Lesson 7 Philosphy Quiz

Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, suggests that we "bracket" or temporarily suspend our natural standpoint in order to engage in a phenomenological investigation. This means setting aside our preconceived notions, biases, and assumptions about the world and approaching our experience with a fresh and open mind. By doing so, we can focus on the pure essence of our conscious experience and gain deeper insights into the nature of phenomena.

The correct answer explains that subjectivity is the starting point for phenomenologists, as it focuses on the structure and content of consciousness and disregards anything that exists outside of it. This aligns with the definition provided in the question, which states that subjectivity concerns the immediate contents of consciousness and does not include anything separate from it.

Heidegger believed that traditional thinking has been confused and uncertain when it comes to understanding the concept of "being." He argued that this confusion arises from a tendency to overlook or take for granted the fundamental nature of being, leading to a lack of clarity and understanding. Therefore, the statement "According to Heidegger traditional thinking is confused over the question of being" is true.

In phenomenology, the term "phenomenon" refers to something that is directly experienced or perceived. It is the object of our consciousness, that which appears or shows itself to us. This can include anything from physical objects to mental states or even abstract concepts. The term "neoma" and "noumena" are not relevant to the definition of phenomenon in phenomenology.

Phenomenologists believe that the starting point of philosophical study is consciousness. They argue that consciousness is the foundation of all human experience and understanding. By examining our conscious experiences and perceptions, phenomenologists seek to uncover the underlying structures and meanings that shape our reality. They emphasize the subjective nature of consciousness and aim to understand the essence of phenomena as they are directly experienced by individuals. This approach allows them to explore the rich and complex nature of human existence and the ways in which we construct our understanding of the world.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that consciousness being essentially intentional means that all mental activities have a directed focus or intention towards something. This implies that our thoughts, perceptions, and experiences are always directed towards objects, ideas, or concepts in the external world or within our own minds. In other words, consciousness is always about something, and there is always an object or content that our mental activities are directed towards. This concept is often associated with the philosopher Edmund Husserl and his theory of intentionality.

Husserl believed that a lebenswelt or life-world is the structured world of our experience. This means that our experiences and perceptions of the world are not random or chaotic, but rather they are organized and structured in a meaningful way. Husserl emphasized the importance of understanding the structures and relationships within our experiences in order to gain knowledge and understanding of the world. This concept is central to his phenomenological philosophy, which focuses on the study of conscious experience and the ways in which we perceive and interpret the world around us.

The given answer "To be, to act, to feel as one genuinely is. To live one's individuality" accurately captures the essence of the concept of "Authentic." It implies that being authentic involves being true to oneself, acting in accordance with one's true nature, and embracing one's individuality. This aligns with the idea of experiencing the world and living one's life genuinely, without conforming to societal expectations or norms. The answer effectively summarizes the core meaning of "Authentic" as described in the passage.

In phenomenology, putting the world within brackets refers to the act of suspending or setting aside our preconceived notions, beliefs, and assumptions about the world in order to examine and understand our experiences in a more unbiased and direct manner. By bracketing or "putting in brackets" our preconceptions, we can focus on describing and analyzing the pure phenomena as they appear to us, without being influenced by external factors or interpretations. This allows for a more objective and rigorous study of consciousness and subjective experiences.

This statement is true because Soren Kierkegaard, a Danish philosopher, emphasized the importance of action and decision-making over mere intellectual knowledge. He believed that clarity in one's mind about what actions to take is more important than having knowledge or understanding. Kierkegaard believed that true knowledge comes from lived experiences and personal engagement with the world, rather than just theoretical understanding. Therefore, being clear about what to do holds greater significance for him than being clear about what to know.

The term "intentional" is used by phenomenologists to describe a fundamental characteristic of consciousness. It refers to the fact that consciousness is always directed towards an object or objectivity. This means that our conscious experiences are not random or disconnected, but rather they are always focused on something external or internal. This concept is central to Husserl's phenomenology, where it is believed that our consciousness is shaped by our past experiences and the structured world that we live in.

The answer "Awareness of a world, experience of the world" is the correct explanation for consciousness because it accurately captures the essence of what consciousness entails. Consciousness refers to the state of being aware of one's surroundings and having subjective experiences. It involves being cognizant of the external world and having a subjective understanding of one's own thoughts, emotions, and sensations. This explanation aligns with the definition provided in the given information, which states that consciousness is the awareness and experience of the world.

Lebenswelt, in Husserl's phenomenology, refers to the life-world or the structured world that we inhabit. It encompasses our past experiences from childhood onwards, shaping our understanding and perception of the world. It is an essential aspect of consciousness, as it directs our focus towards objects and objectivity. Additionally, the concept of Lebenswelt involves the expectations and assumptions within our consciousness that structure the content of our conscious experience.

Gestalt psychology is a German school of psychological study that was founded in the early twentieth century by Max Werhheimer. It focuses on understanding how individuals perceive and experience the world as a whole, rather than focusing on individual elements. This approach emphasizes the importance of context and the way our past experiences shape our perception.

The correct answer is "care." In the context of phenomenology, "care" refers to the fundamental mode of being-in-the-world, where one is always engaged with and concerned about the world and the things in it. It is a concept introduced by Martin Heidegger to describe the way in which humans are always attuned to their surroundings and have a sense of responsibility towards them. The term "care" captures the idea that our consciousness is not detached from the world, but rather intimately connected to it through our caring and attentive engagement.

The answer is correct because it accurately describes phenomenology as a twentieth-century school of philosophy that is traditionally attributed to Edmund Husserl. This school of thought focuses on understanding and analyzing the structures of consciousness and the immediate contents of our conscious experiences.

Husserl's concept of "noema" refers to the way in which consciousness plays a role in shaping and determining its object. This means that our consciousness is not a passive receiver of external stimuli, but actively contributes to the formation and understanding of the objects we perceive. The noema is the subjective aspect of our experience that gives meaning and structure to the world around us, highlighting the active role of consciousness in shaping our perception and understanding of reality.

The phenomenon, within the school of phenomenology, refers to that which appears and constitutes the immediate contents of consciousness. It is a concept used by Martin Heidegger and is often translated as care. Phenomenologists focus on studying the structure and content of consciousness, considering it as the starting point for their investigations. The phenomenon, in this context, encompasses all that is directly experienced and perceived within consciousness, without considering anything that exists independently of it.

The correct answer is "noma." Ambiguous figures, like the duck/rabbit, demonstrate Husserl's view of the role of noma. Noma refers to the structured world of our experience, where perception and interpretation play a crucial role in shaping our understanding of reality. In the case of ambiguous figures, our perception can switch between seeing a duck or a rabbit, highlighting the subjective nature of our experience and the influence of interpretation in shaping our understanding of the world.

The correct answer explains that within the school of phenomenology, the phenomenon refers to what appears as the immediate contents of consciousness. It further states that expectations or assumptions within consciousness play a role in structuring the content of our consciousness. This aligns with the description of phenomenology as a philosophy that focuses on the study of conscious experience and how it is structured.

Edmund Husserl does not divide reality into being for-itself and being-in-itself. This statement is false.

Sartre did not believe that psychology has proven that a man cheats and robs because of the conditions under which he grew up. Instead, Sartre argued that individuals have free will and are responsible for their actions, regardless of their upbringing or circumstances. He emphasized personal choice and the ability to transcend one's circumstances through conscious decision-making. Therefore, the statement contradicts Sartre's perspective, making the answer "False".

According to Heidegger, reality reveals itself to us through moods. He believed that our moods have a profound impact on our perception and understanding of the world. Moods shape our experiences and influence how we interpret and engage with the environment around us. They are not just fleeting emotions, but rather a fundamental aspect of our existence that allow us to connect with the world and uncover its true nature. Through moods, we gain a deeper understanding of reality and our place within it.