How Much You Really Know About Hormones? Trivia Quiz

Acidosis refers to the accumulation of acids in the blood. It is a condition characterized by an imbalance in the body's pH levels, resulting in an increased acidity. This can occur due to various reasons such as the overproduction of acids, impaired elimination of acids by the kidneys, or the loss of bicarbonate, a substance that helps regulate pH. Acidosis can have detrimental effects on the body's functioning and may require medical intervention to restore the pH balance.

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) allows kidneys to retain more water, thus increasing urine volume. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It acts on the kidneys by increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This results in a decrease in urine volume and a more concentrated urine.

Insulin is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels when they are too high. It is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells. Insulin stimulates the liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen and promotes the conversion of glucose into fat. It also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver. Therefore, insulin plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range.

Lact(o) refers to milk. This term is commonly used in the field of biology and nutrition to denote anything related to milk or dairy products. It is derived from the Latin word "lac" which means milk. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is milk.

Insulin is the hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels when they are too high. It acts by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for later use. Insulin also promotes the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles. This helps to regulate blood sugar levels and prevent them from becoming dangerously high. Glucagon, hGh, and oxytocin do not have a direct role in lowering blood glucose levels.

Hypophysectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of the pituitary gland. This procedure may be performed to treat certain pituitary tumors or to manage conditions related to excessive hormone production. Gangrene and diaphoresis are unrelated terms and have no connection to the removal of the pituitary gland. Therefore, the correct answer is hypophysectomy.

Water-soluble molecules are unable to pass through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Therefore, the receptor sites for water-soluble molecules are located on the outside of the cell membrane, where they can interact directly with the extracellular environment. This allows for the binding and recognition of water-soluble molecules, triggering specific cellular responses and signaling pathways.

TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. It is produced by the pituitary gland and acts on the thyroid gland to regulate the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are essential for maintaining normal metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. These hormones are part of the body's stress response system and play a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources during times of stress or danger. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, preparing the body for a fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine and norepinephrine also have other functions in the body, such as regulating blood flow and controlling the release of other hormones.

Neuropathy is a disease of the nerves that is commonly associated with diabetes. It is a condition that affects the peripheral nerves and can cause symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the affected areas. Diabetes can lead to high blood sugar levels, which can damage the nerves over time. This damage can result in neuropathy, making it the correct answer to the question.

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, which then enter the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body. Unlike exocrine glands, which release their secretions through ducts to the external environment or onto a surface, endocrine glands have no ducts and their secretions are released into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is endocrine.

Estrogen is a hormone that plays a crucial role in various aspects of female reproductive health. It governs the development of oocytes, which are immature eggs, ensuring their maturation and release during the menstrual cycle. Estrogen is also responsible for the maintenance and growth of female reproductive structures, such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina. Additionally, estrogen is primarily produced by the ovaries, although small amounts are also produced by other tissues like the adrenal glands and fat cells. Therefore, all of the given options are correct and related to estrogen.

FSH, or follicle-stimulating hormone, is the hormone that initiates the development of several ovarian follicles. It stimulates the growth and maturation of the follicles in the ovaries. LH, or luteinizing hormone, on the other hand, triggers ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovary. Both FSH and LH are important hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and fertility.

Diaphoresis refers to excessive sweating. It is a condition where a person sweats more than what is considered normal. This can be caused by various factors such as physical activity, stress, anxiety, or certain medical conditions. Diaphoresis is often accompanied by other symptoms such as increased heart rate, flushed skin, and feeling hot. It is important to identify the underlying cause of diaphoresis and seek appropriate medical treatment if necessary.

The correct answer is "Inside" because lipid-soluble molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane, which is made up of a lipid bilayer. Therefore, the receptor site for lipid-soluble molecules would be located inside the cell, allowing these molecules to bind and interact with the receptors.

Hyperinsulinism is caused when a diabetic injects too much insulin. This condition is characterized by an excessive amount of insulin in the bloodstream, leading to low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia). Injecting too much insulin can cause a rapid drop in blood sugar, resulting in symptoms such as shakiness, dizziness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. It is important for diabetics to carefully monitor their insulin dosage to avoid hyperinsulinism and maintain stable blood sugar levels.

Cortisol is the most abundant glucocorticoid because it is produced by the adrenal glands in large quantities. It plays a crucial role in regulating various processes in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Cortisol helps to maintain blood pressure, regulate blood sugar levels, and reduce inflammation. It also affects the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Therefore, due to its essential functions and high production by the adrenal glands, cortisol is the most abundant glucocorticoid.

T3 and T4, also known as triiodothyronine and thyroxine, are hormones produced by the thyroid gland that play a crucial role in controlling basal metabolic rate, temperature regulation, and cell metabolism. These hormones help regulate the body's energy production and utilization, influencing various processes such as heart rate, digestion, and growth. T3 and T4 levels are tightly regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, ensuring that the body functions optimally. Therefore, T3 and T4 are the correct answer to the question.

Gangrene is the death of tissue secondary to low oxygen levels. It occurs when blood flow to a certain area is restricted, leading to tissue death. This can be caused by various factors such as infection, injury, or underlying medical conditions. Without proper blood supply, the affected tissue becomes necrotic and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly. Anorexia refers to the loss of appetite, diaphoresis is excessive sweating, and emanciation refers to extreme thinness or wasting of the body.

PRL, also known as prolactin, is the hormone responsible for initiating and maintaining milk production in the mammary glands. It is released by the pituitary gland in response to the suckling of a baby, stimulating the production of milk by the mammary glands. PRL plays a crucial role in lactation and is essential for breastfeeding mothers to produce an adequate milk supply for their infants.

Cushing's disease is characterized by the symptoms of a "moon face" and "buffalo hump." These physical changes occur due to excessive levels of cortisol in the body, which can lead to redistribution of fat and changes in the appearance of the face and neck. Addison's disease, Type 1 diabetes, and hyperinsulinism do not typically present with these specific symptoms.

Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels when they fall below normal. It does this by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This helps to raise blood sugar levels and maintain a stable glucose concentration in the body. Insulin, on the other hand, decreases blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in cells. Estrogen and hGH (human growth hormone) do not directly affect blood glucose levels.

Type 2 diabetes is caused by high glucose levels. In this condition, the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. This results in elevated glucose levels in the bloodstream, leading to various symptoms and complications associated with diabetes. Unlike Type 1 diabetes, which is an autoimmune disease, Type 2 diabetes is often linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity, sedentary behavior, and poor diet. Managing blood glucose levels through medication, diet, and exercise is crucial for individuals with Type 2 diabetes.

Emaciation refers to the state of being extremely thin and wasting away. This condition is characterized by severe weight loss and a noticeable lack of body fat and muscle mass. It is often associated with malnutrition, chronic illness, or certain medical conditions that impair the body's ability to absorb nutrients. Emaciation is the opposite of weight gain and increasing appetite, and it does not involve nausea.

The role of a target cell is to be affected by a specific hormone that travels throughout the blood. Target cells have specific receptors on their surface that can bind to the hormone, initiating a series of biochemical reactions within the cell. This interaction between the hormone and its target cell allows for the hormone to exert its effects and regulate various physiological processes in the body.

Oxytocin plays multiple roles in the body. It targets the uterus and breasts, enhancing the contraction of smooth muscle tissue. It also stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" because oxytocin is involved in all of these functions.

Addison's disease is a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. The symptoms mentioned in the question, such as mental lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and nausea, are commonly associated with Addison's disease. Mental lethargy refers to a state of sluggishness or lack of mental energy, anorexia refers to loss of appetite, weight loss is a common symptom due to metabolic changes, and nausea can occur due to hormonal imbalances. Therefore, the correct answer is Addisons.

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produces excessive amounts of growth hormone. This excess hormone causes the bones and tissues in the extremities, such as the hands, feet, and face, to grow larger and become distorted. Therefore, the correct answer is "large and distorted extremities on face."

Anorexia refers to the loss of appetite. It is a psychological disorder characterized by an extreme fear of gaining weight, leading to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss. Individuals with anorexia often have a distorted body image and an intense desire to be thin. This condition can have severe physical and psychological consequences if left untreated.

hGh (human growth hormone) promotes the synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called IGFs (insulin-like growth factors). IGFs play a crucial role in promoting cell growth and division, particularly in bone and muscle tissues. hGh stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce and release IGFs, which then act on target cells to promote growth and development.

Progesterone helps prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum. During the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels increase after ovulation, causing the endometrium to thicken and develop a rich blood supply. This prepares the uterus to receive and nourish a fertilized egg, providing an optimal environment for implantation and pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels decrease, leading to the shedding of the endometrium during menstruation.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by a low insulin level. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot enter the cells to be used as energy, resulting in high blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes usually develops in childhood or adolescence and requires lifelong insulin therapy to manage blood sugar levels.

Glucagon can increase blood pressure when it is low. Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas that works opposite to insulin. It stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This increase in blood glucose levels triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which cause vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, glucagon can help raise blood pressure in situations where it is low.

Cachexia refers to a state of malnutrition and wasting. It is a condition characterized by severe weight loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness. Individuals with cachexia often experience a significant loss of appetite and have difficulty maintaining proper nutrition. This condition is commonly seen in patients with chronic illnesses such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and heart failure. Cachexia can have serious health implications and is often associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality rates.