Cp Biology II Unit 2 Test

The jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane is called cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material that fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It contains various organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes, and is responsible for supporting and protecting the cell's internal structures. Cytoplasm also plays a crucial role in cellular processes, including metabolism and transportation of molecules within the cell.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars or lipids. It then packages these modified proteins into vesicles and transports them to their final destination within the cell or outside of the cell. Therefore, the main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and deliver proteins.

Photosynthesis is the correct answer because it is the process through which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy from sunlight to fuel the production of glucose, which serves as their main source of energy. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in the chlorophyll pigment. Cellular respiration, on the other hand, is the process through which cells break down glucose to produce energy. The cell cycle and mitosis are unrelated processes involved in cell division and replication.

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is metaphase. In metaphase, the chromosomes align themselves along the equatorial plate of the cell. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division. The chromosomes are fully condensed and attached to the spindle fibers at their centromeres. This stage is crucial for the accurate distribution of genetic material to the daughter cells.

The nucleus is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which are located within the nucleus. The nucleus also regulates the cell's activities by controlling the expression of genes and directing the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, the nucleus plays a crucial role in storing and controlling the genetic information of a cell.

Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in the presence of oxygen. It involves the breakdown of glucose molecules to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Oxygen is an essential component in this process as it serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the efficient production of ATP. Therefore, it is correct to say that aerobic respiration uses oxygen.

The correct answer is folded inner membrane. In the diagram, structure A appears as a series of folded membranes within the mitochondria. This structure is characteristic of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which is responsible for carrying out various metabolic reactions and generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The folding of the inner membrane increases its surface area, allowing for more efficient ATP production.

Glycolysis is the correct answer because it is the initial step in cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, while aerobic respiration and electron transport occur later in cellular respiration and require oxygen.

Flagella are not found in plant cells. Flagella are whip-like structures that are responsible for cell movement in some organisms, such as bacteria and sperm cells. Plant cells do not have flagella, as they have a rigid cell wall and are typically immobile. Instead, plant cells have specialized structures called cilia, which are shorter and more numerous than flagella, and are involved in processes such as cell signaling and nutrient uptake.

The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that provides structural support and shape to a cell. It is responsible for maintaining cell shape, facilitating cell movement, and organizing cellular components. It consists of three main types of filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. These filaments work together to give the cell its shape and allow for various cellular processes such as cell division and intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining cell integrity and plays a crucial role in cell function and organization.

During metaphase, the chromosomes align themselves along the equatorial plane (middle) of the cell. This alignment is crucial for the subsequent separation of sister chromatids during anaphase. The nuclear membrane has already broken down during prophase, and the cytoplasm will split during cytokinesis, which occurs after metaphase. The characteristic that specifically defines metaphase is the alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the cell.

Ribosomes can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. This is because the endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis, and ribosomes are the cellular structures where proteins are made. The presence of ribosomes on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum allows for efficient protein production and transport within the cell.

G zero refers to a phase in the cell cycle where cells temporarily halt their division and enter a non-dividing state. During this phase, cells may undergo differentiation or enter a resting state. It is a crucial stage for cells that do not actively divide or are not ready to divide yet. Therefore, the correct answer is G zero.

A producer is an organism that is capable of making its own source of chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. This means that it can convert sunlight or inorganic compounds into organic molecules, such as glucose, which can be used as a source of energy. Producers play a crucial role in ecosystems as they provide energy for other organisms through the food chain.

During anaphase, the sister chromatids, which are the replicated copies of each chromosome, are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This is facilitated by the contraction of the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres of the sister chromatids. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane occurs in prophase, the alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the cell occurs in metaphase, and the splitting of the cytoplasm occurs in cytokinesis, which follows anaphase.

The correct answer is pyruvate, NADH, and ATP. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate. NADH and ATP are also produced during glycolysis as a result of various enzymatic reactions. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Structure B in the diagram refers to the mitochondrial matrix. The mitochondrial matrix is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria and is surrounded by the folded inner membrane. It contains a gel-like substance and is the location where many metabolic reactions occur, including the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation. The matrix also contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes necessary for the production of ATP through aerobic respiration.

The correct answer is anaphase because in anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This is clearly depicted in the image on the right, where the chromosomes are seen moving away from each other towards opposite ends of the cell.

During telophase, the final stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane starts to reform around the separated daughter chromosomes. This process marks the end of nuclear division and the beginning of cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells. The other options mentioned, such as cell growth and normal function, cell growth and preparation for mitosis, and DNA replication, are not characteristics specific to telophase.

The correct answer is DNA is replicated. During the S phase of the cell cycle, DNA replication takes place. This is a critical process where the DNA molecule is duplicated to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. The other options mentioned, such as cell growth and normal function, cell growth and preparation for mitosis, and nuclear membrane reforms, are not specific to the S phase and can occur during other phases of the cell cycle.

Plant cells do conduct cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Plant cells have mitochondria, which are responsible for carrying out cellular respiration. This process is essential for plants to generate energy for growth, development, and other metabolic activities. Therefore, the statement that plant cells do not conduct cellular respiration is false.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a three-carbon molecule that is formed as the end product of glycolysis. Therefore, the correct answer is pyruvate.

The function of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis is to capture and transfer energy. During these reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. This energy is then used to convert water molecules into oxygen and high-energy molecules such as ATP and NADPH. These energy-rich molecules are later used in the light-independent reactions to build sugars through the process of carbon fixation. Therefore, the light-dependent reactions primarily focus on capturing and transferring energy from sunlight to chemical energy.

ATP synthase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme located at the end of the electron transport chain. This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing ATP, the energy currency of the cell, by using the energy from the movement of protons down their concentration gradient. This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. ATP synthase acts as a molecular motor, using the energy from the proton gradient to rotate and generate ATP.

A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have a distinct nucleus that houses the DNA, prokaryotic cells have their genetic material (DNA) floating freely in the cytoplasm. This means that the DNA in prokaryotic cells is not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus. Instead, it is found in a region called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells are simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking many membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus.

Plant cells form a cell plate instead of a cleavage furrow during cell division. This is because plant cells have a rigid cell wall that prevents them from pinching inwards to form a furrow. Instead, a new cell wall is formed in the middle of the dividing plant cell, which eventually develops into a cell plate that separates the two daughter cells. This process is known as cytokinesis and is unique to plant cells. Animal cells, on the other hand, form a cleavage furrow by contracting a ring of proteins called actin and myosin, which pinches the cell membrane inward to divide the cell.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is a sugar molecule that serves as the primary source of energy for plants. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of this process and is essential for the survival of many organisms, including humans. Therefore, the correct answer is glucose and oxygen.

During prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down. This is an important characteristic of prophase as it allows the chromosomes, which have already replicated during interphase, to be released into the cytoplasm. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane also marks the beginning of the process of mitosis, where the chromosomes will later align in the middle of the cell and sister chromatids will be pulled to opposite sides. However, these events occur in subsequent stages of mitosis and are not specific to prophase.

The central vacuole is a feature found only in plant cells. It is a large, fluid-filled organelle that occupies most of the cell's volume. The central vacuole helps maintain the cell's shape and provides support to the plant. It also stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and plays a role in regulating the cell's internal environment. In contrast, mitochondria, nucleus, and centriole are found in both plant and animal cells.

In the given diagram, the structure labeled E appears as a stack of flattened sacs. These sacs are characteristic of thylakoid membranes, which are found within the chloroplasts of plant cells. Thylakoid membranes are responsible for carrying out the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where chlorophyll molecules capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. Therefore, the correct answer is thylakoid membranes.

Chlorophyll is the correct answer because it is the main light-absorbing pigment found in plant leaves. It is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis and converting it into chemical energy. Chlorophyll molecules are located within the chloroplasts, which are the organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells. Thylakoids are membrane structures within the chloroplasts where the chlorophyll molecules are embedded. Grana are stacks of thylakoids. While all of these components are involved in the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll is specifically the molecule that absorbs light.

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is captured by chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts of plant cells. This energy is used to convert water molecules into oxygen and high-energy molecules called ATP and NADPH. These ATP and NADPH molecules are then used in the light-independent reactions to produce sugars, such as glucose, through a process called carbon fixation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Energy is captured."

Cellular respiration is the correct answer because it is the process by which cells break down sugars, such as glucose, in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces less ATP, while photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy and does not involve the breakdown of sugars.

G2 phase is the third phase of the cell cycle, following the S phase where DNA is replicated. During G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis, the process of cell division. This includes the synthesis of necessary proteins and organelles, as well as the duplication of centrioles. The nuclear membrane reforms during the later stages of G2 phase in preparation for the division of the nucleus during mitosis. Therefore, the characteristic of G2 phase is cell growth and preparation for mitosis.

Animal cells are not the only type of cell that contains mitochondria. Plant cells also contain mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells, which include both animal and plant cells. They are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Therefore, the statement that animal cells are the only type of cell that contains mitochondria is incorrect.

Oxygen is not used during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen. It is an anaerobic process, meaning it can occur in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen is only used in the later stages of cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, where it serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

A lysosome is a membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances in the cell. Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular digestion and recycling, as well as in defending the cell against harmful invaders. They are responsible for maintaining the balance of nutrients and eliminating waste products, making them essential for the overall functioning and health of the cell.

The stages of the cell cycle are divided into two main phases: interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and is further divided into three stages: G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows and carries out normal cellular functions. In the S phase, DNA replication occurs. G2 is a period of preparation for cell division. Mitosis, or M phase, is the stage where the cell actually divides into two daughter cells. Therefore, the correct answer is M, as it is not a stage of interphase but rather a stage of mitosis.

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found only in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules that form the spindle fibers. Centrioles are not present in plant cells, making them a unique feature of animal cells. Central vacuoles, mitochondria, and nuclei, on the other hand, are found in both animal and plant cells.

In the diagram to the right, the structure labeled D is the granum. The granum is a stack of thylakoid membranes found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. It is responsible for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where chlorophyll molecules capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The granum plays a crucial role in the production of glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis.

The purpose of the light reactions is to make ATP and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These molecules are then used in the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis, to produce glucose. Therefore, the primary function of the light reactions is to generate the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the synthesis of glucose.

The electron transport chain in photosynthesis is a series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane. This chain is responsible for transferring electrons and generating a proton gradient, which is used to produce ATP during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The thylakoid membrane is where the chlorophyll pigments are located, and it is the site where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy. The proteins in the electron transport chain play a crucial role in this process by shuttling electrons and facilitating the flow of energy.

Bacteria do not get the ATP they need from cellular respiration. Unlike most organisms, bacteria have various ways of obtaining energy, including through processes like fermentation and photosynthesis. These processes do not involve cellular respiration, which is the process used by eukaryotic organisms to produce ATP. Therefore, the statement is false.

Oxygen plays a crucial role in cellular respiration by picking up electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. During cellular respiration, electrons are passed along the electron transport chain, creating a flow of energy. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with the electrons and hydrogen ions to form water. This process is essential for the production of ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain would not be able to function properly, leading to a decrease in ATP production and cellular energy.

The mitochondrion is the correct answer because it is responsible for converting molecules from the food we eat into usable energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration. This organelle is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell because it generates the majority of the cell's energy. The Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging and modifying proteins, the chloroplast is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells, and the lysosome contains enzymes for digesting waste materials.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for absorbing sunlight. During photosynthesis, chloroplasts absorb sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Therefore, the statement "Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and store chemical energy" best describes the process of photosynthesis.

The stage of the cell cycle illustrated on the right is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are formed. This process completes the cell division and separates the duplicated chromosomes into two separate cells. The other options - prophase, telophase, and anaphase - are different stages of mitosis, which occur before cytokinesis.

The correct answer is the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the presence of oxygen and is an important part of cellular respiration. During this cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized and produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide as byproducts. This cycle plays a crucial role in the generation of energy in the form of ATP for the cell.

During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose produces a total of 38 ATP. This process involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. In glycolysis, two ATP are produced, while the Krebs cycle generates two more ATP. The majority of ATP production occurs during the electron transport chain, where a total of 34 ATP are formed. Therefore, the correct answer is 38, representing the total ATP produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration.

Eukaryotes use cellular respiration for their cellular energy needs. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of cells. Eukaryotes include organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists. These organisms have complex cellular structures, including a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, which allows them to carry out cellular respiration efficiently. In contrast, prokaryotes, such as bacteria, lack a nucleus and organelles, and they have different mechanisms for obtaining energy.