[community Public Health] Chapter 2: Origins And Future Of Community/Public Health Nursing

During the 1860s in England, district nurses often worked closely with the church clergy. The church played a significant role in providing healthcare and social services to the community during that time. Nurses would collaborate with the clergy to address the healthcare needs of the community, especially in terms of providing care for the sick and vulnerable populations. The church clergy would also help in identifying individuals who required nursing care and support, making them the most likely group for the nurse to interact with.

John Snow was the first person to recognize the importance of the environment by noting that cholera rates were much higher among persons who drank water from a particular well. He conducted a study during the 1854 cholera outbreak in London and mapped the cases of cholera, finding that they were clustered around a specific water pump. This led him to conclude that contaminated water was the source of the disease, challenging the prevailing theory at the time that cholera was spread through miasma or foul air. Snow's work laid the foundation for modern epidemiology and the understanding of how diseases are transmitted.

Both nursing and public health have always been most concerned with the social and physical environments of the population being served. This includes factors such as living conditions, access to healthcare services, social support systems, and environmental factors that can impact health outcomes. By addressing and improving these aspects, nursing and public health aim to promote overall well-being and prevent illness in the population.

Florence Nightingale established population-based objectives and used statistics to demonstrate that specific interventions resulted in a significant 51% decrease in the death rate.

Clara Barton is primarily known for her role in helping found the American branch of the Red Cross. She was a nurse and humanitarian who provided aid to soldiers during the American Civil War. Barton's efforts in organizing relief efforts and providing medical assistance to soldiers earned her recognition and led to the establishment of the American Red Cross, which continues to provide humanitarian aid and support during times of crisis.

The reason for the initial development of this specialty nursing practice was that in-school treatment reduced absenteeism. By having a nurse on-site, students could receive immediate medical attention for minor illnesses or injuries, allowing them to stay in school instead of going home or missing class. This helped to reduce the number of absences and ensure that students received the necessary care while at school.

C. E. A. Winslow emphasized that public health must be concerned with the standard of living of citizens. This is because he believed that factors such as housing, sanitation, nutrition, and education have a significant impact on the health and well-being of individuals and communities. By addressing these social determinants of health, public health efforts can effectively improve the overall health outcomes of the population.

The Medicare and Medicaid legislation, passed in 1965, resulted in a decrease in the separation between government funding and private physicians. This means that the government started providing funding and financial support to private physicians, increasing their involvement in healthcare. This legislation aimed to ensure that more people had access to healthcare services, especially those who were previously unable to afford it. By providing government funding to private physicians, the legislation helped bridge the gap between public and private healthcare sectors and increased access to care for the public.

As a result of industrialization, problems such as overcrowding and disease developed. This is because industrialization led to rapid urbanization, with people moving from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities. However, the cities were ill-prepared to handle the influx of people, leading to overcrowding in slums and tenements. The cramped living conditions, lack of proper sanitation, and inadequate healthcare facilities resulted in the spread of diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Thus, industrialization brought about negative consequences in terms of public health and living conditions.

Nightingale demonstrated the effectiveness of providing nursing care to soldiers by using biostatistics to show a decline in death rates. This means that she collected and analyzed data on the number of soldiers who died before and after implementing nursing care, and showed that the death rates decreased significantly. This evidence would have been convincing to military officers and others, as it provided concrete proof that nursing care was effective in saving lives.

In the 1900s, the nurse would have been considered part of the golden age of public health because this was the time when pasteurization of milk and public water and sewage systems began. These advancements in sanitation and hygiene played a crucial role in preventing the spread of diseases and improving public health. By ensuring that milk and water were safe to consume and implementing proper waste management systems, the nurse and other healthcare professionals could effectively reduce the transmission of infectious diseases and improve overall community health.

The correct answer is likely to be addressed because managing limited resources is crucial in disaster planning for bioterrorism preparedness. Allocating resources effectively and efficiently is essential to ensure both the immediate response to a bioterrorism event and the ongoing day-to-day operations of public health. This topic would involve discussing strategies for prioritizing and balancing resources, such as funding, personnel, and supplies, to address both bioterrorism emergencies and routine public health needs.

The nurse working with William Rathbone and other social reformers to improve care in the homes of poor residents would likely have encountered the barrier of not having enough nurses to provide adequate services. This implies that there was a shortage of nurses available to provide the necessary care and support to the poor residents.

Striving for social betterment would be an appropriate goal for a community/public health nurse working for a local health department. This goal involves working towards improving the overall well-being and quality of life for the community as a whole, not just focusing on individual clients. It encompasses efforts to address social determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, education, employment, and other factors that contribute to the health of the community. By striving for social betterment, the nurse can work towards creating sustainable and equitable improvements in the health of families and the community in the long term.

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The nurse would advocate for the availability of third-party reimbursement to advanced-practice nurses under Medicare and Medicaid. This would help to ensure that advanced-practice nurses are able to provide their services to patients who are covered by these government healthcare programs. Reimbursement would help to support the financial sustainability of advanced-practice nurses and enable them to continue providing high-quality care to patients in need. This action aligns with the nurse's support for Nursing's Agenda for Health Care Reform, as it aims to improve access to healthcare services and support the role of advanced-practice nurses in the healthcare system.

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The correct answer is "Describes care provided by nongovernmental employees." This is because the term "community-based" refers to care that is provided by organizations or individuals outside of the government, such as private clinics or non-profit organizations. It does not necessarily imply care for the very poor or that it is used exclusively by physicians and other healthcare professionals. The term primarily emphasizes the setting or environment in which the care is provided.

The nurse's primary concern would be assuring a sufficient standard of living for clients. This is because a public health nurse focuses on promoting and protecting the health of the community as a whole. Assuring a sufficient standard of living for clients would involve addressing social determinants of health such as access to safe housing, nutritious food, and adequate income. By addressing these factors, the nurse can help improve the overall health and well-being of the community.