Environmental Science...Chapter 6, Section 4.

1. Women tend to have fewer children when they:

Live in societies in which their individual rights are protected

Have access to paying jobs outside the home

Have access to education

All of these answers

Live in societies in which their individual rights are protected and have access to education

When women live in societies where their individual rights are protected, they have more control over their reproductive choices and are not forced into having more children than they desire. When they have access to paying jobs outside the home, they can prioritize their careers and financial stability over having a large family. Additionally, when women have access to education, they are more likely to be aware of family planning methods and have the knowledge and resources to make informed decisions about the number of children they want. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to women having fewer children.

Explanation

When women live in societies where their individual rights are protected, they have more control over their reproductive choices and are not forced into having more children than they desire. When they have access to paying jobs outside the home, they can prioritize their careers and financial stability over having a large family. Additionally, when women have access to education, they are more likely to be aware of family planning methods and have the knowledge and resources to make informed decisions about the number of children they want. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to women having fewer children.

2. Which of the following are factors that hinder demographic transition in developing countries?

Shortages of scientists, engineers, and skilled workers

Insufficient financial capital

Large debts to developed countries

A drop in economic assistance from developed countries since 1985

All of these answers

The factors that hinder demographic transition in developing countries include shortages of scientists, engineers, and skilled workers, insufficient financial capital, large debts to developed countries, and a drop in economic assistance from developed countries since 1985. These factors collectively contribute to the challenges faced by developing countries in achieving demographic transition, which refers to the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in population stabilization.

Explanation

The factors that hinder demographic transition in developing countries include shortages of scientists, engineers, and skilled workers, insufficient financial capital, large debts to developed countries, and a drop in economic assistance from developed countries since 1985. These factors collectively contribute to the challenges faced by developing countries in achieving demographic transition, which refers to the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in population stabilization.

3. China's population policy has included all of the following except

Encouraging later marriages

Health, pension, and employment benefits for a one-child pledge

Urging couples to have no more than one child

Free access to birth control

Banning abortion

China's population policy has included encouraging later marriages, health, pension, and employment benefits for a one-child pledge, urging couples to have no more than one child, and free access to birth control. However, banning abortion is not included in China's population policy.

Explanation

China's population policy has included encouraging later marriages, health, pension, and employment benefits for a one-child pledge, urging couples to have no more than one child, and free access to birth control. However, banning abortion is not included in China's population policy.

4. The term demographic transition refers to

A requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable

The slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity

The decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates when a country becomes more industrialized

The decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred when the germ theory of a disease was discovered

All of these answers

The term "demographic transition" refers to the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates when a country becomes more industrialized. This transition occurs as improved healthcare and living conditions lead to lower mortality rates, causing the population to stabilize or even decline. Additionally, industrialization often leads to changes in societal norms and economic factors that contribute to a decrease in birth rates. Therefore, the correct answer is the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates when a country becomes more industrialized.

Explanation

The term "demographic transition" refers to the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates when a country becomes more industrialized. This transition occurs as improved healthcare and living conditions lead to lower mortality rates, causing the population to stabilize or even decline. Additionally, industrialization often leads to changes in societal norms and economic factors that contribute to a decrease in birth rates. Therefore, the correct answer is the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates when a country becomes more industrialized.

5. In the demographic transition model, birth and death rates are high during

The preindustrial stage

The industrial stage

The postindustrial stage

The transitional stage

None of these answers

The correct answer is the transitional stage. During this stage, birth and death rates are high. This is because as societies transition from preindustrial to industrial, there is often a period of rapid population growth. Birth rates remain high due to limited access to contraception and cultural norms that value large families. At the same time, improvements in healthcare and sanitation lead to a decrease in death rates, resulting in a high overall population growth rate.

Explanation

The correct answer is the transitional stage. During this stage, birth and death rates are high. This is because as societies transition from preindustrial to industrial, there is often a period of rapid population growth. Birth rates remain high due to limited access to contraception and cultural norms that value large families. At the same time, improvements in healthcare and sanitation lead to a decrease in death rates, resulting in a high overall population growth rate.