Chapter 1 - Lifespan Development (arnett)

A civilization is defined by specific characteristics such as cities, writing, occupational specialization, and states, marking a level of social development beyond basic societal structures.

A cohort effect refers to the influence of historical or social experiences on a group of individuals who are identified by some shared characteristic like age or time period. It helps explain why people from the same age group may have differing beliefs or behaviors compared to individuals from a different generation.

Collectivism emphasizes the importance of group cohesion and harmony over individual needs and desires, which is reflected in values such as obedience and group harmony. In contrast, individualism places a higher value on independence and self-reliance.

Contexts refer to the settings and circumstances that influence human development, such as social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors.

Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together. It does not imply causation or direct relationship, but rather shows how changes in one variable may be associated with changes in another variable.

Cross-sectional research involves collecting data at a single point in time from participants of different ages or characteristics to compare how certain variables may differ across these groups. It is different from longitudinal research, which involves collecting data over an extended period of time from the same participants.

Culture refers to the customs, beliefs, art, and technology shared by a group of people. It is a complex concept that encompasses various aspects of a society's way of life.

The dependent variable is the one being measured and tested in an experiment to determine the effects of the independent variable. It is the outcome that is being observed and compared between different groups.

Developed countries refer to the most economically advanced nations with high standards of living, income, and education. They have a strong infrastructure, technology, and healthcare systems in place to support their citizens.

Developing countries are characterized by lower levels of income and education compared to developed countries, but are undergoing rapid economic growth to improve their economic standing.

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory emphasizes the importance of the social environment in shaping human development through the interaction of five systems.

Emerging adulthood refers to a specific life stage in developed countries, primarily characterized by individuals in their late teens to twenties transitioning into adult responsibilities in various aspects of their lives.

Ethnicity is not solely based on skin color, nationality, or political affiliation, but rather encompasses a broader scope of group identity.

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of various parts of the world through trade, travel, migration, and communication. It involves breaking down barriers and promoting collaboration among nations, rather than isolating them.

Homo sapiens refers to the species of modern humans, encompassing all living humans.

Human development refers to the ways individuals grow and change over their lifespan, encompassing various aspects of biology, cognition, psychology, and social interactions.

A hunter-gatherer refers to a social and economic system where economic activities revolve around hunting and gathering edible plants for sustenance, rather than for sport, information gathering, or professional foraging services.

A hypothesis is an informed prediction or explanation that can be tested through scientific methods, it is not a proven theory, an untested guess, or a baseless speculation.

An independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effects on the dependent variable. It is the variable that is intentionally varied between the experimental and control groups.

Individualistic cultures prioritize the independence and self-expression of individuals, contrasting with collectivist cultures that prioritize group harmony and interdependence.

Informed consent is a crucial ethical principle in research that ensures participants are fully informed about the study before agreeing to participate. It involves transparency about the study details, risks involved, and the voluntary nature of participation.

An intervention is specifically designed to address and modify the attitudes or behaviors of the participants in a targeted manner.

Longitudinal research involves following the same individuals over time to observe changes or trends. This allows for observing development or cause-and-effect relationships that may not be apparent in cross-sectional studies.

The majority culture refers to the dominant cultural group within a country that holds power and influence in various aspects of society.

A natural experiment is a real-world situation that scientists observe and analyze to make conclusions about cause and effect relationships.

Natural selection is a key mechanism of evolution where the best-adapted organisms to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. It is not a random selection process or specific to humans, and it does not involve artificial selection or genetic modification.

The Neolithic period was a significant era in human history during which agriculture and domestication of animals first occurred, leading to the establishment of permanent settlements.

Ontogenetic specifically refers to the development of an individual organism or organismal part, showing the transition from conception to death, usually focusing on the prenatal development through adulthood.

Peer-review in scientific research involves evaluation by other experts in the field to ensure quality and accuracy before publication, not by the general public, the original author alone, or random chance.

Psychosexual theory, according to Freud, posits that sexual desire plays a pivotal role in human development. This theory asserts that individuals progress through distinct stages marked by particular erogenous zones, with conflicts at each stage influencing personality development.