Miladys Standard Cosmetology- Chapter 9

Eumelanin and pheomelanin are two different types of melanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown and black pigments in the hair, skin, and eyes, while pheomelanin is responsible for red and yellow pigments. Phosphorus, keratin, and sulfur are not types of melanin and do not play a role in determining pigmentation. Therefore, the correct answer is pheomelanin.

In hair analysis, elasticity and density are important factors to consider. Elasticity refers to the hair's ability to stretch and return to its original shape without breaking, which can indicate the hair's overall health and strength. Density, on the other hand, refers to the number of individual hair strands on the scalp, which can indicate the thickness and fullness of the hair. These two factors provide valuable information about the condition and characteristics of the hair, making them crucial in hair analysis.

The three main layers of the hair shaft are the cuticle, medulla, and cortex. The cuticle is the outermost layer, consisting of overlapping scales that protect the inner layers. The medulla is the innermost layer, which may or may not be present in all hair types. The cortex is the middle layer, responsible for the hair's strength, elasticity, and color. It contains proteins called keratin, which give the hair its structure. The cortex also houses the pigment cells that determine the hair's color.

Melanin is the natural hair pigment found in the cortex layer of the hair. It is responsible for giving color to the hair, ranging from black to brown to blonde. Melanin is produced by specialized cells called melanocytes, which are located in the hair follicles. The amount and type of melanin present in the hair determine its color.

Elasticity refers to the ability of hair to stretch and then return to its original shape without breaking. This property is important for maintaining the strength and health of the hair. Bounce refers to the ability of hair to have volume and movement. Porosity refers to how easily hair absorbs and retains moisture. Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of hair.

Hair follicles are not found on the soles of the feet because the skin on the soles of the feet is thick and does not have hair follicles. Hair follicles are responsible for producing hair, and they are typically found on areas of the body with thinner skin, such as the scalp, arms, legs, and back. The absence of hair follicles on the soles of the feet helps to protect the feet from excessive friction and allows for better traction when walking or running.

Hair texture is classified based on its thickness and diameter. Coarse hair has a larger diameter, making it thicker and more resistant to styling. Medium hair falls in between coarse and fine hair in terms of diameter and thickness. Fine hair has a smaller diameter, making it thinner and more delicate. Therefore, hair texture can be categorized as coarse, medium, or fine depending on the diameter and thickness of the hair strands.

To help minimalize tangles in extremely curly hair when washing, using a detangling rinse is the best option. Detangling rinses are specifically designed to help loosen knots and tangles in the hair, making it easier to comb through and reducing breakage. This type of rinse typically contains ingredients that provide slip and moisture to the hair, making it more manageable and less prone to tangling. Using a drying shampoo or regular soap instead of shampoo can strip the hair of its natural oils and make it more prone to tangling. Strong scalp manipulations may cause further damage and breakage to the hair.

The correct answer is sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands are the oil glands of the skin that are connected to the hair follicles. They secrete an oily substance called sebum, which helps to lubricate the hair and skin. This helps to keep the hair and skin moisturized and prevents them from drying out. Sweat glands, dermal papilla, and hair streams are not connected to the oil glands of the skin.

Peptide bonds are the chemical bonds that hold together amino acid molecules. These bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. Peptide bonds are essential for the structure and function of proteins, as they determine the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. Convex bonds, hydrogen drops, and protein cells are not accurate terms to describe the bonds between amino acids.

Trichology is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the scientific study of hair, including its diseases and care. Dermatology is the study of the skin, not specifically focused on hair. Biology is a broader field that encompasses the study of all living organisms, not just hair. Cosmetology involves the study and application of beauty treatments, including hair care, but it is not solely focused on the scientific study of hair. Therefore, trichology is the most appropriate answer in this context.

Sebum is the correct answer because it is an oily substance that is secreted from the sebaceous glands. These glands are found in the skin and their primary function is to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Sebum helps to keep the skin moisturized and prevents it from drying out. It also helps to protect the skin from external factors such as bacteria and fungi. Therefore, sebum plays an important role in maintaining the health and integrity of the skin.

Porosity refers to the ability of hair to absorb water or oil. It determines how easily hair can absorb and retain moisture. Hair with high porosity has cuticles that are more open, allowing water and oil to be absorbed quickly but also causing the hair to lose moisture easily. On the other hand, hair with low porosity has cuticles that are tightly packed, making it more difficult for water and oil to penetrate the hair shaft. Therefore, porosity is the most suitable term to describe the hair's ability to absorb water or oil.

Asians tend to have extremely straight hair because of the genetic characteristics that are common among Asian populations. The hair follicles of Asians produce straight hair shafts that grow parallel to the scalp. This is due to the shape of the hair follicle and the distribution of proteins in the hair shaft. Additionally, the production of sebum, the natural oil that moisturizes the hair, is lower in Asians, which contributes to the straightness of their hair.

Keratinization is the process by which living cells mature and start moving up the hair shaft. This process involves the cells in the hair follicle producing keratin, a protein that makes up the hair shaft. As the cells mature and move upwards, they become filled with keratin and eventually form the hair strand. Keratinization is an essential step in the growth and development of hair.

The correct answer is disulfide bonds. Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds formed between two cysteine amino acids in a polypeptide chain. These bonds are strong and stable, contributing to the overall structure and stability of proteins. Hydrogen bonds are weaker and form between the hydrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen or nitrogen atom of another. Salt bonds, also known as ionic bonds, form between positively and negatively charged amino acids. There is no such thing as water bonds or nitrogen bonds in the context of polypeptide chains. Elastin bonds are not a recognized type of cross-link.

When the hair swells, it raises the cuticle layer, which is the outer protective layer of the hair. This raised cuticle layer allows for penetration, meaning that substances or products can easily enter the hair shaft. This can be beneficial for various purposes such as deep conditioning treatments, coloring or dyeing the hair, or applying hair care products that need to reach the inner layers of the hair for maximum effectiveness.

Hair with high porosity is often the result of overprocessing. Overprocessing refers to excessive use of chemical treatments such as bleaching, perming, or coloring, which can damage the hair cuticle and make it more porous. When the hair cuticle is damaged, it becomes more prone to absorbing and losing moisture, leading to dryness, frizz, and breakage. Conditioning and using too many shampoos can also affect hair health, but overprocessing is specifically linked to high porosity. Hair texture can vary and may contribute to porosity, but it is not the primary cause.

A polypeptide chain is formed when peptide bonds hold together a long chain of amino acids. Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. These bonds create a linear sequence of amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain. This chain can fold and twist to create a specific three-dimensional structure, which is important for the function of proteins. The other options (hydrogen chain, COHNS bond, and elasticity bond) do not accurately describe the formation of a polypeptide chain.

A hydrogen bond is a weak type of physical side bond that can be easily broken by water or heat. It occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, in a different molecule. This attraction is not as strong as a covalent or ionic bond, making hydrogen bonds relatively weak. They play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as the folding of proteins and the structure of DNA.

The measurement of an individual hair strands on one square inch of the scalp refers to hair density. Hair density is the number of hair strands per unit area of the scalp, indicating how thick or thin the hair appears. It is different from hair structure, which refers to the shape and pattern of the hair strands, hair length, which refers to the length of the hair, and hair porosity, which refers to the hair's ability to absorb and retain moisture.

Human hair is primarily composed of a protein called keratin. Keratin is made up of amino acids, which contain nitrogen and sulfur. These elements are essential for the structure and strength of the hair. Therefore, the correct answer is nitrogen and sulfur.

The arrector pili is a tiny, involuntary muscle fiber that is inserted in the base of the hair follicle. When this muscle contracts, it causes the hair to stand upright, leading to the phenomenon known as "goosebumps." This muscle is responsible for controlling the movement of the hair and is connected to the dermal papilla, which is a structure that provides nourishment to the hair follicle. The lanugo hair refers to the fine, soft hair that covers the body of a developing fetus, while the hair bulb is the rounded, lower part of the hair follicle that contains the living cells responsible for hair growth.

When shaping and styling hair, it is important to consider the natural growth pattern of the hair. This is because each person's hair has a unique growth pattern that determines how it falls and lays on the head. By understanding and working with the natural growth pattern, hairstylists can create hairstyles that enhance the hair's natural movement and flow, resulting in a more flattering and cohesive look.

The hair root is the correct answer because it is one of the two parts of a mature hair strand. The hair root is located beneath the surface of the skin and is responsible for anchoring the hair in place. It is made up of living cells that divide and grow to produce the hair shaft. The hair root also contains the hair bulb, which is the base of the hair follicle where new hair cells are formed. The hair shaft, on the other hand, is the visible part of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin.

A salt bond is a type of chemical bond that can form between the positive and negative ions in a salt compound. These bonds are relatively weak and can be easily broken by strong alkaline or acidic solutions. These solutions have a high concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions, which can disrupt the ionic interactions between the ions in the salt bond, causing it to break. The other options, such as acidic solutions, conditioning treatments, and thermal styling techniques, may not have the same level of acidity or alkalinity to break the salt bond effectively.

Disulfide bonds are bonds that must be chemically separated. These bonds are formed between two sulfur atoms in a protein molecule and are responsible for the protein's three-dimensional structure. Breaking these bonds requires the addition of a reducing agent, such as dithiothreitol or beta-mercaptoethanol, which can break the covalent bonds between the sulfur atoms. Therefore, disulfide bonds are the correct answer in this case.

Dry hair and scalp can be caused by inactive sebaceous glands. Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum, which is the natural oil that moisturizes and protects the hair and scalp. When these glands are inactive, there is a lack of sebum production, leading to dryness. Alkaline water, dry shampoos, and flaky scalp can also contribute to dryness, but the primary cause in this case is inactive sebaceous glands.

Hair texture refers to the thickness or diameter of the individual hair strand. It is determined by the shape and size of the hair follicle. Hair texture can be classified into three categories: fine, medium, and coarse. Fine hair strands have a smaller diameter, while coarse hair strands have a larger diameter. Hair texture plays a significant role in determining how the hair looks and behaves, including factors such as volume, manageability, and styling options.

The correct answer is cuticle. The cuticle is the overlapping layer of hair with transparent, scale-like cells. It acts as a protective barrier for the hair shaft and helps to prevent damage and dehydration.

Chemicals with an alkaline pH can penetrate the healthy cuticle layer of hair. The cuticle layer is made up of overlapping scales that protect the inner layers of the hair shaft. An alkaline pH opens up the cuticle scales, allowing the chemicals to enter and interact with the inner layers of the hair. This can be useful in processes such as hair coloring or chemical treatments, where the chemicals need to reach the cortex of the hair shaft for desired results.

The correct answer is cortex layer. The cortex layer is the fiberous protein core of the hair that is formed by elongated cells containing melanin pigment. It is responsible for giving hair its strength, elasticity, and color. The cortex layer is located between the cuticle (outermost layer) and the medulla (innermost layer) of the hair shaft.

An end bond is also known as a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. This bond is crucial in the formation of proteins, as it allows for the linking of amino acids in a specific sequence to create the desired protein structure.

Wet hair with normal elasticity will stretch up to 50 percent. When hair is wet, it becomes more elastic and can stretch without breaking. Normal elasticity means that the hair has a healthy amount of moisture and protein, allowing it to stretch up to 50 percent of its original length before returning to its original shape. This level of elasticity is considered ideal for hair health and flexibility.

The hair shaft is the portion of the hair that is visible above the skin. It is the part of the hair that we can see and touch. The hair shaft is made up of dead cells that have been pushed up through the hair follicle. It is responsible for giving hair its color and texture. The dermal papilla, hair root, and follicle are all parts of the hair, but they are located below the skin surface and are not visible.

Natural wave patterns in hair are determined by genetics. Trichoptilosis refers to split ends, which is not related to wave patterns. Health and structure may affect the overall appearance and quality of hair, but they do not specifically determine wave patterns. Genetics, on the other hand, play a significant role in determining the natural texture and wave pattern of an individual's hair.

Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require more alkaline solutions. Low porosity hair has a tightly closed cuticle layer, making it difficult for chemicals to penetrate. Alkaline solutions help to open up the cuticle layer and allow the chemicals to enter the hair shaft. This is necessary for processes such as coloring or perming, where the chemicals need to reach the cortex of the hair. Acidic solutions would not be effective in this case as they would further close the cuticle, making it even more difficult for the chemicals to penetrate. Neutral solutions or water solutions would not have the necessary pH level to open up the cuticle layer.

The correct answer is follicle because it is the tubelike depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root. The follicle is responsible for producing and nourishing the hair strand, and it also plays a role in determining the hair's growth cycle and texture. The shaft refers to the visible part of the hair above the skin's surface, while the bulb is the rounded base of the hair follicle where the hair matrix is located. The scalp, on the other hand, refers to the skin covering the top of the head.

The hair bulb is the lowest area or part of the hair strand. It is located at the base of the hair follicle and is responsible for the growth and nourishment of the hair. The hair bulb contains the papilla, which supplies blood to the hair follicle, and the matrix cells, which produce new hair cells. The hair shaft refers to the visible part of the hair above the scalp. The arrector pili muscles are attached to the hair follicle and are responsible for causing the hair to stand up when stimulated. The sebaceous gland produces sebum, an oily substance that helps to moisturize and protect the hair and scalp.

The dermal papilla is a small cone-shaped area at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb. It is responsible for supplying nutrients and oxygen to the hair follicle, which is necessary for hair growth. The dermal papilla also plays a role in regulating the hair growth cycle and determining the thickness and color of the hair.

The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of round cells. The medulla is the central core of the hair shaft and can vary in size and shape. It is not always present in every hair strand and can be absent in some individuals. The round cells in the medulla provide support and structure to the hair strand.

Hydrogen chemical hair relaxers break disulfide bonds in the hair, which are responsible for the hair's natural curl or wave pattern. During rinsing, these broken disulfide bonds are converted into lanthionine bonds. Lanthionine bonds are formed between the sulfur atoms in cysteine residues, creating a new, more relaxed structure in the hair. This allows the hair to remain straightened even after the relaxer is rinsed out.

Extremely curly hair grows in long twisted spirals because the shape of the hair follicle is oval, causing the hair strand to grow in a curved or spiral shape. This type of hair texture is characterized by tightly coiled curls that can range from small to large in size. The spiral shape of the hair strands gives it its unique curly pattern.

The follicle, bulb, papilla, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous glands are all components of the hair root. The hair root is the part of the hair that is located below the surface of the skin and is responsible for hair growth. The follicle surrounds the hair root and provides nourishment to the hair. The bulb is located at the base of the hair root and contains the cells that produce the hair shaft. The papilla is a small, cone-shaped structure at the base of the hair root that contains blood vessels and nerves. The arrector pili muscle is attached to the hair follicle and is responsible for causing the hair to stand up when it contracts. The sebaceous glands are located near the hair root and produce sebum, an oily substance that helps to moisturize the hair and skin.

The dermal papilla is the correct answer because it is the structure located at the base of the hair follicle. It is responsible for supplying nutrients to the hair follicle and regulating hair growth. The dermal papilla contains blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the hair root, which is necessary for hair growth. Therefore, the dermal papilla plays a crucial role in the overall health and growth of the hair.

Extremely curly hair may often break or knot easily due to low elasticity. Low elasticity means that the hair does not have much flexibility or stretch, making it more prone to breakage and tangling. This lack of elasticity can be caused by various factors such as genetics, excessive heat styling, chemical treatments, or damage from harsh hair products. When the hair lacks elasticity, it becomes more fragile and susceptible to damage, resulting in breakage and knots, especially in humid conditions where the hair absorbs moisture and becomes more prone to frizz and tangling.

Hair is composed of a protein that grows from cells originating within the hair follicle. The hair follicle is a small cavity in the skin from which the hair grows. It contains the hair root, which is responsible for producing new cells that eventually form the hair shaft. The hair follicle also contains the sebaceous gland, which produces sebum to moisturize the hair and scalp. Therefore, the hair follicle is the correct answer as it is the structure that houses the cells responsible for hair growth.