Mini Med Spring 2017 Honors Quiz

Simple carbs can eventually be converted to fat inside the body. When we consume excess carbohydrates, especially simple carbs like sugars and refined grains, our body converts them into glucose for immediate energy. However, if we consume more carbs than our body needs for energy, the excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. Once these glycogen stores are full, any additional glucose is converted into fat through a process called lipogenesis. Therefore, it is true that simple carbs can be converted to fat inside the body.

Trans and saturated fats are considered "bad" fats because they can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. Trans fats are artificially created through a process called hydrogenation, which makes them more solid and stable at room temperature. They are commonly found in processed foods, fried foods, and baked goods. Saturated fats are mainly found in animal products like meat and dairy, as well as tropical oils like coconut and palm oil. Consuming too much of these fats can lead to health problems, so it is recommended to limit their intake.

Folic acid is the correct answer because it is a B vitamin that is essential for the development of a baby's neural tube, which later becomes the brain and spinal cord. Adequate intake of folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent major birth defects of the baby's brain and spine. It is particularly important during the early stages of pregnancy when the neural tube is forming. Calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium are important for overall health but do not specifically prevent birth defects.

The correct answer is to incorporate both aerobic and weight bearing exercise. This is because Dwight is concerned about his recent weight gain, and incorporating both types of exercise can help him burn calories and build muscle, which can contribute to weight loss and overall improved health. Aerobic exercise such as running or swimming can help burn calories and improve cardiovascular health, while weight bearing exercises like weightlifting can help build muscle and increase metabolism. This combination of exercises can help Dwight achieve his weight loss goals and improve his overall fitness level.

Based on the information provided, the patient's height is 5'5" and weight is 176 lb. To determine the BMI category, we need to calculate the BMI using the formula: weight (in kg) divided by height (in meters) squared. However, since the height is given in feet and inches, we need to convert it to meters.

Converting 5'5" to meters: 5 feet = 1.52 meters, 5 inches = 0.13 meters. So, the total height is 1.65 meters.

Calculating BMI: weight (in kg) = 176 lb * 0.45 kg/lb = 79.2 kg.
BMI = 79.2 kg / (1.65 meters * 1.65 meters) = 29.07.

According to the BMI categories, a BMI of 29.07 falls into the "Overweight" category.

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Pain radiating to the left leg is not a symptom associated with a myocardial infarction (MI). MI symptoms typically include intense crushing pain in the chest, sweating, shortness of breath, and nausea. Pain radiating to the left arm, jaw, or shoulder is commonly associated with an MI, but pain radiating to the left leg is not a typical symptom.

Atherosclerotic plaques, which are buildups of fatty deposits and cholesterol in the arteries, cause narrowing of the lumen (inner opening) of the blood vessels. This narrowing reduces the space available for blood to flow through, resulting in a decrease in blood flow. Therefore, the correct answer is "Narrowing of lumen, decrease flow."

Obesity is not an uncontrollable risk factor for cardiovascular disease because it can be managed and controlled through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. Age, sex, and family history, on the other hand, are uncontrollable risk factors as they are determined by factors beyond an individual's control.

The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart. Oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary vein from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Therefore, the statement that the superior vena cava carries oxygenated blood is not true.

During contraction of the heart, the arterial pressure is at its highest, which is known as systolic pressure. This is when the heart pumps blood into the arteries, causing them to expand and the pressure to rise. On the other hand, during relaxation of the heart, the arterial pressure decreases, which is known as diastolic pressure. This is when the heart is at rest and the arteries are able to relax and refill with blood.

Nikita's blood pressure of 162/98 falls within the range for Stage 2 Hypertension, which is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 or higher. Additionally, Nikita's pulse of 52 is considered bradycardic, which means it is slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Therefore, the correct classification for Nikita's presentation is Stage 2 Hypertension, bradycardic.

Devika's presentation of an ongoing migraine, along with symptoms of diaphoresis, nausea, and high sensitivity to loud noises and bright lights, suggests that she is experiencing a migraine attack. During a migraine attack, it is common for the pulse to be elevated, which is indicated by a pulse rate of 110 BPM. Similarly, high blood pressure can also be associated with migraines, as seen by a blood pressure reading of 148/86. Therefore, both the pulse and blood pressure findings are abnormal in this case.

The carotid pulse is a centrally located pulse that can be used to determine an individual's heart rate. It is located in the neck, specifically in the carotid artery. This pulse is easily accessible and can be felt by placing two fingers on the side of the neck, slightly below the jawline. The carotid pulse is commonly used in medical settings to assess heart rate and rhythm as it provides a reliable and accurate measurement.

Vegetables are not a major category of nutrients. The major categories of nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, and minerals. Vegetables are a source of vitamins and minerals, but they are not a major category of nutrients on their own.

Insulin is secreted by the body into the blood after a carbohydrate-rich meal. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then absorbed into the bloodstream. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose in the blood. It helps to regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, where it can be used for energy or stored as glycogen. Insulin also promotes the synthesis of fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen and fat, ensuring that the body has enough energy from glucose and preventing excessive buildup of glucose in the blood.

HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is commonly referred to as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, from the arteries and transports it to the liver for processing. Maintaining a higher level of HDL in the blood is associated with a lower risk of heart disease. The recommended level for HDL is above 60 mg/dL.

False. Men and women often experience different symptoms when having a heart attack. While men typically experience the classic symptoms such as chest pain and discomfort, women may have more subtle symptoms like shortness of breath, nausea, and back or jaw pain. This difference in symptoms can lead to a delay in diagnosis and treatment for women, making it important to be aware of these gender-specific symptoms.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It is known to have a significant impact on various organ systems. The cardiovascular system can be impacted by DM, leading to an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. The nervous system can also be affected, causing symptoms such as neuropathy and nerve damage. Additionally, DM can lead to renal complications, such as diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the correct answer is that DM affects all organ systems, indicating that none of the listed options are not impacted by DM.

The vital signs of a 3-year-old child with a blood pressure of 100/50, heart rate of 120, and respiratory rate of 24 are considered normal. Blood pressure within this range is within the normal limits for a child of this age. The heart rate of 120 beats per minute is also within the normal range for a child, and the respiratory rate of 24 breaths per minute falls within the expected range. Therefore, all of these vital signs are considered normal for a 3-year-old child.

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. While the secretion of insulin and glucagon is part of its endocrine function, the secretion of pancreatic juices is an example of its exocrine function. Pancreatic juices contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the small intestine. These enzymes are released into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct, helping in the breakdown of food and facilitating nutrient absorption.

Both type I and type II diabetes mellitus are characterized by the inability to use glucose effectively. In type I diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin production. In type II diabetes, the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin or does not produce enough insulin to properly regulate blood sugar levels. In both cases, the result is elevated blood sugar levels and the inability of cells to use glucose for energy.

The patient's pulse is best characterized as thready because the vital signs indicate a high blood pressure (150/90) and a high heart rate (120), but the medical student notes that the pulse is difficult to palpate. A thready pulse refers to a weak and feeble pulse that is difficult to feel. This could be indicative of a decrease in cardiac output or a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.

HbA1c, also known as glycated hemoglobin, is the best indicator of diabetes mellitus when elevated in the blood. It reflects the average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months, providing a long-term measure of blood glucose control. Insulin levels can be useful in diagnosing diabetes, but they only indicate the current state of insulin production and do not provide a comprehensive picture of blood sugar control. Glucagon levels and ketone levels are not specific indicators of diabetes mellitus and are more commonly associated with conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis.

The CDC guidelines for physical activity include 1.5 hours of moderate intensity exercise per week and 2 days of weight bearing exercise per week. This means that individuals should engage in activities that get their heart rate up and make them break a sweat for at least 1.5 hours each week. In addition, they should also incorporate weight bearing exercises such as strength training or resistance exercises into their routine for at least 2 days per week. Therefore, the correct answer is A & B.