General Questions On Anesthetics! Trivia Quiz

Ketamine is associated with hallucinations, vivid dreams, and euphoria. It is a dissociative anesthetic that can cause sensory distortions and hallucinations, leading to a dream-like state. It also has mood-altering effects, often inducing a sense of euphoria. This makes it a popular recreational drug, but it is also used in medical settings for anesthesia and pain management. Benzodiazepines, on the other hand, are a class of drugs that primarily work as sedatives and anxiolytics, while dexmedetomidine is a sedative used in anesthesia and intensive care units.

Propofol has a fast onset, meaning it takes effect quickly after administration. This is beneficial for procedures requiring rapid induction of anesthesia. Additionally, propofol has a fast recovery time, allowing patients to wake up quickly and resume normal activities sooner. This is advantageous for minimizing post-operative sedation and reducing the risk of complications associated with prolonged anesthesia.

N2O must be combined with other drugs to be effective because it has low potency. This means that N2O alone may not produce the desired therapeutic effects or anesthesia. By combining N2O with other drugs, the overall potency of the combination can be increased, allowing for more effective treatment or anesthesia.

Ketamine is the correct answer because it is known to inhibit NMDA receptors. NMDA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor that play a role in learning, memory, and pain perception. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that works by blocking these receptors, leading to its anesthetic and analgesic effects. Dexmedetomidine and propofol are not known to inhibit NMDA receptors, so they are not the correct answers.

Halothane is the correct answer because it is a known trigger for malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially life-threatening reaction to certain medications used during general anesthesia. It is characterized by a rapid increase in body temperature, muscle rigidity, and a fast heart rate. Halothane, a volatile inhalation anesthetic, has been associated with numerous cases of malignant hyperthermia. Etomidate and propofol are not typically associated with this condition.

Halothane is a general anesthetic that has been widely used in both children and adults. In children, it is commonly used for induction of anesthesia, which means it is administered to quickly induce a state of unconsciousness before a surgical procedure. In adults, halothane is primarily used for maintenance of anesthesia, meaning it is used to sustain the state of unconsciousness during the surgical procedure. The answer accurately describes the different clinical uses of halothane in children and adults.

Dexmedetomidine is a drug that belongs to the class of alpha-2 agonists. Alpha-2 agonists work by stimulating alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain, leading to sedation and analgesia. Dexmedetomidine is commonly used in anesthesia and intensive care settings for its sedative and analgesic properties. Propofol is a general anesthetic agent and ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic, so they do not belong to the class of alpha-2 agonists. Therefore, the correct answer is dexmedetomidine.

Etomidate is the correct answer because it is a medication that is known for its ability to provide anesthesia while minimizing the negative effects on myocardial contractility. It is commonly used in patients who have compromised myocardial contractility, as it has less impact on cardiovascular function compared to other anesthetic agents.

Halothane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that is primarily metabolized by the liver. In patients with liver failure, the liver's ability to metabolize drugs is impaired, leading to a buildup of the drug in the body. This can result in prolonged and exaggerated effects of halothane, increasing the risk of toxicity and adverse reactions. Therefore, giving halothane to a patient with liver failure would be inadvisable to avoid potential harm.

Using N2O and isoflurane together allows for maximum benefits while minimizing adverse effects. N2O is a commonly used inhalation anesthetic that provides analgesia and reduces the amount of isoflurane needed for anesthesia. Isoflurane is a volatile anesthetic that provides general anesthesia and muscle relaxation. By combining these two drugs, the desired level of anesthesia can be achieved with lower doses of isoflurane, reducing the risk of adverse effects such as hypotension or respiratory depression. This combination also allows for a faster induction and recovery from anesthesia.

Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic medication that enhances the transmission of GABAa (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and when it binds to GABAa receptors, it produces an inhibitory effect, leading to sedation and anesthesia. By enhancing GABAa transmission, propofol intensifies the inhibitory effects of GABA, resulting in sedation and anesthesia. This explains why propofol is commonly used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia during surgical procedures.

When enflurane is coadministered with N2O or opioids, the MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) of enflurane decreases. MAC is a measure of the potency of an inhaled anesthetic, and a decrease in MAC indicates that a lower concentration of enflurane is needed to achieve the desired anesthetic effect. The coadministration of N2O or opioids may enhance the anesthetic effect of enflurane, allowing for a reduction in its dosage.

Desflurane is not used for the induction of anesthesia in children because it has a pungent odor and can irritate the airway, leading to coughing and breath-holding. It is typically used for maintenance of anesthesia once the child is already asleep. Halothane, sevoflurane, and other inhalation agents are commonly used for the induction of anesthesia in children as they have a more pleasant smell and are less likely to cause airway irritation.

Barbiturates are contraindicated in patients with porphyria. Porphyria is a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme, a component of hemoglobin. Barbiturates can induce certain enzymes that can trigger an acute attack of porphyria in susceptible individuals. Therefore, the use of barbiturates in patients with porphyria is not recommended as it can worsen their condition.

Barbiturates are a type of sedative-hypnotic drugs that act on the central nervous system. They are known to have a fast onset of action, meaning they take effect quickly after administration. This is because they rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to specific receptors in the brain. However, the recovery time for barbiturates is slow. This is because they are metabolized slowly by the liver and have a long half-life, which means it takes a significant amount of time for the drug to be eliminated from the body. As a result, the effects of barbiturates can linger for a prolonged period, leading to a slow recovery.

Desflurane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that can cause airway irritation, coughing, and broncho/laryngospasm. This means that it can irritate the airways, leading to symptoms such as coughing and spasm of the bronchial or laryngeal muscles. Sevoflurane and enflurane are also inhalation anesthetics, but they do not have the same propensity to cause airway irritation and spasms as desflurane. Therefore, desflurane is the most likely drug to cause these specific side effects.

N2O, also known as nitrous oxide or laughing gas, may mimic B12 deficiency and cause megaloblastic anemia. This is because N2O inhibits the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, leading to decreased methionine synthesis and impaired DNA synthesis. Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by the production of large, immature red blood cells, which can be caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate. Therefore, N2O can cause similar symptoms to B12 deficiency, such as anemia. Enflurane and propofol do not have this effect.

The use of ketamine may require premedication with anti-cholinergic drugs. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that can cause excessive salivation, bronchial secretions, and laryngospasm. Anti-cholinergic drugs, such as atropine or glycopyrrolate, can be administered before ketamine to reduce these effects. These drugs block the action of acetylcholine, which helps to decrease secretions and prevent laryngospasm, ensuring a smoother induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Benzodiazepines and beta blockers are not typically used as premedication for ketamine administration.

Etomidate has a fast onset, meaning it takes effect quickly after administration. This is beneficial in situations where rapid induction of anesthesia is required. Additionally, etomidate also has a fast recovery time, meaning the effects wear off quickly after discontinuation. This allows for a shorter duration of sedation and a faster return to consciousness, which is advantageous for patients undergoing short procedures or those who need to recover quickly after anesthesia.

The combination of thiopental and halothane allows the patient to avoid stage 1 and 2 of surgical anesthesia. Thiopental is a short-acting barbiturate that induces anesthesia quickly, while halothane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic that maintains anesthesia during the surgical procedure. By using these two drugs together, the patient can bypass the initial stages of anesthesia and achieve a deeper level of anesthesia more rapidly, ensuring a smooth and efficient surgical experience.

The correct answer is slow onset, slow recovery. This means that it takes a longer time for the effects of halothane to start after administration, and it also takes a longer time for the effects to wear off. This information is important for medical professionals who need to consider the timing of anesthesia and the patient's recovery process.

The combination of sevoflurane and baralyme may cause airway irritation. Sevoflurane is a volatile inhalation anesthetic, commonly used for general anesthesia. Baralyme is a carbon dioxide absorbent used in anesthesia machines. When sevoflurane is used with baralyme, it can react with the carbon dioxide absorbent to produce degradation products, such as compound A, which can irritate the airways. This can lead to respiratory complications and discomfort for the patient. Therefore, the combination of sevoflurane and baralyme should be used with caution to minimize the risk of airway irritation.

Enflurane is a type of inhalation anesthetic that has been associated with the potential risk of causing seizures. Seizures are a known side effect of enflurane administration, although they are rare. This drug affects the central nervous system and can lower the seizure threshold, increasing the likelihood of experiencing a seizure. Therefore, enflurane is the correct answer as it is the drug among the options provided that may cause seizures as a possible side effect.

Dexmedetomidine is the correct answer for sedation of intubated patients. It is a medication commonly used for sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that provides sedation without causing significant respiratory depression. It has a rapid onset and offset of action, making it suitable for short-term sedation. Dexmedetomidine is particularly beneficial for intubated patients as it allows for adequate sedation while maintaining a level of consciousness that enables easy arousal and cooperation during procedures or neurological assessments.

Isoniazid enhances the metabolism of enflurane.