The correct answer is ad hominem, which refers to attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the substance of the argument itself.

The argument presented in the question is an example of a slippery slope fallacy, which assumes that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect. In this case, the argument suggests that animal experimentation will inevitably lead to a society rife with war and murder, eventually leading to the end of civilization.

The statement presents a false dilemma by suggesting only two extreme options when there could be other alternatives or solutions to address environmental concerns without completely abolishing cars.

The statement commits the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy by assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.

The statement suggests that because the person is an MVP and drives a Volvo, the car must be great. However, being an MVP does not make someone an expert on cars, making it a false appeal to authority.

The statement is making a hasty generalization based on the correlation between test scores going down and high absenteeism. This correlation does not necessarily mean that the entire generation is 'going to the dogs'. This is an example of the hasty generalization fallacy. Additionally, the statement also contains a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, which assumes that because one event preceded another, it must have caused it.

The correct answer is bandwagon appeal because the speaker is justifying their actions based on the fact that all their friends have the same curfew, implying that it must be the right thing to do because everyone else is doing it.

Circular reasoning occurs when the conclusion is included in the premise. In this case, the conclusion that the state budget would be balanced if Mayor Perry were governor is based on the premise that our city has had a balanced budget under his leadership.

The correct answer is 'red herring' because the statement diverts attention from the issue of criminal activity to economic growth, which is irrelevant to the discussion at hand.

The quote from Starbucks uses appealing but vague phrases like 'smooth' to create a positive association without providing concrete information, which is characteristic of glittering generalities.