Dhyg 219 Oral Pathology Lecture 3 Immunity Pt.1

Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, are carried in blood serum. Immunoglobulins are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses. They play a crucial role in defending the body against infections by binding to specific antigens and neutralizing or eliminating them. Antibodies are found in blood serum and other bodily fluids, where they circulate to identify and target foreign invaders for destruction.

Antigens are foreign substances that trigger an immune response in the body. They can be bacteria, viruses, toxins, or other substances that the immune system recognizes as a threat. When antigens enter the body, they stimulate the production of antibodies by the immune system to neutralize or eliminate them. The immune system is designed to defend the body against antigens and protect it from infections and diseases.

The immune response differs from the inflammatory response as it has the capacity to remember and respond more quickly. Unlike the inflammatory response, which is a non-specific reaction to tissue injury or infection, the immune response is a specific defense mechanism that can recognize and remember specific pathogens. This allows the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen.

The immune response is a protective mechanism that defends the body against injury and foreign substances like microorganisms. It recognizes and eliminates these microorganisms to prevent infections and maintain overall health.

Plasma cells are a type of white blood cells that are responsible for producing antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by plasma cells in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, in the body. These antibodies help to neutralize and eliminate the foreign substances, thereby playing a crucial role in the immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is antibodies.

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In autoimmune diseases, the antigens are parts of an individual's own body. This means that the immune system mistakenly attacks and targets healthy cells and tissues as if they were foreign invaders. This can lead to chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and systems in the body. Some examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.

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NK cells have the ability to destroy cells. NK cells, also known as natural killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that play a critical role in the immune system's defense against infected or cancerous cells. They are able to recognize and directly kill abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells or tumor cells, through a process called cytotoxicity. NK cells release toxic substances, such as perforin and granzymes, which induce cell death in the target cells. This ability to destroy cells is one of the key functions of NK cells in immune surveillance and defense.

The correct answer options are "Plasma cell" and "B memory cell". B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response. Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes and are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies. B memory cells, on the other hand, are long-lived cells that "remember" previous encounters with antigens and can mount a quicker and more effective immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. Therefore, both plasma cells and B memory cells are types of B lymphocytes.

The correct answer is b. The explanation for this answer is not available.

IgG is the correct answer because it has the longest half-life in serum, meaning it can remain in the bloodstream for a longer period of time compared to other immunoglobulins. This allows for a sustained immune response and protection against pathogens. Additionally, IgG is able to cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus and newborn, offering maternal protection.

The immune response involves the activation and coordination of various cells to defend against pathogens. NK cells, B lymphocytes (including associated plasma cells), macrophages, and T lymphocytes are all key players in the immune response. NK cells are responsible for killing infected cells, B lymphocytes produce antibodies, macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens, and T lymphocytes help regulate and coordinate the immune response. A lymphocytes are not directly involved in the immune response, so they are not included in the correct answer.

The three main types of lymphocytes are natural killer cells (NK cells), B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes. Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a role in the innate immune response by killing infected cells and tumor cells. B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies and are involved in the adaptive immune response. T lymphocytes, also part of the adaptive immune response, help in coordinating the immune system and can directly kill infected cells. A lymphocytes is not a recognized type of lymphocyte.

In several immunodeficiency diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), NK cell function is abnormal. This means that the natural killer (NK) cells, which are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in the immune response against infected or cancerous cells, do not function properly in these diseases. This abnormality in NK cell function contributes to the weakened immune system observed in individuals with immunodeficiency diseases like AIDS.