Urea is the end product of protein metabolism and is primarily excreted by the kidneys. It is formed in the liver through the breakdown of amino acids. Urea is a waste product that contains nitrogen, which is toxic to the body if it accumulates. The kidneys filter urea from the blood and excrete it in urine, helping to maintain the body's nitrogen balance.Rate this question:
- 15.
A tissue specimen should be suspended in a jar containing formalin at approximately _____ times the specimen's volume.
Correct Answer
10Explanation
The tissue specimen should be suspended in a jar containing formalin at approximately 10 times the specimen's volume. This is necessary to ensure proper fixation and preservation of the tissue. Formalin is a commonly used fixative in histology and pathology laboratories to prevent tissue degradation and maintain its structural integrity. By immersing the tissue in formalin at a sufficient volume, it allows for adequate penetration of the fixative, ensuring that all parts of the tissue are properly preserved.Rate this question:
- 16.
Most ALKP in older animals comes from the __________ as bone development stabilizes.
Correct Answer
LiverExplanation
As animals age, their bone development stabilizes, resulting in a decrease in the production of alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) from the bones. Therefore, the majority of ALKP in older animals comes from the liver. The liver is responsible for producing and releasing ALKP into the bloodstream, where it plays a role in various physiological processes, including the breakdown of proteins and the metabolism of drugs and toxins.Rate this question:
- 17.
What enzyme is a sensitive indicator of active liver damage, but does not indicate the cause of it?
Correct Answer
ALT
Alanine aminotransferaseExplanation
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is primarily found in the liver. It is released into the bloodstream when there is liver damage or inflammation. Therefore, elevated levels of ALT in the blood can be a sensitive indicator of active liver damage. However, ALT alone cannot determine the cause of the liver damage. Further diagnostic tests and medical evaluation are needed to identify the underlying cause.Rate this question:
- 18.
___________ is assayed to determine the cause of jaundice, evaluate liver function, and check the patency of the bile ducts.
Correct Answer
BilirubinExplanation
Bilirubin is assayed to determine the cause of jaundice, evaluate liver function, and check the patency of the bile ducts. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is formed when red blood cells break down. It is processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can indicate liver disease or a blockage in the bile ducts. Therefore, measuring bilirubin levels can provide important information about the functioning of the liver and the presence of any underlying conditions causing jaundice.Rate this question:
- 19.
Serum is plasma from which _________ has been removed. (not clotting factor)
Correct Answer
FibrinogenExplanation
Serum is the clear, yellowish fluid that remains after the blood has clotted and the clotting factors, including fibrinogen, have been removed. Fibrinogen is a protein that plays a key role in the clotting process by converting into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure to stop bleeding. Therefore, the correct answer is fibrinogen because it is one of the components that are removed from plasma to obtain serum.Rate this question:
- 20.
The _____________ form of bilirubin is lipid soluble, bound to serum proteins, and carried to the liver to be conjugated.
Correct Answer
UnconjugatedExplanation
Unconjugated bilirubin is the correct answer because it is the form of bilirubin that is lipid soluble, bound to serum proteins, and transported to the liver for conjugation. Conjugated bilirubin, on the other hand, is water soluble and excreted in the bile.Rate this question:
- 21.
The _____________ form of bilirubin is found mainly as glucuronic acid which is water soluble and more readily excreted from the body via the biliary system to the intestines and kidney.
Correct Answer
ConjugatedExplanation
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. It is initially in an unconjugated form, which is not water soluble and cannot be easily excreted from the body. However, when bilirubin combines with glucuronic acid, it forms the conjugated form of bilirubin, which is water soluble and can be more readily excreted through the biliary system to the intestines and kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is "Conjugated."Rate this question:
- 22.
For a tissue biopsy, slabs of tissue should measure no more than ____ cm wide.
Correct Answer
1Explanation
For a tissue biopsy, slabs of tissue should measure no more than 1 cm wide. This is because a larger width could make it difficult to obtain accurate and representative samples of the tissue. A narrower width allows for better visualization and analysis of the tissue under a microscope, ensuring that any abnormalities or diseases present can be properly identified and diagnosed.Rate this question:
- 23.
The function of __________ is to break down the long-chain fatty acids of lipids.
Correct Answer
LipaseExplanation
Lipase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the digestion and metabolism of lipids. It specifically acts on long-chain fatty acids, breaking them down into smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed and utilized by the body. This process is essential for the proper digestion and absorption of dietary fats, as well as the release of stored fats for energy production. Lipase is mainly produced in the pancreas and is also present in the small intestine, where it helps in the breakdown of lipids during the digestive process.Rate this question:
- 24.
A decrease in _________ may occur in chronic liver dease, starvation/malnutrition, malabsorption, enteritis, colitis, parasites, pregnancy and lactation, prolonged fever, uncontrolled diabetes, trauma, nephritis, ascites, protein losing enteropothy, and blood loss. (I really hope we don't have to know all of these.)
Correct Answer
Albumin
ALBExplanation
A decrease in albumin may occur in various conditions such as chronic liver disease, starvation/malnutrition, malabsorption, enteritis, colitis, parasites, pregnancy and lactation, prolonged fever, uncontrolled diabetes, trauma, nephritis, ascites, protein losing enteropathy, and blood loss. Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure in the blood vessels, transporting hormones, drugs, and other substances, and regulating fluid balance in the body. A decrease in albumin levels can indicate impaired liver function, malnutrition, or other underlying health issues.Rate this question:
- 25.
What is GGT an acronym for?
Correct Answer
Gamma glutamyl transferaseExplanation
GGT is an acronym for Gamma glutamyl transferase. This term refers to an enzyme that is found in the liver and other organs. It plays a role in the transfer of amino acids across cell membranes and is commonly used as a marker for liver function and alcohol consumption.Rate this question:
- 26.
The mechanical phase of hemostasis is also known as ____________________ hemostasis.
Correct Answer
primaryExplanation
The mechanical phase of hemostasis is also known as primary hemostasis.Rate this question:
- 27.
AST should be evaluated in conjunction with _____ for dogs and cats.
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ALKP
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TBIL
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ALT
Correct Answer
A. ALTExplanation
AST should be evaluated in conjunction with ALT for dogs and cats. This is because AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) are both liver enzymes that are commonly measured in veterinary medicine to assess liver function. Evaluating both enzymes together provides a more comprehensive understanding of liver health and can help identify any abnormalities or diseases affecting the liver in dogs and cats.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Bilirubin measured in urine is always the _____________ form unless there is renal damage.
Correct Answer
ConjugatedExplanation
Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. It is then processed by the liver, where it is conjugated (combined with other substances) to form a water-soluble form called conjugated bilirubin. This conjugated form is then excreted in the urine. Therefore, unless there is renal damage, the bilirubin measured in urine will always be in the conjugated form.Rate this question:
- 29.
The function of _____________ is to break down starches and the glycogen in sugars.
Correct Answer
AmylaseExplanation
Amylase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in digestion. It is responsible for breaking down complex carbohydrates such as starches and glycogen into simpler sugars. This process occurs in the mouth and continues in the small intestine, where amylase breaks down the starches into maltose, a type of sugar. Without amylase, our bodies would struggle to digest carbohydrates efficiently, leading to potential digestive issues and nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, amylase is essential for the proper breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates in the body.Rate this question:
- 30.
The denser the aspirated tissue, the smaller the needle and syringe.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
The softer the aspirated tissue, the smaller the needle and syringe.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Marked elevations in _____ and _____ indicate hepatocellular necrosis. (include comma between answers)
Correct Answer
ALT, AST
AST, ALTExplanation
Marked elevations in ALT and AST indicate hepatocellular necrosis. ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) are liver enzymes that are released into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged or destroyed. An increase in their levels suggests hepatocellular necrosis, which is the death of liver cells. The order in which the enzymes are mentioned does not affect the explanation.Rate this question:
- 32.
The absence of trypsin in feces is abnormal.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The presence of trypsin in feces is considered normal, as trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that helps in the digestion of proteins. Therefore, the absence of trypsin in feces is abnormal and indicates a potential issue with the pancreas or digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 33.
What type of procedures are essential for any test (analyzers) that is performed on an in-clinic basis? (tests accuracy)
Correct Answer
Quality controlExplanation
Quality control procedures are essential for any test performed on an in-clinic basis to ensure the accuracy of the results. These procedures involve a set of measures and protocols that are implemented to monitor and maintain the quality and reliability of the testing process. Quality control helps to identify and correct any potential errors or issues that may affect the accuracy of the test results, thereby ensuring the validity and reliability of the test.Rate this question:
- 34.
Some cats with pancreatitis do not have elevated serum lipase levels.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. Serum lipase levels are often used as a diagnostic marker for pancreatitis, as they are typically elevated in cats with this condition. However, it is possible for some cats with pancreatitis to have normal serum lipase levels, which means that not all cats with pancreatitis will show elevated levels of this enzyme in their blood. Therefore, the statement that some cats with pancreatitis do not have elevated serum lipase levels is true.Rate this question:
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- 35.
_______________________ refers to increased serum bilirubin levels.
Correct Answer
HyperbilirubinemiaExplanation
Hyperbilirubinemia refers to increased serum bilirubin levels. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. It is normally processed by the liver and excreted in the bile. However, if there is a disruption in the normal functioning of the liver or an excessive breakdown of red blood cells, bilirubin levels can rise, leading to hyperbilirubinemia. This condition can be caused by various factors such as liver disease, hepatitis, gallstones, or certain medications. Hyperbilirubinemia can result in yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) and may be an indication of an underlying health issue that requires further investigation and treatment.Rate this question:
- 36.
Variation in nuclear size.
Correct Answer
AnisokaryosisExplanation
Anisokaryosis refers to the variation in nuclear size within a cell or a population of cells. It is a term commonly used in pathology to describe abnormal nuclear morphology. In anisokaryosis, the nuclei of cells differ in size, which can be indicative of certain pathological conditions such as cancer. This variation in nuclear size may be caused by genetic mutations, cellular stress, or other factors that disrupt normal cell division and nuclear growth.Rate this question:
- 37.
______ is a metabolite of the heme portion of hemoglobin.
Correct Answer
TBIL
BilirubinExplanation
Bilirubin is a metabolite of the heme portion of hemoglobin. It is produced when red blood cells are broken down and heme is converted into biliverdin, which is then further converted into bilirubin. Bilirubin is then transported to the liver where it is conjugated and excreted in the bile. Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions. TBIL is the abbreviation for total bilirubin, which includes both conjugated and unconjugated forms of bilirubin. Therefore, TBIL is the correct answer.Rate this question:
- 38.
Trypsin activity is more readily detectable in _________ than in blood.
Correct Answer
fecesExplanation
Trypsin is an enzyme that helps in the breakdown of proteins. It is commonly found in the digestive system, particularly in the pancreas and intestine. Feces, which is the waste material eliminated from the body through the rectum, contains a higher concentration of trypsin compared to blood. This is because trypsin is involved in the digestion of proteins in the intestines, and some of it is excreted in the feces along with other waste products. Therefore, trypsin activity is more easily detectable in feces than in blood.Rate this question:
- 39.
Bleeding from the nares.
Correct Answer
EpistaxisExplanation
Epistaxis refers to bleeding from the nares, which are the nostrils. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as dry air, trauma, nasal infections, high blood pressure, or blood clotting disorders. Epistaxis can range from mild to severe and can be managed with simple measures like applying direct pressure to the nose or using nasal sprays. In more severe cases, medical intervention may be required to stop the bleeding.Rate this question:
- 40.
AST was formerly known as
Correct Answer
SGOTExplanation
AST stands for Aspartate Aminotransferase, which is an enzyme found in various tissues of the body, particularly in the liver and heart. It is commonly used as a marker for liver damage or dysfunction. In the past, AST was known as SGOT, which stands for Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase. However, the name was changed to AST to better reflect its function and to align with the naming conventions of other enzymes.Rate this question:
- 41.
Increases in what enzyme may indicate liver, heart, or skeletal muscle damage?
Correct Answer
AST
Aspartate transferaseExplanation
AST, also known as aspartate transferase, is an enzyme that is found in various tissues including the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles. An increase in the levels of this enzyme in the blood may indicate damage to these organs. Therefore, if there is an increase in AST levels, it suggests the possibility of liver, heart, or skeletal muscle damage.Rate this question:
- 42.
Horses have higher normal ______ values than other species.
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ALT
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AST
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GGT
Correct Answer
A. ASTExplanation
Horses have higher normal AST (aspartate aminotransferase) values than other species.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Which anticoagulant can be used for more assays included in a routine biochemical profile?
Correct Answer
HeparinExplanation
Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant that can be used for a variety of assays included in a routine biochemical profile. It works by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood, preventing the formation of clots. Heparin is preferred in many cases because it does not interfere with the results of most biochemical tests, allowing for accurate measurement of various parameters. Additionally, heparin has a relatively short half-life, making it suitable for routine testing as it can be quickly cleared from the system.Rate this question:
- 44.
The pancreas is actually two organs, one _____________ and the other _____________, held together in one stroma. (include comma between answers)
Correct Answer
exocrine, endocrine
endocrine, exocrineExplanation
The pancreas is a dual-function organ, consisting of exocrine and endocrine components. The exocrine portion is responsible for producing and releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine, aiding in the digestion of food. On the other hand, the endocrine portion produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. These two components are held together by a connective tissue framework called the stroma.Rate this question:
- 45.
Diabete mellitus is the most common _________ disorder of the pancreas.
Correct Answer
endocrineExplanation
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the pancreas and its ability to produce insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. It is the most common disorder of the endocrine system, which is responsible for producing and regulating hormones in the body.Rate this question:
- 46.
Ingestion of toxic substances such as ___________ can create bleeding disorders.
Correct Answer
warfarinExplanation
Warfarin is a medication commonly used as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots. Ingesting this toxic substance can interfere with the normal clotting process in the body, leading to bleeding disorders.Rate this question:
- 47.
Bleeding into the digestive tract.
Correct Answer
MelenaExplanation
Melena refers to the passage of dark, tarry stools due to bleeding in the upper digestive tract, specifically the stomach or small intestine. The dark color of the stool is a result of the breakdown of blood in the digestive system. This condition is often caused by ulcers, gastritis, or gastrointestinal bleeding. It is important to identify and treat the underlying cause of melena as it can indicate a serious condition that requires medical attention.Rate this question:
- 48.
DIC is the acronym for
Correct Answer
disseminated intravascular coagulationExplanation
DIC stands for disseminated intravascular coagulation. This condition is characterized by the abnormal activation of blood clotting throughout the body's blood vessels. It is typically triggered by an underlying condition such as infection, trauma, or certain diseases. DIC leads to the formation of multiple blood clots, which can block blood flow to vital organs and cause organ damage. At the same time, the excessive clotting depletes the body's clotting factors, leading to an increased risk of bleeding. Therefore, DIC is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical intervention.Rate this question:
- 49.
What is another acronym for ALKP?
Correct Answer
APExplanation
ALKP is an acronym for Alkaline Phosphatase. Another acronym for Alkaline Phosphatase is AP.Rate this question:
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Aug 15, 2011Quiz Created by
Acarlo01