Msc 4th Sem Research Methodology (Cr-401) Internal Assessment

PubMed Central is a digital repository that includes articles from various disciplines, including medicine and health sciences. It aims to provide free access to scientific literature. As a global platform, PubMed Central recognizes the importance of including articles written in languages other than English to promote diversity and inclusivity in research. Therefore, it is true that PubMed Central includes articles written in languages other than English.

Cochrane Library is a database that contains systematic reviews. Systematic reviews are comprehensive and unbiased summaries of research evidence on a specific topic. They involve a rigorous process of identifying, appraising, and synthesizing multiple studies to provide the most reliable and up-to-date information. Cochrane Library is widely recognized as a trusted source for evidence-based healthcare information and is specifically focused on systematic reviews, making it the correct answer in this case.

In PICO analysis, 'I' stands for Intervention. PICO is a framework used in evidence-based practice to formulate clinical questions. It stands for Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome. The 'I' in PICO represents the specific intervention or treatment that is being considered or studied in the question. This could be a medication, a surgical procedure, a therapy, or any other type of intervention that is being used to address a particular health issue or condition.

PubMed citations include PMC journals or manuscripts, NCBI bookshelf, and MEDLINE indexed journals. This means that when searching for articles or references on PubMed, you can find content from all of these sources. PMC (PubMed Central) is a free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature, NCBI bookshelf provides free access to books and documents in life science and healthcare, and MEDLINE is a bibliographic database of citations and abstracts from biomedical and life sciences journals. Therefore, the correct answer is that PubMed citations include all of the above sources.

Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) is an approach that integrates the best available scientific evidence with the clinical expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. It emphasizes the use of research evidence to inform clinical decision-making. The answer states that EBM uses the clinical experience of the particular health professional, which aligns with the principles of EBM. By incorporating the practitioner's experience and expertise, EBM aims to provide the most effective and appropriate care for individual patients. This answer is correct as it accurately describes one of the key components of EBM.

Evidence-based decision making in healthcare should consider information and evidence from the highest quality resources, clinical expertise, and values, preferences, and needs. This means that decisions should be based on reliable and trustworthy data, the expertise and knowledge of healthcare professionals, as well as the individual values and preferences of patients. By considering all of these areas, healthcare decisions can be made in a comprehensive and patient-centered manner, ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients.

PubMed is a database that primarily contains citations and abstracts of biomedical journal articles. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers and healthcare professionals to access information about the latest scientific studies and findings. While it does provide access to some full-text articles, its main focus is on providing references and summaries of articles from various biomedical fields. PubMed does not specifically include the full text of all articles, DNA and RNA sequence data, or random clinical trials.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a practice that involves making medical decisions based on the best available evidence. It aims to provide the most effective and beneficial treatments for patients. Therefore, it would not be logical to use EBM when there is evidence that a drug does not work and does not benefit the patient. In such cases, alternative treatments or interventions should be considered.

Primary data refers to data that is collected firsthand for a specific research purpose. It can be obtained through methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Qualitative data refers to non-numerical data that is descriptive in nature, such as opinions, attitudes, or behaviors. On the other hand, quantitative data refers to numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically. Since primary data can be collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the answer "Qualitative and quantitative both" is correct.

The correct answer is American Psychological Association. The APA is a professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States. It is responsible for setting ethical guidelines and standards for research and practice in the field of psychology. The APA also publishes the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which provides guidelines for writing and citing sources in academic papers.

Archie is the correct answer because it is Cochrane's main portal and central server for managing reviews, documents, and contact information. It is a web-based system that allows Cochrane contributors to access and update information related to their work. It provides a platform for storing and organizing Cochrane reviews, protocols, and other documents. Additionally, Archie also facilitates communication and collaboration among Cochrane contributors by providing contact information and messaging features.

The population census carried out by the government of India can be considered as an example of descriptive research. Descriptive research aims to describe and document the characteristics or behaviors of a particular population or phenomenon. In the case of the population census, the government collects and analyzes data to describe various demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population, such as age, gender, occupation, and education level. This type of research does not seek to explain or analyze the data further, but rather provides a comprehensive description of the population at a specific point in time.

Scientific research is typically written in APA format. APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used in the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and education. It provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing sources, and organizing research. Using APA format ensures consistency and clarity in scientific writing, making it easier for researchers to communicate their findings effectively. MLA (Modern Language Association) format, on the other hand, is mainly used in the humanities, such as literature and language studies. Therefore, the correct answer is APA.

The Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC) is responsible for selecting journals for MEDLINE. The LSTRC is a committee that reviews and evaluates the scientific quality of journals and determines if they meet the criteria for inclusion in MEDLINE. The staff of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institute for Health-US may contribute to the process, but the final decision is made by the LSTRC. NCBI, the National Center for Biotechnology Information, is a division of the NLM and provides access to MEDLINE, but they do not have the authority to select journals for inclusion.

The first step in applying EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) concepts to answer a clinical question is to assess the patient. This involves gathering information about the patient's medical history, symptoms, physical examination findings, and any relevant diagnostic test results. By understanding the patient's unique characteristics and circumstances, healthcare providers can tailor the application of evidence to their specific needs. Assessing the patient is crucial for providing personalized and effective care based on the best available evidence.

Fundamental research is not focused on finding immediate solutions to problems. Instead, it aims to expand knowledge and understanding in a particular field without any immediate practical application. It is driven by curiosity and the desire to explore new ideas, theories, and concepts. While applied research is more focused on finding practical solutions to specific problems, fundamental research is more concerned with advancing knowledge and laying the groundwork for future developments. Therefore, the statement that fundamental research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem is false.

In the given statement, the comparison for EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) is between plasma therapy and hydroxychloroquine. The question is asking whether plasma therapy is as effective as hydroxychloroquine in eliminating the coronavirus in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the correct answer is HydroxyChloroquine.

RCT stands for Randomized Controlled Trial. It is considered the best design to study the prognosis of a disease because it involves randomly assigning participants into different groups and then comparing the outcomes between these groups. This design helps eliminate bias and confounding factors, allowing researchers to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the treatment/intervention being studied and the disease prognosis. RCTs are particularly effective in evaluating the effectiveness of new treatments or interventions and are widely recognized as the gold standard for clinical research.

A survey-based questionnaire is a part of descriptive research because it aims to gather information and describe the characteristics or behaviors of a particular group or population. Descriptive research focuses on observing and documenting phenomena as they naturally occur, without manipulating variables or establishing cause-effect relationships. In this case, the questionnaire is used to collect data from respondents in order to describe their opinions, attitudes, or behaviors on a specific topic.

PMC (PubMed Central) was developed by NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information).

NCBI stands for National Centre for Biotechnology Information. This organization is a part of the United States National Library of Medicine and is responsible for collecting, organizing, and disseminating information related to biotechnology and biomedical research. The NCBI provides access to various databases and tools, such as PubMed, GenBank, and BLAST, which are widely used by researchers and scientists worldwide. The organization plays a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge and facilitating research in the field of biotechnology.