1w051 A Set Volume 1 Edit Code 05

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1. How do you report prevailing visibility at US stations and overseas stations?

Explanation

The prevailing visibility at US stations is reported in statute miles, while at overseas stations it is reported in meters. This is because the US uses the imperial system of measurement, which includes statute miles, while many other countries use the metric system, which includes meters. Therefore, the visibility measurements are reported in the appropriate units for each location.

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1w051 A Set Volume 1 Edit Code 05 - Quiz

CDC 1W051A VOLUME 1:
General Meteorology and Surface Weather Observations

1W051A 01 1107, Edit Code 05
AFSC 1W051

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2. The driving mechanism that is mainly responsible for the earth's large-scale atmospheric circulations is the

Explanation

The driving mechanism for the Earth's large-scale atmospheric circulations is the unequal heating of the Earth. This is because different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of solar radiation, causing variations in temperature. As a result, warm air rises at the equator and cold air sinks at the poles, creating a pressure gradient that drives the movement of air. This movement, combined with the rotation of the Earth, leads to the formation of distinct circulation cells such as the Hadley cell and polar cell. However, it is the unequal heating of the Earth that ultimately sets this process in motion.

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3. The distinguishing feature of any tornadic activity is

Explanation

The distinguishing feature of any tornadic activity is the funnel-shaped appendage that hangs from the base of the cloud. This funnel-shaped appendage, also known as the tornado, is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud. It is this characteristic funnel shape that sets tornadic activity apart from other weather phenomena such as intense thunderstorm activity, wind gusts over 35 knots in speed, or cumulonimbus mammatus clouds.

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4. What air mass forms over land only during the summer?

Explanation

The air mass that forms over land only during the summer is cT. This is because cT refers to a continental tropical air mass, which is characterized by warm and dry air. During the summer, the land heats up more quickly than the ocean, leading to the formation of this air mass. It is typically found in regions with hot and arid climates, such as deserts.

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5. In regards to types of pressure systems, a heat low is a

Explanation

A heat low is a warm barotropic low that forms during the summer. This means that it is a low-pressure system that is characterized by warm air and uniform temperature distribution throughout its vertical extent. Heat lows typically form over land areas during the summer months when intense heating from the sun causes the air to expand and rise, creating a region of low pressure.

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6. If you throw a ball towards a stationary target from the window of a speeding vehicle, coriolis force (CoF) will cause the ball to miss the target

Explanation

The Coriolis force is a result of the rotation of the Earth and causes moving objects to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. In this scenario, as the ball is thrown from a speeding vehicle, it has both the forward velocity of the vehicle and the rotational velocity of the Earth. The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the direction of motion, causing the ball to deviate to the right of its intended target. Therefore, the ball will miss the target to the right.

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7. Where are the greatest velocities located in relation to the subtropical jet (SJT)?

Explanation

The greatest velocities are located in the region of confluence of the subtropical jet (STJ) and polar front jet (PFJ). This means that the highest speeds are found where the STJ and PFJ merge together. The confluence of these two jets leads to a strengthening of the winds and an increase in velocity. Therefore, the region of confluence is where the greatest velocities are found in relation to the STJ.

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8. A thunderstorm officially ends

Explanation

A thunderstorm officially ends fifteen minutes after the last occurrence of thunder, hail, or lightning. This means that even if there is no more thunder, hail, or lightning, the storm is still considered to be ongoing for an additional fifteen minutes. This allows for any lingering effects or potential dangers associated with the storm to dissipate before it is officially declared over.

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9. "Jet fingers"

Explanation

The statement "Jet fingers often develop more than 400 miles apart" suggests that the jet stream is beginning to dissipate. When the jet stream weakens and starts to break apart, it can form separate "fingers" that are spaced far apart. This indicates a loss of the strong, continuous flow that characterizes a well-organized jet stream. Therefore, the occurrence of jet fingers at a significant distance from each other implies the dissipation of the jet stream.

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10. Above 13 miles, the radiation from the sun breaks down the oxygen in the atmosphere into

Explanation

When the radiation from the sun reaches above 13 miles in the atmosphere, it has enough energy to break down the oxygen molecules (O2) into individual oxygen atoms (O). These oxygen atoms then combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone (O3) gas. Therefore, the correct answer is ozone gas.

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11. An increase of mass in a column of air will cause the surface pressure to

Explanation

An increase in mass in a column of air will cause the surface pressure to increase. This is because an increase in mass leads to a greater number of air molecules in the column, resulting in more collisions between the molecules and the surface. These collisions exert a force on the surface, which in turn increases the pressure. Therefore, as the mass of the column of air increases, so does the surface pressure.

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12. A low-pressure system undergoing cyclogenesis is said to be

Explanation

When a low-pressure system undergoes cyclogenesis, it means that it is forming or deepening. Cyclogenesis refers to the process of a low-pressure system intensifying and developing into a stronger storm. This can occur when there is an increase in convergence of air at the surface, leading to the formation of a low-pressure center. As the system deepens, it becomes stronger and can potentially develop into a more severe weather event, such as a tropical storm or hurricane.

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13. When the central pressure of an anticyclone is rising, you can infer the anticyclone is

Explanation

When the central pressure of an anticyclone is rising, it indicates that the air within the anticyclone is becoming denser and sinking. This sinking air leads to the compression and building up of the anticyclone. Therefore, the correct answer is building.

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14. Unstable waves are classified as

Explanation

Unstable waves are classified as baroclinic lows. Baroclinic refers to the condition where there is a gradient of temperature or density in the atmosphere or ocean. Unstable waves in this context are characterized by the presence of such gradients, which can lead to the development of storms and other turbulent weather conditions. Barotropic highs and lows, on the other hand, do not have such gradients and are associated with more stable atmospheric conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is baroclinic lows.

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15. What air mass classification signifies a stable, continental polar air mass that is warmer than the surface it is moving over?

Explanation

The air mass classification cPws signifies a stable, continental polar air mass that is warmer than the surface it is moving over. Continental polar air masses are formed over land and are characterized by their cool and dry nature. The "w" in cPws indicates that this air mass is warmer than the surface it is moving over, which creates a stable condition. This classification is commonly associated with clear and dry weather conditions.

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16. For observing purposes, five hydrometers are considered to be obstructions to vision. They include mist, fog, blowing snow,

Explanation

The correct answer is freezing fog, and blowing spray. These two weather conditions, freezing fog and blowing spray, can obstruct vision and make it difficult to see clearly. Freezing fog occurs when fog forms and the temperature drops below freezing, causing the fog to freeze and create icy conditions. Blowing spray refers to water droplets that are blown by strong winds, such as those near bodies of water or during storms. Both freezing fog and blowing spray can significantly reduce visibility and pose hazards to drivers and pilots.

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17. It is winter. A cPk air mass is moving over the Great Lakes. In this situation, the southern shores of the Great Lakes will experience

Explanation

In winter, when a cPk air mass moves over the Great Lakes, it brings cold air and moisture from the lakes, causing heavy snowfall. The cold air mass interacts with the warmer lake waters, creating an unstable atmosphere that promotes the formation of snow clouds. As the air rises and cools, the moisture condenses and falls as snow. Therefore, the southern shores of the Great Lakes will experience heavy snow during this situation.

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18. What causes the surface low to deepen during the self-development process?

Explanation

During the self-development process, the surface low deepens due to divergence aloft. Divergence aloft refers to the movement of air away from a certain point in the upper atmosphere. As air diverges, it creates a vacuum effect, causing air from lower levels to rise and fill the void. This vertical motion leads to the intensification of the surface low, as the rising air allows for the transport of more moisture and energy, further fueling the development of the low-pressure system.

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19. Which force is described as any center-seeking force?

Explanation

Centripetal force is described as any center-seeking force. This force acts towards the center of rotation and keeps an object moving in a circular path. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. Coriolis force is an apparent force that acts on moving objects in a rotating system. Centrifugal force is a perceived force that appears to push objects away from the center of rotation. Therefore, the correct answer is centripetal force, as it is the force that acts towards the center.

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20. To properly report the visibility for more than one sector, you would list the sectors in a

Explanation

To properly report the visibility for more than one sector, it is important to list the sectors in a clockwise direction starting with the northernmost sector. This ensures consistency and clarity in reporting the visibility for each sector. By following a clockwise direction, it becomes easier to identify and track the visibility for each sector in a systematic manner. Starting with the northernmost sector helps to establish a reference point and provides a logical order for reporting the visibility in subsequent sectors.

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21. For a runway visual range (RVR) report of R22/1000V1600FT, what is the visual range that a pilot can expect to see down the runway?

Explanation

The RVR report of R22/1000V1600FT indicates that the visual range down the runway can vary between 1,000 and 1,600 feet. This means that the pilot can expect to see anywhere between 1,000 and 1,600 feet ahead while looking down the runway. The "R22" indicates the lowest value of 1,000 feet, and the "V1600FT" indicates that the visibility can vary up to 1,600 feet.

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22. What type of precipitation might you observe with clear skies?

Explanation

Ice crystals can be observed with clear skies because they are formed when water vapor in the air freezes directly into ice without passing through a liquid phase. This process can occur even when the sky is clear and there are no visible clouds. Ice crystals can take the form of snowflakes, which are intricate and symmetrical structures, or they can appear as smaller ice particles suspended in the air. Therefore, observing ice crystals is possible even when there are clear skies.

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23. The primary cause of surface pressure changes for a dynamic low is net

Explanation

Divergence aloft is the primary cause of surface pressure changes for a dynamic low. Divergence refers to the movement of air away from a certain area. When there is divergence aloft, it means that air is moving away from the upper levels of the atmosphere. This leads to a decrease in air mass and lower atmospheric pressure at the surface. As a result, a dynamic low pressure system is formed. Adiabatic cooling and warming aloft do not directly cause surface pressure changes, while surface divergence is a result of the pressure changes rather than the cause.

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24. How many degrees centigrade does the temperature decrease per 1,000 meters of altitude in the troposphere?

Explanation

As altitude increases in the troposphere, the temperature decreases at a rate of 6.5 degrees centigrade per 1,000 meters. This is known as the lapse rate. The decrease in temperature with increasing altitude is due to the decrease in air pressure and the expansion of air molecules, which causes cooling. This lapse rate is an important factor in understanding weather patterns and atmospheric conditions in the troposphere.

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25. What air mass classification signifies an unstable, maritime tropical air mass that is colder than the surface it is moving over?

Explanation

The air mass classification mTku signifies an unstable, maritime tropical air mass that is colder than the surface it is moving over. This means that the air mass is warm and moist, originating over tropical waters, but it is colder than the surface it is moving over. This can lead to instability in the atmosphere, potentially causing the formation of thunderstorms or other severe weather conditions.

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26. Which orographic cloud resembles an almond or a fish?

Explanation

Lenticular clouds are formed when moist air flows over a mountain or hill and creates a series of stationary lens-shaped clouds. These clouds often have a smooth, rounded appearance and can resemble the shape of an almond or a fish. They are commonly seen near mountain ranges and are known for their unique and distinctive shape.

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27. A change in wind direction of 45° (or more) that takes place in less than 15 minutes is called a

Explanation

A change in wind direction of 45° or more that takes place in less than 15 minutes is called a wind shift. This term is used to describe a sudden change in the direction of the wind, which can occur due to various factors such as the movement of weather systems or the influence of local topography. Wind shifts can have significant impacts on weather conditions and can affect activities such as sailing, aviation, and forecasting.

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28. What causes a surface high to build during the self-development process?

Explanation

During the self-development process, a surface high builds due to convergence aloft. Convergence aloft refers to the horizontal movement of air towards a central point in the upper levels of the atmosphere. This convergence leads to the sinking of air and the development of high pressure at the surface. As the air sinks, it warms and becomes denser, creating a stable environment and inhibiting cloud formation. This results in clear skies and calm weather conditions associated with a surface high.

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29. Coriolis force (CoF) is created by

Explanation

The Coriolis force (CoF) is created by the cyclonic rotation of the earth. This force is a result of the earth's rotation and causes moving objects, such as air or water, to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. It is an important factor in the formation of weather patterns and ocean currents.

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30. The damper effect is comprised of upper-level

Explanation

The correct answer is convergence and surface high pressure. In the context of the damper effect, convergence refers to the coming together of air masses at the surface, which leads to the formation of high pressure. High pressure systems are associated with clear skies and calm weather conditions. This explanation aligns with the given answer choice.

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31. Advection transfers temperature

Explanation

Advection refers to the horizontal movement of a property, such as temperature, by the wind. In this context, it means that temperature is transferred horizontally through the atmosphere by the movement of air masses. This is different from vertical transfer, which occurs through convection, and molecular motion, which refers to the random movement of molecules. The correct answer states that advection transfers temperature horizontally by the wind, indicating that the wind plays a crucial role in moving and distributing heat in the atmosphere.

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32. What factors must a region possess in order to facilitate air mass formation?

Explanation

A region must possess a uniform surface, stagnant air, and large-scale difluent flow in order to facilitate air mass formation. A uniform surface ensures that there are no significant variations in temperature or moisture content, which allows for the development of a stable air mass. Stagnant air means that there is little or no vertical movement of the air, which allows the air mass to remain intact and not mix with surrounding air. Large-scale difluent flow refers to the divergence of air at the upper levels of the atmosphere, which helps to maintain the stability and integrity of the air mass.

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33. Which process is most responsible for the slow formation of air masses in the polar region?

Explanation

In the polar region, the slow formation of air masses is primarily due to the loss of heat by radiation. This process involves the transfer of heat energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere through the emission of infrared radiation. The polar region receives less sunlight and has colder temperatures, resulting in a slower rate of heat transfer. This gradual loss of heat leads to the formation of stable, cold air masses characteristic of polar regions.

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34. Which low cloud type and classification is identified by the presence of a cirriform anvil?

Explanation

The correct answer is Cumulonimbus-L9. Cumulonimbus clouds are known for their anvil-shaped tops, which are formed when the cloud reaches the tropopause and spreads out in the shape of an anvil. The cirriform anvil refers to the thin, wispy appearance of the cloud top, which is characteristic of cirrus clouds. Therefore, the presence of a cirriform anvil indicates a Cumulonimbus cloud with a high classification of L9.

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35. The best way to distinguish stratocumulus from altocumulus clouds is to use

Explanation

The best way to distinguish stratocumulus from altocumulus clouds is by observing the size of the elements. Stratocumulus clouds have larger elements compared to altocumulus clouds. By examining the size of the cloud elements, one can differentiate between these two types of clouds. Movement, appearance, and color of the elements may vary but are not the most reliable factors for distinguishing between stratocumulus and altocumulus clouds.

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36. "Clouds or obscuring phenomena that have bases at the same approximate level" is the definition of

Explanation

The term "a layer" refers to clouds or obscuring phenomena that have bases at the same approximate level. This means that these clouds or phenomena are situated at a similar height in the atmosphere, creating a uniform layer of cloud cover. It is different from other options like sky condition, sky cover, and a ceiling, which may refer to different aspects of the sky or cloud cover.

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37. Wind observing equipment is oriented to

Explanation

Wind observing equipment is oriented to magnetic north because the wind direction is measured relative to the Earth's magnetic field. Magnetic north is the direction towards the Earth's magnetic north pole, which is different from true north (the direction towards the Earth's geographic north pole). By aligning the equipment with magnetic north, accurate measurements of wind direction can be obtained.

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38. The two atmospheric gases most responsible for the absorption of incoming solar radiation are

Explanation

Oxygen and ozone are the two atmospheric gases most responsible for the absorption of incoming solar radiation. Oxygen absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the upper atmosphere, preventing it from reaching the Earth's surface. Ozone, which is a form of oxygen molecule (O3), absorbs UV radiation in the stratosphere, forming a protective layer that shields the Earth's surface from harmful UV rays. This absorption process helps to regulate the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth, playing a crucial role in maintaining the planet's temperature and supporting life.

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39. In the life cycle of a low, the system will evolve into a cold barotropic low in the

Explanation

In the life cycle of a low, the system goes through different stages. The dissipation stage occurs when the low weakens and eventually dissipates. During this stage, the low loses its organized structure and the associated weather conditions gradually diminish. This stage is characterized by the dissipation of the low's energy and the gradual disappearance of its circulation. Therefore, the correct answer is the dissipation stage.

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40. After warm air with an unstable wave is pushed aloft and cuts off from a cyclone, the cyclone will become

Explanation

When warm air with an unstable wave is pushed aloft and cuts off from a cyclone, the cyclone will become barotropic and begin to fill. In meteorology, a barotropic system refers to a weather system in which the density surfaces are parallel to the surfaces of constant pressure. When a cyclone becomes barotropic, it means that the temperature and wind fields are aligned and there is no significant temperature gradient. As a result, the cyclone starts to fill, meaning that it weakens and loses its intensity.

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41. The stratosphere is characterized by

Explanation

The correct answer is a temperature that remains isothermal to about 100,000 feet, the strongest concentration of ozone, and excellent flying conditions. This answer accurately describes the characteristics of the stratosphere. The stratosphere is known for having a temperature that remains relatively constant, or isothermal, up to a certain altitude. It also contains the highest concentration of ozone, which acts as a protective layer against harmful UV radiation. Additionally, the stratosphere is known for providing excellent flying conditions due to its stable atmosphere and lack of weather disturbances.

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42. Which force is the "equal and opposite reaction" to the center-seeking force?

Explanation

The correct answer is Centrifugal. In physics, the "equal and opposite reaction" to the center-seeking force, also known as the centripetal force, is the centrifugal force. When an object moves in a circular path, the centripetal force acts towards the center of the circle, while the centrifugal force acts outward, away from the center. These two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, allowing the object to maintain its circular motion. Inertia, Coriolis, and Centripetal forces are not the equal and opposite reaction to the center-seeking force.

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43. The areas of low pressure that correspond to the belt of low pressure at 60°N created by the 3-cell circulation are the

Explanation

The 3-cell circulation model explains the general atmospheric circulation patterns on Earth. At around 60°N, there is a belt of low pressure caused by the convergence of air masses from the Ferrel and Polar cells. This belt is associated with two major low-pressure systems: the Icelandic low, located near Iceland, and the Aleutian low, located near the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. These low-pressure systems are characterized by stormy weather and play a significant role in shaping the weather patterns in their respective regions. Therefore, the correct answer is Icelandic and Aleutian lows.

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44. An unstable wave cyclone is one where the amplitude

Explanation

In an unstable wave cyclone, the amplitude of the wave increases with time and the wave deepens. This means that the wave becomes stronger and more pronounced as time passes, and the depth of the wave also increases. This can lead to more intense weather conditions and potentially severe storms.

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45. In a cold occlusion, the coldest air is found

Explanation

In a cold occlusion, the coldest air is found behind the cold front. Cold occlusions occur when a cold front overtakes a warm front, lifting the warm air and creating a mix of cold and warm air masses. The coldest air is located behind the cold front because it is being pushed forward by the advancing cold air mass, causing it to undercut and displace the warmer air. This results in the coldest air being found behind the cold front in a cold occlusion.

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46. What is the reference level for all pressure values?

Explanation

Sea-level pressure is the reference level for all pressure values because it is the pressure that would be measured at a specific location if it were at sea level. This reference level is used to compare and standardize pressure readings taken at different elevations. By using sea-level pressure as the reference, meteorologists and scientists can accurately compare and analyze pressure data from various locations, regardless of their altitude.

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47. What color balloon would you use to determine the ceiling heights of thin clouds?

Explanation

Red is the correct answer because red light has the longest wavelength among the given options. This longer wavelength allows red light to scatter less when it passes through the thin clouds, making it easier to determine the ceiling heights. Blue, black, and yellow balloons would not be as effective because their shorter wavelengths would scatter more in the clouds, making it difficult to accurately measure the ceiling heights.

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48. Continental tropical air masses are usually associated with

Explanation

Continental tropical air masses are formed over warm land areas, typically in the tropics or subtropics. These air masses are characterized by high temperatures and low humidity. Due to their warm and dry nature, they tend to create areas of low atmospheric pressure, known as thermal lows. This is because the warm air rises, creating a region of relatively lower pressure compared to the surrounding areas. Therefore, the correct answer is thermal lows.

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49. Horizontal divergence within an air mass will

Explanation

Horizontal divergence within an air mass refers to the spreading out of air horizontally. This causes the air column to vertically contract, meaning it becomes thinner and shorter. As the air column contracts vertically, it also expands horizontally, leading to a wider distribution of air. Therefore, the correct answer is that horizontal divergence will vertically contract the original column of air and then expand it horizontally.

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50. As air converges at the surface and toward the center of a layer, there will be horizontal

Explanation

As air converges at the surface and toward the center of a layer, it will experience contraction horizontally, meaning it will become more compact. This is because the air is being forced to come together and occupy a smaller area. At the same time, there will be vertical expansion, as the air is pushed upwards due to the convergence. This vertical expansion occurs because the air needs to rise to fill the void left by the converging air at the surface. Therefore, the correct answer is contraction and vertical expansion.

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51. Which statement best describes water vapor in the atmosphere?

Explanation

Water vapor is lighter than dry air, so the more water vapor there is in the atmosphere, the lighter the air will be. This is because water molecules are lighter than nitrogen and oxygen molecules, which make up the majority of the atmosphere. As a result, the presence of water vapor can contribute to the buoyancy of the air.

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52. How many stages are there in the life cycle of a low?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Five" because the question is asking about the number of stages in the life cycle of a low. A low typically goes through five stages in its life cycle, which are formation, intensification, maturity, decay, and dissipation. Therefore, the answer "Five" is correct.

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53. The width of the jet stream core is approximately equal to the

Explanation

The width of the jet stream core is approximately equal to the width of the 500 millibar isotherm ribbon. This means that the jet stream core, which is a narrow band of high-speed winds in the upper atmosphere, is typically found within the same width as the region where the temperature is the same at the 500 millibar pressure level. This is because the jet stream is closely associated with the temperature gradient and atmospheric pressure patterns. Therefore, the width of the 500 millibar isotherm ribbon provides a good estimate of the width of the jet stream core.

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54. Using average surface frontal slopes, how far ahead of the surface warm front is the jet stream located?

Explanation

The jet stream is a high-speed wind current found in the upper levels of the atmosphere. It is typically located several hundred miles ahead of a warm front. Therefore, using average surface frontal slopes, the jet stream is located approximately 600 miles ahead of the surface warm front.

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55. As an air mass is heated from below, there will be increased

Explanation

When an air mass is heated from below, it becomes less stable and more prone to vertical motion. This is because the warm air rises and creates instability in the atmosphere. Additionally, as the air mass rises, the temperature decreases at a faster rate, resulting in an increased lapse rate. Therefore, the correct answer is instability and an increased lapse rate.

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56. Anticyclogenesis typically occurs at, and just downstream from, long-wave

Explanation

Anticyclogenesis refers to the development or intensification of an anticyclone, which is a high-pressure system. This process typically occurs at, and just downstream from, long-wave ridges. These ridges are areas of relatively high atmospheric pressure and are associated with stable conditions. Confluent flow aloft refers to the convergence of air masses, which can enhance the development of ridges. Therefore, anticyclogenesis is more likely to occur at ridges under confluent flow aloft rather than under difluent flow aloft, which involves the divergence of air masses and is associated with troughs, or areas of low atmospheric pressure.

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57. With the passage of a cold front in the Northern Hemisphere, the horizontal wind direction will

Explanation

When a cold front passes in the Northern Hemisphere, the horizontal wind direction shifts in a clockwise direction. This is due to the rotation of the Earth causing the Coriolis effect. As the cold front moves in, it displaces the warmer air mass, causing the wind to shift from its original direction and rotate in a clockwise manner.

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58. The force that is responsible for starting the horizontal movement of air over earth's surface is

Explanation

The force that is responsible for starting the horizontal movement of air over Earth's surface is the pressure gradient. Pressure gradient refers to the change in atmospheric pressure over a given distance. Air moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, creating wind and initiating horizontal air movement. Gravity, Coriolis, and centrifugal forces play important roles in the overall circulation of the atmosphere, but they are not specifically responsible for starting the horizontal movement of air.

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59. A high-pressure system undergoes anticyclolysis when the clockwise circulation area

Explanation

Anticyclolysis refers to the weakening or dissipation of a high-pressure system. In this process, the clockwise circulation area within the system decreases or disappears. This means that the system loses its organized, rotating motion in a clockwise direction. Therefore, the correct answer is "decreases or disappears."

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60. In relation to the jet core, the greatest vertical wind shear is usually located

Explanation

The greatest vertical wind shear is usually located above the jet core. This means that as you move higher in the atmosphere, the difference in wind speed and direction becomes greater. The jet core is where the strongest horizontal shear occurs, but the vertical wind shear is even stronger above it. This is important because vertical wind shear can affect the stability and development of weather systems, such as thunderstorms and tropical cyclones.

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61. Centrifugal force (CeF) will increase when there is a decrease in

Explanation

Centrifugal force is the outward force experienced by an object moving in a circular path. It is directly proportional to the mass of the object, the speed of rotation, and the radius of rotation. Therefore, when there is a decrease in the radius of rotation, the centrifugal force will increase. This is because a smaller radius means that the object is moving in a tighter circle, resulting in a greater force pushing it away from the center.

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62. When an inactive front passes your station, the dew points will

Explanation

When an inactive front passes your station, the dew points will decrease sharply with the passage. This is because an inactive front brings in drier air, causing the moisture in the atmosphere to condense and form dew. As the front moves through, the drier air replaces the moist air, leading to a rapid decrease in dew points.

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63. A warm barotropic high is a type of pressure system that

Explanation

A warm barotropic high is a type of pressure system that has great vertical extent, meaning it extends over a large range of altitudes. It is usually found over water areas, indicating that it forms over bodies of water rather than over land. This is because water has a higher heat capacity than land, so it can absorb and release heat more slowly, leading to the development of a warm high pressure system.

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64. In the chimney effect, the maximum upward vertical wind motion will be located

Explanation

In the chimney effect, the maximum upward vertical wind motion will be located at the level of nondivergence (LND). This is because the chimney effect occurs when warm air rises and creates a vertical column of air. As the air rises, it eventually reaches a point where it can no longer continue to rise due to the surrounding air becoming less dense. At this point, known as the level of nondivergence (LND), the upward motion of the air is maximized. Therefore, the maximum upward vertical wind motion in the chimney effect is located at the level of nondivergence.

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65. The simplest method for locating the 500 millibar frontal zone is to

Explanation

The correct answer is to locate the position of the –17° Centigrade isotherm. The 500 millibar frontal zone is typically associated with the –17° Centigrade isotherm, as this temperature gradient often indicates the presence of a weather front. By locating the position of this isotherm, meteorologists can identify the frontal zone and analyze the associated weather patterns.

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66. The frontolytic processes are most effective

Explanation

Frontolytic processes refer to the dissipation or weakening of weather fronts. These processes are most effective in the lower layers of the atmosphere. In the lower layers, where temperature and moisture gradients are more pronounced, frontal systems tend to be stronger and more active. As air masses with different characteristics interact in the lower layers, they create conditions that promote the development and intensification of weather fronts. Therefore, the frontolytic processes are most effective in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

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67. A thunderstorm is present and occurring at your station. In addition, the local noise level is preventing you from hearing the thunderstorm. For observation purposes you would say

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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68. Which high cloud classification is also referred to as a mackerel sky?

Explanation

Cirrocumulus clouds, also known as a mackerel sky, are high-level clouds that appear as small, white, rounded puffs or patches. They often have a wavy or mottled appearance, resembling the scales of a fish or the pattern of a mackerel. This cloud classification, Cirrocumulus-H9, fits the description of a mackerel sky, making it the correct answer.

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69. Which heat transfer process involves the transfer of energy by molecular motion from hot to cold objects?

Explanation

Conduction is the correct answer because it involves the transfer of heat energy through direct contact between particles or molecules. In this process, the kinetic energy of the hot molecules is transferred to the colder molecules, causing them to gain energy and increase in temperature. Unlike radiation, which involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, conduction requires physical contact between objects. Advection refers to the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid, while convection involves the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid.

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70. When frozen precipitation is expected, you would

Explanation

When frozen precipitation is expected, it cannot be accurately measured using a rain gauge as it will not be able to collect and measure the frozen precipitation. Therefore, it is suggested to collect it in the overflow unit of the rain gauge, which can accommodate the frozen precipitation without affecting the measurement.

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71. In relation to the jet core, the greatest horizontal wind shear is usually located

Explanation

The greatest horizontal wind shear is usually located north of the jet core. This is because the jet core is a region of strong winds in the upper atmosphere, and the wind speed typically decreases as you move away from the core. As a result, the greatest change in wind speed, or wind shear, occurs in the region immediately north of the jet core.

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72. The rate that an air mass modifies depends on the

Explanation

The rate at which an air mass modifies depends on the temperature differences between the new surface and the air mass, the nature of the surface over which it moves, and the speed with which the air mass travels. These factors all play a role in determining how quickly the air mass will change and adapt to its new environment. The temperature differences between the air mass and the surface it encounters will influence how quickly the air mass will adjust its temperature to match the surface. The nature of the surface, such as whether it is land or water, will affect the amount of moisture that can be absorbed by the air mass. Finally, the speed at which the air mass travels will determine how quickly it can mix with surrounding air and exchange properties.

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73. A low dissipates after proceeding through its entire life cycle which ranges from the

Explanation

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74. Air mass stability characteristics often depend on the temperature difference between the

Explanation

The correct answer is "air mass and the surface over which it is traveling." Air mass stability refers to the vertical movement of air within a specific air mass. The temperature difference between the air mass and the surface over which it is traveling plays a crucial role in determining the stability characteristics. If the air mass is colder than the surface, it tends to be more stable, inhibiting vertical movement. Conversely, if the air mass is warmer than the surface, it becomes more unstable, promoting vertical movement and potentially leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation.

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75. How would you classify a stable air mass that formed over land in the Arctic has now moved over the ocean's warmer surface?

Explanation

When a stable air mass that initially formed over land in the Arctic moves over the ocean's warmer surface, it undergoes a process called advection. This causes the air mass to become unstable due to the temperature contrast between the colder air mass and the warmer ocean surface. As a result, the correct classification for this air mass would be "cAks".

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76. What pressure value is the basis for determining all other pressure values?

Explanation

Station pressure is the pressure value measured at a specific location without any adjustments for altitude or other factors. It serves as the basis for determining all other pressure values because it provides the most accurate representation of the actual atmospheric pressure at that particular station. Altimeter setting, sea-level pressure, and corrected aneroid reading are all derived from station pressure by applying appropriate corrections or adjustments.

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77. In comparison to an active cold front, an inactive cold front is characterized by a relatively

Explanation

An inactive cold front is characterized by a steeper slope and a narrow weather pattern. This means that the boundary between the cold air mass and the warm air mass is more pronounced, with a sharper contrast in temperatures. Additionally, the narrow weather pattern suggests that the associated precipitation and cloud cover will be more localized and concentrated along the front. This type of inactive cold front is called a katafront.

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78. Frontogenesis requires two adjacent air masses with

Explanation

Frontogenesis is the process by which a temperature front is formed or strengthened. It occurs when two air masses with different densities come together due to a wind flow. The contrasting densities of the air masses create a boundary between them, known as a front. This process is responsible for the formation of weather systems and the associated changes in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure.

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79. The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, with constant water vapor content and pressure, to reach saturation is called

Explanation

The dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor, meaning it can no longer hold all the moisture it contains. When the air temperature cools to the dew point, water vapor begins to condense into visible water droplets, forming dew. This process is important in weather forecasting as it indicates the potential for fog, clouds, and precipitation. The other options, relative humidity, dry-bulb temperature, and wet-bulb temperature, are all related to the moisture content and temperature of the air but do not specifically refer to the point of saturation.

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80. Surface pressure changes are largely controlled by

Explanation

Surface pressure changes are largely controlled by mass changes in the upper troposphere. This is because the upper troposphere is where most of the mass of the atmosphere is located. When there are changes in the mass distribution in this region, it can lead to changes in the pressure at the surface. These mass changes can be caused by various factors such as the movement of air masses, the presence of weather systems, and the interaction between different air masses. Therefore, understanding the mass changes in the upper troposphere is crucial in predicting and analyzing surface pressure changes.

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81. The cold conveyor belt originates in the low levels that are located

Explanation

The cold conveyor belt originates east of a low center and flows westward. In a low-pressure system, air flows counterclockwise, so the cold conveyor belt is located to the east of the low center. This belt carries cold air from higher latitudes towards the low-pressure system. The air then rises and cools, forming clouds and precipitation. The westward flow of the cold conveyor belt is a result of the counterclockwise circulation around the low-pressure system.

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82. Cirrus clouds in the form of an anvil are classified as

Explanation

Cirrus clouds in the form of an anvil are classified as H3. This classification is based on the shape and appearance of the clouds. Anvil-shaped cirrus clouds typically have a flat top and a spreading, fibrous appearance. They are often associated with thunderstorms and indicate the presence of strong updrafts and instability in the atmosphere. H3 is the correct classification for this specific type of cirrus cloud formation.

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83. Which high cloud can occasionally be so transparent that the only indication of its presence is a halo phenomenon?

Explanation

High clouds are typically composed of ice crystals, which are transparent. However, when these ice crystals are arranged in a certain way, they can create a halo phenomenon, which is a ring of light that surrounds the sun or moon. This halo phenomenon is the only indication of the presence of the high cloud, making it appear transparent to the naked eye. Therefore, the correct answer is H7.

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84. You are preparing to use a convective cloud height table to determine the heights of clouds. To do this properly, you must first determine the

Explanation

To determine the heights of clouds using a convective cloud height table, it is necessary to first determine the dew-point temperature and free-air temperature. The dew-point temperature is the temperature at which the air becomes saturated and condensation begins to form, indicating the presence of moisture in the air. The free-air temperature refers to the actual temperature of the air at a given altitude. By knowing both the dew-point temperature and free-air temperature, one can compare them to the values in the convective cloud height table to estimate the height of the clouds.

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85. Which is primarily responsible for low-level divergence acting as a braking mechanism for a high?

Explanation

Friction is primarily responsible for low-level divergence acting as a braking mechanism for a high. Friction occurs when two surfaces rub against each other, creating resistance to the motion. In the context of atmospheric dynamics, when air masses with different characteristics come into contact, friction slows down the movement of the faster air mass, causing the slower air mass to catch up. This results in a divergence of air flow at the lower levels, which acts as a braking mechanism for the high-pressure system.

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86. The difference in cloud classification between L1 and L7 is

Explanation

The difference in cloud classification between L1 and L7 is precipitation. Cloud classification refers to the categorization of clouds based on their appearance and characteristics. L1 and L7 are likely referring to different levels or stages of cloud classification. The presence or absence of precipitation is a key factor in distinguishing between different types of clouds. Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Therefore, the presence or absence of precipitation is a significant factor in classifying clouds at different levels.

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87. Blowing spray is reported only at sea stations near large bodies of water and when visibility at eye level is restricted to

Explanation

Blowing spray is reported only at sea stations near large bodies of water and when visibility at eye level is restricted to 9,000 meters or less. This means that blowing spray occurs when there is reduced visibility due to the presence of water particles in the air, and this phenomenon is more likely to happen near large bodies of water. The fact that blowing spray is reported only when visibility is 9,000 meters or less suggests that this is the threshold at which the presence of blowing spray becomes significant and noticeable.

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88. Converging contours downstream of the jet stream will cause the jet to

Explanation

When the contours converge downstream of the jet stream, it means that the spacing between the contours is decreasing. This indicates a decrease in the height of the atmosphere. As a result, the jet stream will deflect toward lower heights, meaning it will move closer to the Earth's surface. Therefore, the correct answer is deflect toward lower heights.

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89. The balance of forces needed for gradient cyclonic circulation is pressure gradient

Explanation

The balance of forces needed for gradient cyclonic circulation involves the coriolis force and the centrifugal force. The coriolis force is responsible for the deflection of moving objects on the rotating Earth, while the centrifugal force is the outward force experienced by objects in a rotating frame of reference. These two forces need to be balanced in order to maintain the cyclonic circulation. The pressure gradient force and friction are not directly involved in this balance.

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90. In a cold occlusion, which type of front, if any, is found aloft?

Explanation

In a cold occlusion, the warm front is found aloft. This is because in a cold occlusion, the cold front overtakes the warm front, lifting the warm air mass above the cold air mass. As a result, the warm front is pushed aloft and is no longer at the surface.

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91. When only high and middle clouds are associated with a warm front, the

Explanation

When only high and middle clouds are associated with a warm front, it indicates that the underlying cold air is dry. This is because high and middle clouds are typically composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets, which form in colder air masses. If the underlying cold air was moist, it would likely produce low-level clouds or precipitation. Therefore, the presence of only high and middle clouds suggests that the overrunning warm air is dry.

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92. The temperature an air parcel would have if it were cooled adiabatically to saturation at constant pressure by evaporation of water into it is called

Explanation

The wet bulb temperature refers to the temperature that an air parcel would have if it were cooled adiabatically to saturation at constant pressure by evaporation of water into it. This means that the air parcel is cooled by the evaporation process, and the wet bulb temperature represents the lowest temperature that can be achieved through this process. The other options, such as dew point, relative humidity, and dry bulb temperature, do not specifically refer to this cooling process and are not the correct answer in this context.

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93. The average slope of a cold front is

Explanation

The average slope of a cold front can range from 1/30 to 1/100. This means that for every 30 to 100 units of horizontal distance, the cold front will rise or fall by 1 unit vertically. This range suggests that the slope of a cold front can vary, but generally it is steeper than 1/100 and shallower than 1/30.

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94. Which air mass involves most of the wintertime storms for the North American Pacific coast?

Explanation

The correct answer is mT. The mT air mass, also known as maritime tropical air mass, is warm and moist. It originates from the tropical oceanic regions and moves towards the North American Pacific coast. During winter, when cold air from the north interacts with the warm, moist air from the ocean, it leads to the formation of storms. These storms bring heavy rainfall and strong winds to the North American Pacific coast. Therefore, the mT air mass involves most of the wintertime storms for this region.

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95. In the baroclinic instability process,

Explanation

In the baroclinic instability process, potential energy is transferred to the major short wave by thermal advection. This means that the transfer of potential energy occurs as a result of the advection or movement of heat in the atmosphere. As the thermal advection takes place, it causes changes in the distribution of temperature, which in turn leads to the transfer of potential energy to the major short wave.

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96. When using Petterssen's rule, the factors needed for cyclogenesis are upper-level

Explanation

Petterssen's rule states that for cyclogenesis to occur, there needs to be divergence (not convergence) and a frontal zone where thermal advection is weak (not strong). Divergence refers to the horizontal movement of air away from a given point, which creates a low-pressure system and is necessary for cyclogenesis. On the other hand, convergence refers to the horizontal movement of air towards a given point, which would not support the formation of a low-pressure system. Additionally, weak thermal advection in the frontal zone means that there is limited horizontal transport of heat, which is conducive to cyclogenesis. Strong thermal advection, on the other hand, would imply significant horizontal transport of heat, which is not favorable for the formation of a low-pressure system.

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97. The weather characteristics of a particular month in a given locality are governed by

Explanation

The weather characteristics of a particular month in a given locality are influenced by the effects of local topography and proximity to a zone of convergence. Local topography can affect the movement of air masses, causing them to rise or sink, which can lead to changes in temperature and precipitation. Proximity to a zone of convergence, where air masses of different temperatures and moisture content come together, can also impact weather patterns, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. Wind speed and moisture content are not the only factors that govern weather characteristics, as local topography and proximity to convergence zones play crucial roles as well.

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98. You would classify precipitation as intermittent if it

Explanation

Intermittent precipitation refers to precipitation that stops and starts at least once within the preceding hour. This means that there are periods of time within the hour where precipitation occurs, followed by periods of no precipitation. This classification is based on the frequency of the start-stop pattern of the precipitation within the given time frame.

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99. A corona is often present at night with

Explanation

Altocumulus clouds are often associated with a corona at night. A corona is a circular ring of light that surrounds the sun or moon, caused by the diffraction and interference of light by water droplets or ice crystals in the atmosphere. Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds that are composed of water droplets and/or ice crystals. These clouds are often thick and can create the right conditions for the formation of a corona. Therefore, altocumulus clouds are the most likely cloud type to be present when a corona is observed at night.

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100. A warm frontal occlusion occurs when the cool air

Explanation

A warm frontal occlusion occurs when a warm front overtakes a cold front. In this process, the warm air rises over the colder air ahead of the warm front. This causes the colder air to be lifted and overridden by the warmer air behind the cold front. Therefore, the correct answer is "behind the cold front overrides the colder air ahead of the warm front."

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Coriolis force (CoF) is created by
The damper effect is comprised of upper-level
Advection transfers temperature
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"Clouds or obscuring phenomena that have bases at the same...
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The stratosphere is characterized by
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In a cold occlusion, the coldest air is found
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Continental tropical air masses are usually associated with
Horizontal divergence within an air mass will
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How many stages are there in the life cycle of a low?
The width of the jet stream core is approximately equal to the
Using average surface frontal slopes, how far ahead of the surface...
As an air mass is heated from below, there will be increased
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With the passage of a cold front in the Northern Hemisphere, the...
The force that is responsible for starting the horizontal movement of...
A high-pressure system undergoes anticyclolysis when the clockwise...
In relation to the jet core, the greatest vertical wind shear is...
Centrifugal force (CeF) will increase when there is a decrease in
When an inactive front passes your station, the dew points will
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When frozen precipitation is expected, you would
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A low dissipates after proceeding through its entire life cycle which...
Air mass stability characteristics often depend on the temperature...
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Frontogenesis requires two adjacent air masses with
The temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, with...
Surface pressure changes are largely controlled by
The cold conveyor belt originates in the low levels that are located
Cirrus clouds in the form of an anvil are classified as
Which high cloud can occasionally be so transparent that the only...
You are preparing to use a convective cloud height table to determine...
Which is primarily responsible for low-level divergence acting as a...
The difference in cloud classification between L1 and L7 is
Blowing spray is reported only at sea stations near large bodies of...
Converging contours downstream of the jet stream will cause the jet to
The balance of forces needed for gradient cyclonic circulation is...
In a cold occlusion, which type of front, if any, is found aloft?
When only high and middle clouds are associated with a warm front, the
The temperature an air parcel would have if it were cooled...
The average slope of a cold front is
Which air mass involves most of the wintertime storms for the North...
In the baroclinic instability process,
When using Petterssen's rule, the factors needed for cyclogenesis are...
The weather characteristics of a particular month in a given locality...
You would classify precipitation as intermittent if it
A corona is often present at night with
A warm frontal occlusion occurs when the cool air
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