PO221 Exam: Italian Politics Quiz!

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  • 1/84 Questions

    Nazi Germany and present-day North Korea are examples of what type of authoritarian regime?

    • Totalitarian
    • Theocratic
    • Bureaucratic-authoritarian
    • All of the above
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About This Quiz

The PO221 Exam: Italian Politics Quiz assesses knowledge on various political theories and systems, including authoritarian regimes, collective action, and democracy. It's designed to evaluate understanding of political dynamics and institutional theories, crucial for students of political science.

PO221 Exam: Italian Politics Quiz! - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Which of the following could be considered an element of a substantive definition of democracy?

    • Gender equality

    • Public participation

    • Social inclusion

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the options listed, gender equality, public participation, and social inclusion, can be considered elements of a substantive definition of democracy. These concepts are fundamental to a democratic society as they promote equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, ensure that citizens have a voice in decision-making processes, and aim to include marginalized groups in the political and social fabric of the country. Therefore, all three options contribute to the overall understanding and implementation of democracy.

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  • 3. 

    Which of the following polities could be considered an example of a theocracy?

    • Russia

    • Iran

    • The US

    • Brazil

    Correct Answer
    A. Iran
    Explanation
    Iran could be considered an example of a theocracy because it is a country where religious leaders hold significant political power and influence. In Iran, the Supreme Leader, who is a religious figure, has the ultimate authority and makes decisions based on Islamic principles. The government and legal system of Iran are also based on Islamic law, and religious leaders play a prominent role in shaping policies and governance. This indicates that Iran is a theocratic state where religious authority is intertwined with political power.

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  • 4. 

    Freedom of speech and free and fair elections are most often associated with what type of regime?

    • Theocratic

    • Constitutional Republic

    • Parliamentary Democracy

    • Democratic

    Correct Answer
    A. Democratic
    Explanation
    Freedom of speech and free and fair elections are most often associated with a democratic regime. In a democratic system, individuals have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely without fear of censorship or persecution. Additionally, free and fair elections ensure that the government is chosen by the people through a transparent and inclusive process. While the other options may also have elements of freedom of speech and elections, they are not as closely linked to these principles as a democratic regime.

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  • 5. 

    Identities are which of the following?

    • Cultural 

    • Historical 

    • Political 

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Identities refer to various aspects that define individuals or groups, including their cultural, historical, and political affiliations. Cultural identity encompasses the beliefs, values, traditions, and customs that shape a person's sense of belonging. Historical identity relates to the historical events, experiences, and narratives that influence one's identity. Political identity refers to the political beliefs, ideologies, and affiliations that individuals or groups identify with. Therefore, all of these options are correct as they encompass different dimensions of identities.

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  • 6. 

    South African apartheid was an example of which of the following?

    • National inequality

    • Regional inequality

    • Native inequality

    • Racial inequality

    Correct Answer
    A. Racial inequality
    Explanation
    The South African apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the government. It involved the systematic oppression and marginalization of the non-white population, particularly the black majority. Racial inequality was at the core of this oppressive system, as it aimed to maintain the dominance and privileges of the white minority over other racial groups in South Africa.

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  • 7. 

    The process by which a legislature determines whether an official should be removed from office is called:

    • Filibuster

    • Impeachment

    • Vote of no confidence

    • None of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. Impeachment
    Explanation
    Impeachment is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which a legislature evaluates whether an official should be removed from office. This process typically involves conducting an investigation, presenting evidence, and holding a trial. If the official is found guilty of misconduct or abuse of power, they may be removed from their position. Filibuster is a tactic used to delay or block legislative action, while a vote of no confidence is a mechanism used in parliamentary systems to express lack of support for a government. None of the Above is not a term related to the removal of officials from office.

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  • 8. 

    Queen Elizabeth is a:

    • Head of Government

    • Prime Minister

    • Head of State

    • Chief Justice

    Correct Answer
    A. Head of State
    Explanation
    Queen Elizabeth is the Head of State because she holds the highest position in the United Kingdom's constitutional monarchy. As the monarch, she represents the unity and continuity of the nation, symbolizes the sovereignty of the state, and performs ceremonial and symbolic duties. Although the Prime Minister is the head of government and holds executive powers, the Head of State is a separate role that is fulfilled by the monarch. The Chief Justice, on the other hand, is the head of the judiciary and is responsible for the administration of justice.

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  • 9. 

    Coalitions are most likely to form under what electoral system?

    • First-past-the-post

    • Proportional representation

    • Single-member districts

    • Indirect voting

    Correct Answer
    A. Proportional representation
    Explanation
    Coalitions are most likely to form under the proportional representation electoral system. This is because proportional representation allows for a more accurate representation of the electorate's preferences by allocating seats in proportion to the number of votes received by each party. In this system, smaller parties have a better chance of gaining representation, which often leads to the need for coalition governments to be formed in order to achieve a majority.

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  • 10. 

    The bureaucracy is expected to be:

    • Partisan

    • Legislative

    • Active

    • Neutral

    Correct Answer
    A. Neutral
    Explanation
    The bureaucracy is expected to be neutral because it is a non-partisan entity that should not favor any political party or agenda. Its primary role is to implement and enforce laws and policies impartially, without bias or favoritism. By remaining neutral, the bureaucracy ensures fairness, transparency, and equal treatment for all citizens. This allows for a more efficient and effective functioning of the government and helps maintain public trust and confidence in the system.

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  • 11. 

    Civil society is made up of:

    • Interest groups

    • Volunteer organizations

    • Social organizations

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Civil society is made up of interest groups, volunteer organizations, and social organizations. Interest groups are formed by individuals with a common interest or goal, advocating for specific issues. Volunteer organizations are non-profit groups that rely on volunteers to carry out their mission and provide services to the community. Social organizations encompass a wide range of groups that work towards social causes, such as human rights, environmental protection, or community development. Therefore, all of these components contribute to the composition of civil society.

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  • 12. 

    The National Rifle Association is an example of:

    • An interest group

    • A political party

    • A party system

    • A coalition

    Correct Answer
    A. An interest group
    Explanation
    The National Rifle Association (NRA) is an example of an interest group because it is an organization that advocates for the rights and interests of gun owners and the firearms industry. Interest groups are formed to influence public policy, promote specific causes, and protect the interests of their members. The NRA engages in lobbying, grassroots activism, and political contributions to support its goals of protecting the Second Amendment and promoting gun rights. While the NRA may have political influence and support certain political parties or candidates, it is not a political party itself. Similarly, it is not a party system or a coalition.

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  • 13. 

    Action taken by individuals and groups to pursue their ends in formally or informally coordinated ways, often in pursuit of some common or public good is called ____________.

    • Grassroots organization

    • Democratization

    • Revolution

    • Collective Action

    Correct Answer
    A. Collective Action
    Explanation
    Collective action refers to the actions taken by individuals or groups to achieve their goals, whether formally or informally coordinated. It often involves the pursuit of common or public goods, where individuals come together to work towards a shared objective. This can include activities such as protests, strikes, or community organizing. Collective action can be seen as a way for individuals to have a greater impact by pooling their resources and efforts, and it plays a crucial role in social and political movements.

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  • 14. 

    A collapse of democracy is called _____________.

    • Democratic breakdown

    • Reverse democratization

    • Authoritarian persistence

    • Authoritarianization

    Correct Answer
    A. Democratic breakdown
    Explanation
    Democratic breakdown refers to the collapse or failure of a democratic system. It occurs when a country's democratic institutions and processes become weakened or are completely dismantled, leading to the establishment of an authoritarian regime or the breakdown of governance. This term encompasses the loss of democratic principles, erosion of civil liberties, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals or groups. It signifies a significant regression in democratic governance and is often accompanied by political instability, repression, and the violation of human rights.

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  • 15. 

    Which would not likely be found in a consolidated democracy?

    • Revolt by losing party

    • Frequent change in government

    • Stable regime

    • Free contesting of ideas

    Correct Answer
    A. Revolt by losing party
    Explanation
    In a consolidated democracy, the losing party accepts the results of the election and peacefully transfers power to the winning party. The concept of a revolt by the losing party goes against the principles of a consolidated democracy, as it implies a refusal to accept the outcome of the election and potentially resorting to violence or other disruptive actions. In a consolidated democracy, the focus is on peaceful transitions of power, stability, and the free contesting of ideas through democratic processes.

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  • 16. 

    Authoritarian persistence can be can be demonstrated by:

    • The persistence of a single authoritarian regime

    • The substitution of one authoritarian regime for another

    • Both a and b

    • Neither a nor b

    Correct Answer
    A. Both a and b
    Explanation
    Authoritarian persistence refers to the continuation or endurance of authoritarian regimes. The given answer, "Both a and b," suggests that authoritarian persistence can be demonstrated by both the persistence of a single authoritarian regime and the substitution of one authoritarian regime for another. This means that authoritarian regimes can either remain in power for an extended period or be replaced by another authoritarian regime, both of which exemplify authoritarian persistence.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following is not a civil liberty considered central to democracy?

    • Freedom of assembly

    • Freedom to own firearms

    • Freedom of Speech

    • Freedom of the press

    Correct Answer
    A. Freedom to own firearms
    Explanation
    The right to own firearms is not considered a civil liberty central to democracy. While the other options listed - freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press - are fundamental rights that are typically protected in democratic societies, the right to own firearms is not universally seen as essential to the functioning of a democratic system. This is because different countries have different laws and regulations regarding gun ownership, and the importance placed on this right can vary.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following is true of the theory of perennialism?

    • National identity is neither exclusively modern nor fully continuous with pre-historical forms of identity

    • National identity is dependent on evolutionary theory

    • National identity is based on ancestry 

    • National identity is continuous with pre-historical forms of identity

    Correct Answer
    A. National identity is neither exclusively modern nor fully continuous with pre-historical forms of identity
    Explanation
    The theory of perennialism suggests that national identity is not solely a modern concept, but it also has connections to pre-historical forms of identity. It implies that national identity is not a completely new phenomenon, but rather has roots in the past. This means that national identity is not exclusively modern, but it also has elements that can be traced back to earlier times.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following is true of jobs traditionally gendered as male?

    • They tend to have equal wages with jobs traditionally gendered as female

    • Jobs are not gendered in a free labour market

    • They tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female

    • They tend to have lower wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female 

    Correct Answer
    A. They tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female
    Explanation
    The correct answer states that jobs traditionally gendered as male tend to have higher wages than jobs traditionally gendered as female. This suggests that there is a gender wage gap, where jobs that are typically associated with men tend to be paid more than jobs typically associated with women. This wage disparity is a result of various factors such as societal norms, discrimination, and occupational segregation.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following is true of gender?

    • Gender is biological, while sex is cultural

    • Gender is cultural, while sex is biological

    • Gender is static, while sex can be changed

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Gender is cultural, while sex is biological
    Explanation
    Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. It is a social construct that varies across different societies and can change over time. On the other hand, sex refers to the biological and physical differences between males and females, such as reproductive organs and chromosomes. Therefore, the statement "Gender is cultural, while sex is biological" is true because gender is influenced by societal norms and expectations, while sex is determined by biological factors.

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  • 21. 

    An equally qualified woman being paid less than a man for the same work is an example of what kind of discrimination?

    • Implicit cultural discrimination

    • Explicit cultural discrimination

    • Implicit gender discrimination

    • Explicit gender discrimination

    Correct Answer
    A. Explicit gender discrimination
    Explanation
    An equally qualified woman being paid less than a man for the same work is an example of explicit gender discrimination. This means that the discrimination is intentional and overt, with the employer openly and knowingly paying the woman less based on her gender. This is in contrast to implicit gender discrimination, which refers to biases and stereotypes that may unconsciously influence decision-making processes.

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  • 22. 

    What is the process through which societies become less religious as they become more modern?

    • Atheization

    • Ratiocination

    • Secularization

    • Institutionalization

    Correct Answer
    A. Secularization
    Explanation
    Secularization refers to the process in which societies become less religious as they become more modern. This can be attributed to various factors such as advancements in science and technology, increased access to education, and the influence of secular ideologies. As societies progress and develop, individuals tend to rely more on rationality and empirical evidence rather than religious beliefs. Consequently, religious institutions and practices lose their significance and influence in shaping societal norms and values.

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  • 23. 

    The establishment of three branches of government in the United States is an example of:

    • Separation of powers

    • Executive privileges

    • Federalism

    • Democratic governance

    Correct Answer
    A. Separation of powers
    Explanation
    The establishment of three branches of government in the United States is an example of separation of powers. This principle ensures that power is divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful. Each branch has its own distinct responsibilities and checks and balances the powers of the other branches, ensuring a system of accountability and preventing the abuse of power. This separation of powers is a fundamental aspect of the U.S. Constitution and is designed to protect individual rights and promote democratic governance.

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  • 24. 

    Which of the following political arguments would draw most directly on the principles of federalism?

    • States should determine the legality of abortion within their own borders.

    • Abortion should be illegal under religious law

    • Abortion should be illegal under federal law.

    • Abortion should be legal under federal law in all states.

    Correct Answer
    A. States should determine the legality of abortion within their own borders.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "States should determine the legality of abortion within their own borders." This answer aligns with the principles of federalism, which advocate for the division of power between the central government and individual states. By allowing each state to decide on the legality of abortion within its own borders, it respects the principle of state autonomy and decentralization of power. This approach acknowledges that different states may have different values and priorities, and allows for a more localized decision-making process.

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  • 25. 

    Coalitions are most likely to form under what electoral system?

    • First-past-the-post

    • Proportional representation

    • Single-member districts

    • Indirect voting

    Correct Answer
    A. Proportional representation
    Explanation
    Under the proportional representation electoral system, coalitions are most likely to form. This is because proportional representation allows for a more accurate reflection of the voters' preferences by allocating seats in proportion to the votes received by each party. In this system, smaller parties have a better chance of gaining representation, and larger parties often need to form alliances or coalitions in order to secure a majority. This encourages cooperation and compromise among political parties, making coalitions more likely to form.

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  • 26. 

    According to the text, why might religious law create tension in a country?

    • The predominant religion in a country can change with a change in demographics.

    • Religious law restricts enterprise and economic growth

    • Citizens who are not of that religion are still subject to its laws.

    • The separation of church and state is necessary for development.

    Correct Answer
    A. Citizens who are not of that religion are still subject to its laws.
    Explanation
    Religious law may create tension in a country because citizens who do not belong to the predominant religion are still obligated to follow its laws. This can lead to feelings of inequality and discrimination among non-religious or minority religious groups. It can also result in conflicts between different religious communities, as they may have conflicting beliefs and practices. This lack of religious freedom and equal treatment under the law can cause social divisions and hinder social cohesion within the country.

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  • 27. 

    What is a constitutional system that disperses some powers in states or provinces called?

    • A republic

    • A constitutional state

    • A unitary state

    • A federal state

    Correct Answer
    A. A federal state
    Explanation
    A federal state is a constitutional system that disperses some powers in states or provinces. In this type of system, power is divided between a central government and regional governments, allowing each state or province to have some degree of autonomy and authority over certain areas. This system is often adopted in countries with a large geographic size or diverse population, as it allows for local governance while still maintaining a unified national government.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following statements is true of party platforms?

    • They are generally the same from party to party

    • They do not represent the will of the party

    • They are not subject to change

    • They define a party's particular set of principles

    Correct Answer
    A. They define a party's particular set of principles
    Explanation
    Party platforms are statements that outline a political party's core beliefs, values, and policy positions. They serve as a guide for party members and voters to understand the party's stance on various issues. These platforms are unique to each party and reflect their specific set of principles. They are subject to change as the party's priorities and goals evolve over time. Therefore, the statement "They define a party's particular set of principles" accurately describes party platforms.

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  • 29. 

    Why would a proportional representation election system generally lead to a multiparty system?

    • Proportional representation reflects the overall distribution of support for multiple parties

    • Proportional representation favors large parties that can win a plurality of the votes

    • Proportional representation exacerbates divisions within society

    • It would not

    Correct Answer
    A. Proportional representation reflects the overall distribution of support for multiple parties
    Explanation
    Proportional representation is a system where the number of seats a party wins in an election is directly proportional to the percentage of votes they receive. This means that parties with a smaller but significant level of support can still gain representation in the government. This system encourages the formation of multiple parties as it provides a fair chance for smaller parties to be represented. In contrast, a winner-takes-all system, like first-past-the-post, tends to favor larger parties and can discourage the formation of new parties. Therefore, proportional representation generally leads to a multiparty system by reflecting the overall distribution of support for multiple parties.

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  • 30. 

    What is the main way that interest groups influence policy?

    • Through boycott

    • Through campaign donations

    • Through lobbying

    • Through private fundraising

    Correct Answer
    A. Through lobbying
    Explanation
    Interest groups influence policy mainly through lobbying. Lobbying involves activities such as contacting and influencing government officials, advocating for specific policies, and providing information and expertise on relevant issues. Interest groups use various tactics, including direct communication, organizing grassroots campaigns, and providing campaign contributions, to shape policy decisions in their favor. Through lobbying, interest groups can effectively influence the legislative process and decision-making, ensuring that their interests and concerns are taken into account when policies are formulated and implemented.

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  • 31. 

    According to the text, why might religious law create tension in a country?

    • The predominant religion in a country can change with a change in demographics.

    • Religious law restricts enterprise and economic growth.

    • Citizens who are not of that religion are still subject to its laws.

    • The separation of church and state is necessary for development.

    Correct Answer
    A. Citizens who are not of that religion are still subject to its laws.
    Explanation
    Religious law may create tension in a country because citizens who do not belong to the predominant religion are still bound by its laws. This can lead to a sense of inequality and discrimination, as individuals may feel that their rights and freedoms are being infringed upon. It can also create social divisions and conflicts between different religious groups, as they may have conflicting beliefs and values. Additionally, it can hinder social cohesion and unity, as people from different religious backgrounds may feel marginalized and excluded from the legal system.

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  • 32. 

    Which of the following would be an example of “direct democracy”?

    • An assembly of citizens deliberating

    • A plebiscite or referendum

    • Neither (a) nor (b)

    • Both (a) and (b)

    Correct Answer
    A. Both (a) and (b)
    Explanation
    Both (a) and (b) would be examples of "direct democracy." In option (a), an assembly of citizens deliberating refers to a group of citizens coming together to discuss and make decisions collectively, without the involvement of representatives. This is a form of direct democracy where citizens directly participate in decision-making. In option (b), a plebiscite or referendum refers to a direct vote by the entire electorate on a specific issue or proposal. This also represents direct democracy as citizens directly express their opinions and make decisions without intermediaries. Therefore, both options demonstrate direct democracy in different forms.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following is not typically considered a major modern ideology?

    • Liberalism

    • Socialism

    • Christianity

    • Fascism

    Correct Answer
    A. Christianity
    Explanation
    Christianity is not typically considered a major modern ideology because it is primarily a religious belief system rather than a political or economic ideology. While Christianity may have influenced certain political and social movements throughout history, it is not generally categorized as a major modern ideology like liberalism, socialism, or fascism, which are more focused on specific political and economic ideologies and systems.

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  • 34. 

    Multiparty democracies require:

    • Frequent elections

    • At least two parties competing for power

    • Voting rights for all of-age citizens

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. At least two parties competing for power
    Explanation
    In order for a multiparty democracy to function, it is essential to have at least two parties competing for power. This ensures that there is a healthy competition of ideas and policies, allowing citizens to have a choice in electing their representatives. Frequent elections and voting rights for all of-age citizens are important components of a democratic system, but they alone do not guarantee the presence of multiple parties. Therefore, the correct answer is "At least two parties competing for power."

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  • 35. 

    What might be considered the opposite of discrimination?

    • Participation

    • Empowerment

    • Support

    • Appreciation

    Correct Answer
    A. Empowerment
    Explanation
    Empowerment can be considered the opposite of discrimination because it involves giving individuals the power and authority to make decisions and take actions that affect their lives. Discrimination, on the other hand, involves treating individuals unfairly or unequally based on certain characteristics. Empowerment promotes equality, inclusivity, and the belief that everyone should have the opportunity to thrive and succeed. It focuses on providing individuals with the tools, resources, and support they need to have control over their own lives and make meaningful contributions to society.

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  • 36. 

    In most cases, how are constitutions changed?

    • Constitutions do not change

    • Through a process of constitutional design

    • Through a process of amendment

    • Through a process of public referendum

    Correct Answer
    A. Through a process of amendment
    Explanation
    Constitutions are typically changed through a process of amendment. This involves making alterations or additions to the existing constitution in order to adapt to new circumstances or address any shortcomings. Amendments can be proposed by the legislature or through a constitutional convention, and they usually require a specific majority vote or approval by the public. This process allows for the constitution to evolve and remain relevant over time without the need for a complete overhaul or replacement.

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  • 37. 

    What would be an example of a check on the legislative branch by the judicial branch?

    • Judicial review

    • Judicial politicking

    • Judicial sovereignty

    • Judicial activism

    Correct Answer
    A. Judicial review
    Explanation
    Judicial review is an example of a check on the legislative branch by the judicial branch. It refers to the power of the courts to review and potentially invalidate laws or actions of the legislative branch that are deemed unconstitutional. This allows the judiciary to ensure that the legislative branch does not exceed its constitutional authority and protects individual rights. By reviewing and potentially striking down laws, the judicial branch acts as a check on the legislative branch's power, ensuring that it operates within the confines of the Constitution.

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  • 38. 

    A system in which the head of government is elected by and accountable to the legislature is called:

    • Populism

    • Presidentialism

    • Parliamentarism

    • Democracy

    Correct Answer
    A. Parliamentarism
    Explanation
    Parliamentarism is a system in which the head of government is elected by and accountable to the legislature. In this system, the executive branch is formed by members of the parliament or legislative body, and the head of government is usually the leader of the majority party or coalition. This system promotes a close relationship between the executive and legislative branches, as the government's survival depends on the support of the legislature. It allows for more efficient decision-making and easier accountability of the government to the people through their elected representatives.

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  • 39. 

    According to the text, why might an authoritarian regime draft a constitution?

    • The United Nations requires a written constitution of all member-states

    • It would not.

    • A constitution would be a means to begin the process of democratization.

    • As a means to establish more governmental legitimacy

    Correct Answer
    A. As a means to establish more governmental legitimacy
    Explanation
    An authoritarian regime might draft a constitution as a means to establish more governmental legitimacy. By creating a constitution, the regime can give the appearance of having a legitimate and structured system of governance, which can help to legitimize its rule both domestically and internationally. This can be particularly important for authoritarian regimes that face challenges to their legitimacy, as a constitution can provide a veneer of legality and stability. Additionally, a constitution can also help to consolidate power and control by outlining the regime's authority and providing a framework for governance.

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  • 40. 

    What is “heteronormativity”?

    • The presumption that homosexuality is not biological

    • The presumption that heterosexuality is the "norm"

    • The presumption that homosexuality is the "norm"

    • The presumption that heterosexuality is the only biological option

    Correct Answer
    A. The presumption that heterosexuality is the "norm"
    Explanation
    Heteronormativity refers to the assumption or belief that heterosexuality is the standard or normal sexual orientation. It is the idea that society and culture primarily revolve around and validate heterosexual relationships, while other sexual orientations are marginalized or seen as deviant. This presumption of heterosexuality as the norm can lead to discrimination, prejudice, and exclusion of individuals who identify as LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc.).

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  • 41. 

    Which of the following scholars is most closely associated with the idea of the “End of History”?

    • Rodney Stark

    • Samuel Huntington

    • José Casanova

    • Francis Fukuyama

    Correct Answer
    A. Francis Fukuyama
    Explanation
    Francis Fukuyama is most closely associated with the idea of the "End of History." In his book "The End of History and the Last Man," Fukuyama argues that the end of the Cold War marked the triumph of liberal democracy and free market capitalism, and that this would be the final form of human government and economic system. He believed that with the collapse of communism, there would be no more ideological challenges to liberal democracy, leading to a global consensus on the best political and economic system.

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  • 42. 

    Who is most closely associated with traditional “modernization theory” in the study of democracy?

    • Nigel Tufnel

    • Seymour Martin Lipset

    • Philip Seymour Hoffman

    • Guillermo O'Donnell

    Correct Answer
    A. Seymour Martin Lipset
    Explanation
    Seymour Martin Lipset is most closely associated with traditional "modernization theory" in the study of democracy. Modernization theory suggests that economic development and social changes lead to the emergence of democracy. Lipset's work focused on the relationship between economic development, education, and democracy, arguing that countries with higher levels of economic development and education are more likely to have stable democratic systems. He emphasized the importance of a strong middle class and a culture of individualism in supporting democracy. Lipset's contributions have had a significant impact on the understanding of democratization processes around the world.

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  • 43. 

    Venezuela under Hugo Chávez's and Nicolas Maduro, which combines elements of authoritarianism with some democratic features, could be defined as:

    • Totalitarian regime

    • A pseudo-democratic regime

    • A traditional democratic regime

    • A hybrid regime

    Correct Answer
    A. A hybrid regime
    Explanation
    The correct answer is a hybrid regime. This is because Venezuela under Hugo Chávez and Nicolas Maduro exhibits a combination of authoritarianism and some democratic features. While there are elements of democracy, such as periodic elections, there are also significant restrictions on political freedoms and a concentration of power in the executive branch. This hybrid nature of the regime reflects a mix of both authoritarian and democratic characteristics.

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  • 44. 

    An illiberal democracy has ______________ but lacks ____________.

    • Some democratic features, guaranteed civil rights

    • Reasonably fair elections, basic social services

    • Leader accountability, protected political rights

    • Some authoritarian features, elections.

    Correct Answer
    A. Some democratic features, guaranteed civil rights
    Explanation
    An illiberal democracy refers to a political system that possesses certain democratic features such as elections, but lacks the guarantee of civil rights. This means that while the country may hold elections, the rights and freedoms of its citizens are not adequately protected. Without guaranteed civil rights, individuals may face restrictions on their freedom of speech, assembly, or other basic liberties. This can result in a lack of political pluralism and limited accountability of leaders, as they may suppress opposition or dissenting voices.

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  • 45. 

    Referendums, citizen assemblies, and community councils can all considered part of:

    • Democratization

    • Minimal definition of democracy

    • Representative democracy

    • Direct democracy

    Correct Answer
    A. Direct democracy
    Explanation
    Direct democracy refers to a system where citizens directly participate in decision-making processes, bypassing elected representatives. Referendums, citizen assemblies, and community councils all fall under this category as they allow citizens to directly express their views and make decisions on important matters. These mechanisms promote greater citizen involvement and empowerment, giving them a direct say in shaping policies and governance. Therefore, the answer is direct democracy.

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  • 46. 

    Which of the following is not generally true of nations?

    • Nations are groups that are geographically bounded

    • Nations are groups that are apolitical

    • Nations are groups that claim their members are all equal in at least some sense

    • Nations are groups that are sovereign or wish to claim sovereignty.

    Correct Answer
    A. Nations are groups that are apolitical
    Explanation
    The statement "Nations are groups that are apolitical" is not generally true because nations are often characterized by political systems and governance. Nations typically have political institutions and processes that govern their territories and citizens. Therefore, the statement contradicts the general understanding of nations.

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  • 47. 

    The idea that collectively held or group feelings and resentments lie behind conflict refers to what approach?

    • Rational calculation

    • Social psychology

    • Material interests

    • Primordial bonds

    Correct Answer
    A. Social psychology
    Explanation
    The idea that collectively held or group feelings and resentments lie behind conflict refers to social psychology. Social psychology focuses on understanding how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others and the social context. In the context of conflict, social psychology examines how group dynamics, social norms, and intergroup relations contribute to the emergence and escalation of conflicts. It emphasizes the role of collective emotions, such as anger, fear, or resentment, in driving conflict and shaping group behavior.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following phenomena most closely relates to ethnic groups?

    • A sense of shared cultural background

    • National identity

    • The state

    • Group biological differences

    Correct Answer
    A. A sense of shared cultural background
    Explanation
    Ethnic groups are primarily defined by a sense of shared cultural background. This refers to a group of people who share common traditions, customs, language, beliefs, and values. Ethnicity is often associated with a particular geographic region or ancestry. While national identity and the state can also be related to ethnic groups, they are not as closely linked as a shared cultural background. Group biological differences, on the other hand, are not the defining factor of an ethnic group as ethnicity is primarily a social construct rather than a biological one.

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  • 49. 

    What might explain a future increase in global religiosity?

    • Global religiosity is decreasing

    • Societies with the highest birthrate tend to be more religious

    • The Mayan calendar predicted the end of the world is coming

    • There has been an increase of theocratic states

    Correct Answer
    A. Societies with the highest birthrate tend to be more religious
    Explanation
    Societies with the highest birthrate tend to be more religious because when there is a higher birthrate, there is often a stronger emphasis on family values and traditions. This can lead to a greater likelihood of religious beliefs being passed down through generations and a higher level of religious participation within the society. Additionally, larger families may also provide a sense of community and support that can be found within religious institutions. Therefore, the increase in global religiosity can be attributed to societies with higher birthrates.

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  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Aug 10, 2020
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