ITEC A&p (Cardiovascular) Q&a

The septum is the muscle wall that separates the right and left side of the heart. It acts as a barrier, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This partition ensures that oxygen-rich blood from the lungs is pumped to the rest of the body, while deoxygenated blood from the body is sent to the lungs for oxygenation. The septum plays a crucial role in maintaining the efficient functioning of the heart and the circulation of blood throughout the body.

The correct answer is septum. The septum is the muscle wall that separates the right and left side of the heart. It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and ensures that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart. The endocardium is the inner lining of the heart, while the pericardium is the outer covering of the heart.

The correct answer is Septum. The septum is the muscle wall that separates the right and left side of the heart. It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, ensuring that the blood flows in the correct direction through the heart. The septum plays a crucial role in maintaining the efficiency of the heart's pumping action and overall cardiovascular function.

Phlebitis is the term used to describe the inflammation of a vein. This condition occurs when a vein becomes irritated and swollen, usually due to a blood clot or an infection. It can cause pain, redness, and warmth in the affected area. Phlebitis commonly occurs in the legs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Prompt treatment is necessary to prevent complications such as deep vein thrombosis.

Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, play a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, thrombocytes gather at the site and form a clot to stop bleeding. They release chemicals that activate other clotting factors and help in the formation of a stable blood clot. This process prevents excessive bleeding and promotes wound healing. Therefore, the function of thrombocytes is blood clotting.

Phlebitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of a vein. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, not veins. Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus, not veins. A thrombus is a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which can lead to phlebitis but is not the same as phlebitis itself.

Haemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by the blood's inability to clot. This means that individuals with haemophilia have a deficiency or absence of certain clotting factors in their blood, which can lead to excessive bleeding and difficulty in stopping bleeding after an injury or surgery. This condition is typically inherited and affects mostly males, although females can be carriers of the gene. Treatment for haemophilia usually involves regular replacement of the missing clotting factors to prevent bleeding episodes and manage symptoms.

Anaemia is caused by a decrease in red blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body, and a decrease in their number can lead to a lack of oxygen reaching tissues and organs. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. Leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells, not red blood cells. Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up in the arteries, and haemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus, neither of which are caused by a decrease in red blood cells.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The correct answer is that arteries have thick walls and small lumen. This is because arteries need to withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped from the heart, so they have thick walls made up of elastic and muscular tissue. The small lumen helps to maintain the pressure and ensure efficient blood flow.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. Their thick walls are composed of three layers: the inner endothelium, the middle smooth muscle, and the outer connective tissue. This thickness allows arteries to withstand the high pressure of blood flow. The small lumen refers to the narrow opening within the artery, which helps maintain the pressure and velocity of blood flow. Overall, these characteristics enable arteries to efficiently transport blood throughout the body.

A thrombus refers to a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel or the heart. This clot can obstruct blood flow and potentially lead to serious health issues such as heart attack or stroke. It is important to note that thrombus formation is different from inflammation, cancer, or infection, as it specifically refers to the formation of a clot within the circulatory system.

The dorsal venous arch is a network of veins located on the top surface of the foot. It is formed by the merging of smaller veins and serves as a drainage system for blood from the foot. The presence of the term "dorsal" suggests that it is located on the upper side of the foot, further supporting the answer choice of "in the foot".

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are produced in the red bone marrow. This is the soft tissue found within the hollow spaces of certain bones, such as the sternum, ribs, and pelvis. Red bone marrow contains stem cells that differentiate into erythrocytes, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. The nucleus of the cell, liver, and spleen are not directly involved in the production of erythrocytes.

Hepatitis A is caused by the ingestion of faecally contaminated food. This means that the virus is present in the feces of an infected person and can contaminate food or water. When contaminated food is consumed, the virus enters the body and causes inflammation of the liver, leading to hepatitis A.

The correct answer is Pancreas. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Therefore, the pancreas plays a crucial role in the development and management of diabetes.

Capillaries arise from arterioles. Arterioles are small blood vessels that branch off from arteries and lead to capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Arterioles play a crucial role in regulating blood flow and controlling blood pressure by constricting or dilating to adjust the amount of blood that enters the capillaries.

Capillaries arise from arterioles. Arterioles are small blood vessels that branch out from arteries and lead into capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body and are responsible for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Arterioles play a crucial role in regulating blood flow and pressure, and they control the amount of blood that enters the capillaries.

Systole refers to the period of time when the heart is contracting. During systole, the heart muscle contracts, pushing blood out of the chambers and into the arteries. This is an essential part of the cardiac cycle and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

The tibial artery is the main artery that supplies blood to the legs. It is one of the major branches of the popliteal artery, which is located behind the knee. The tibial artery runs down the lower leg and divides into two branches, the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery. These branches continue to supply blood to the muscles, bones, and other tissues of the leg. Therefore, the tibial artery is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the lower extremities.

The outer layer of the heart is called the pericardium. The pericardium is a double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It is made up of two layers: the fibrous pericardium, which is the tough outer layer, and the serous pericardium, which is the inner layer. The pericardium helps to prevent the heart from over-expanding, provides lubrication for the heart to beat smoothly within the chest, and acts as a barrier against infection and inflammation.

Phagocytosis is the process in which specialized cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris in the body. This process plays a crucial role in the immune response by eliminating potential threats and maintaining overall health. Phagocytes recognize and engulf these substances, forming a phagosome, which then fuses with lysosomes to break down the captured material. Ultimately, phagocytosis helps to protect the body from infections and maintain a healthy internal environment.

The right atrium is the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood first. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava and enters the right atrium. From there, it is pumped into the right ventricle and then sent to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. After the oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body, it returns to the heart through the veins and enters the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood is then pumped into the left ventricle, which contracts to send the oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body again.

Most venules unite to form veins. Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and carry it back to the heart. As venules merge together, they form larger veins, which transport the deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart. Veins have valves that prevent the backflow of blood and help in the efficient return of blood to the heart.

The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart. This is because after the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it is pumped by the heart into the arteries to be distributed to the rest of the body. The arteries have thick and muscular walls that help to maintain the pressure needed to transport the oxygenated blood to the various tissues and organs throughout the body.

The aorta is the correct answer because it is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart, while the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The pulmonary artery, on the other hand, carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. Once the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins to be pumped to the rest of the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body, and the superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body back to the heart.

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