Genetic Engineering Test/Quiz

A sex-linked gene is a gene that is located on either the X or Y chromosome. These genes are responsible for traits or disorders that are more commonly seen in one sex than the other. This is because males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. Therefore, if a gene is located on the X or Y chromosome, it will be inherited differently in males and females. This is why certain genetic conditions, such as color blindness or hemophilia, are more commonly seen in males.

In eukaryotic organisms, DNA is located in the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material of the cell, including the DNA. It acts as the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression and coordinating cellular activities. The plasma membrane, on the other hand, surrounds the cell and separates it from its external environment. The fragments of deteriorated nucleus walls mentioned in the options are not a valid location for DNA in eukaryotic organisms.

A karyotype is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes. It allows for the identification of any abnormalities or variations in the chromosomes, such as genetic diseases or mutations. Additionally, a karyotype can determine the sex of the patient by analyzing the presence of the X and Y chromosomes. However, it cannot determine specific traits like eye color or race.

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is a technique used to amplify a small amount of DNA into a larger amount. It involves a series of temperature changes that allow DNA to be denatured, annealed with primers, and replicated by DNA polymerase. This process is widely used in molecular biology and genetic research to study and analyze DNA samples.

In genetics, "hybrid" refers to the offspring resulting from the mating of two individuals with different alleles, or alternative forms of a gene. This means that the parents' alleles are different from each other, leading to the production of hybrid offspring.

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Non-disjunction refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter cells. This can occur during both meiosis and mitosis. It can lead to genetic disorders and abnormalities, as the daughter cells may have an abnormal number of chromosomes.

The geneticist needs to know the number of chromosomes, as this information is essential for understanding the overall structure and arrangement of the patient's genetic material. Additionally, knowing the diseases to look for is important as certain genetic disorders can be identified through karyotyping. Finally, the sex of the patient is necessary because it helps in determining the presence of any sex-specific chromosomal abnormalities.

DNA samples can be obtained from various sources such as blood, sperm, and hair. Blood contains white blood cells that contain DNA, while sperm cells also carry genetic material. Hair samples can provide DNA through the root or follicle. These sources are commonly used in forensic investigations, paternity tests, and genetic research.

Humans have 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures that contain DNA and genes, and they are found in the nucleus of cells. Each chromosome contains a specific set of genes that determine various traits and characteristics. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 individual chromosomes. These chromosomes carry the genetic information that is passed down from parents to their offspring.

Genetic engineering refers to the process of altering the genetic material of an organism by manipulating its DNA code. This can involve inserting, deleting, or modifying specific genes to change the characteristics or traits of the organism. Therefore, the correct answer is "Changing the DNA code."

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence or deficiency of certain proteins required for blood clotting. This leads to prolonged bleeding and difficulty in clot formation, even from minor injuries. Deafness and heart problems are not associated with hemophilia. The condition does not cause excessive blood clotting, as mentioned in the incorrect option.

PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a technique used to rapidly amplify and make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA. It involves the use of a heat-stable DNA polymerase enzyme, such as Taq polymerase, which is able to withstand the high temperatures required for DNA denaturation and synthesis. The enzyme works by binding to the DNA template and synthesizing new DNA strands complementary to the template. This process is repeated through multiple cycles of heating and cooling, resulting in exponential amplification of the DNA target region.

Chromosomes are paired up on a karyotype based on their size and band combination. This is because chromosomes can be distinguished and classified based on their size and the unique banding patterns they exhibit when stained. By analyzing these characteristics, chromosomes can be paired up and arranged in a karyotype, which is a visual representation of an individual's chromosomes. This allows for the identification of any abnormalities or genetic disorders.

Males are more likely to get a sex-linked disorder because these disorders are caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. If a male inherits a faulty gene on his X chromosome, he does not have a second X chromosome to compensate for it. However, females have two X chromosomes, so even if one X chromosome has a faulty gene, the other X chromosome can often compensate for it. Therefore, males have a higher likelihood of developing sex-linked disorders.

Galactosemia is a genetic disorder in which the body is unable to break down galactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. As a result, individuals with galactosemia cannot digest milk and sugar, leading to various complications such as enlarged liver, kidney failure, and damage to the brain and eyes.

The X and Y chromosomes look completely different from each other but are considered normal because they determine the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome is smaller and has different genetic information compared to the X chromosome. Despite their differences, having an X and Y chromosome is a normal part of human genetic variation.

The new type of bacteria was created to clean oil spills. This is because oil spills can cause significant harm to the environment, contaminating water bodies and affecting marine life. Environmental scientists developed this bacteria to break down and degrade the oil, helping to mitigate the damage caused by these spills. By utilizing this bacteria, scientists can effectively clean up and restore areas affected by oil spills, minimizing the negative impact on the environment.

Phenylketoneuria is a genetic disorder where the individual is unable to break down amino acids properly. This leads to a build-up of phenylalanine in the body, which can cause serious intellectual disability or mental retardation if left untreated. The other options mentioned, such as inability to see or hear or inability to break down proteins, are not accurate explanations for phenylketoneuria.

During Anaphase 1 of meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Non-disjunction is a genetic error that occurs when chromosomes fail to separate properly during cell division. Therefore, it is most likely to occur during Anaphase 1, making it the correct answer.

If the chromosomes were unstrained, it would be more difficult to pair them up on a karyotype because the size and bands on the chromosomes would be harder to see. The bands on the chromosomes help in identifying and matching them, and if they are not visible or clear, it would be challenging to accurately pair them up. Therefore, the size and bands being harder to see would make it more difficult to pair up the chromosomes on a karyotype.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects mucus and sweat glands. It leads to the production of thick mucus in the lungs, which can cause difficulty in breathing and lead to problems with gas exchange. This condition is considered lethal because it can result in severe respiratory complications and other health issues.

Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that causes the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by a deficiency of an enzyme called hexosaminidase A, which leads to the accumulation of harmful substances in the nerve cells. This accumulation eventually causes progressive damage to the nervous system, resulting in early death, blindness, muscle weakness, and other symptoms.

The correct answer is "drainage system for your eyes doesn't work". This is because chronic simple glaucoma is a condition where there is a buildup of pressure in the eye due to a malfunctioning drainage system. The drainage system, known as the trabecular meshwork, is responsible for draining the fluid (aqueous humor) from the eye. When this system fails to work properly, the fluid cannot drain properly, leading to increased intraocular pressure and damage to the optic nerve.

The correct answer is "Nervous system degeneration results in early death." Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that causes the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. This degeneration leads to various physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, and ultimately results in early death. The deterioration of the nervous system is the main characteristic of Huntington's disease, causing a decline in motor control, cognitive function, and overall health.

Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes tumors to form on nerve tissue. These tumors can develop anywhere in the body, including the skin. However, in the case of neurofibromatosis, the tumors tend to be deeper in the skin rather than on the surface. This is why the correct answer states that neurofibromatosis causes tumors deeper in the skin.

The correct answer is "rapidly aging...die at 13." Progeria is a rare genetic disorder that causes accelerated aging in children. Individuals with progeria experience symptoms such as growth failure, hair loss, wrinkled skin, and cardiovascular problems. Unfortunately, the condition significantly shortens their lifespan, with most individuals dying in their early teens, typically around the age of 13.

DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify and analyze an individual's unique DNA profile. It involves using a fragment of DNA that has little or no function, such as non-coding regions or repetitive sequences, to create a pattern or "fingerprint" specific to that individual. This fingerprint can be used for various purposes, including forensic investigations, paternity testing, and genetic research. By comparing the DNA fingerprints of different individuals, scientists can determine if they share a common genetic origin or if they are unrelated.

The human genome consists of approximately 6 billion base pairs. Base pairs are the building blocks of DNA and consist of two nucleotides, adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) paired with guanine (G). The human genome is made up of these base pairs, which contain the genetic information that determines our traits and characteristics.

Cystic fibrosis, Achondroplasia, and Huntington's disease are all genetic disorders caused by mutations on specific genes located on chromosome 7. These mutations lead to the characteristic symptoms and features of each condition. Therefore, chromosome 7 is involved in these diseases.

The working copy of the human genome project was completed in June 2000. This project aimed to sequence and map all of the genes in the human genome. It was a collaborative effort involving scientists from around the world and took several years to complete. June 2000 marks the milestone when the project reached its goal of producing a working draft of the human genome, providing a comprehensive understanding of human genetic information.